countries(althoughwithawiderangeofscalesandunitsandlittleharmonisationinapproachesacrosscountries),

andseveralcountriesnowbasetheirvehicletaxsystemstakingintoaccountCO2emissionsorfueleconomy.

TechnicalparametersthataffectfueleconomyandCO2emissionsatthevehiclelevelarealsonumerous;technical
characteristicsaffectingfueleconomythatareanalysedinthispaperinclude:

Powertraincharacteristics:
o Enginedisplacement
o Transmissiontype
o Fueltype
o Engineaspirationtype
o EnginePower(e.g.kW)
Vehiclesize
Vehicleweight

Other factors that have an impact on fuel economy such as aerodynamics, Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning(HVAC)systems,tiresorlightingarenotincludedinthisanalysis.

As described below, our database for 2008 has good coverage for technical details for most vehicles in most
countries;thisislesstruefor2005,inparticular,withverylittleinformationonenginetypesandcharacteristicsfor
thatyear.

Data and methodology

Theprincipalaimofthisreportistoestimatethevehicleandfueleconomycharacteristicsforrecently(2005and
2008)registeredvehiclesincountrieswithavailabledata.Thedatabaseconstructedreflectsthispurposebutalso
includesarangeofothervariablesthatmayhelpexplainfueleconomydifferences.Italsoincludesadditionalyears
ofdataforsomevariables,soinsomecasestheevolutionofcharacteristicsoverthepast15yearsispresented,
though this has not been possible to do for fuel economy. The analysis of fuel economy starts for vehicles
registeredin2005.ThisisconsideredthebaseyearfortheGFEI.

Thedataincludesnewvehicleregistrationsbymake(manufacturer),modelandsubmodelconfiguration(engine
type,fueltype,transmissiontype,etc).Itcontainsothertechnicalinformationforeachvehiclerecord,andthetotal
numberofregistrationsforeach.TheIEAhasaugmentedthedatabasewithfueleconomytestdatafor2005and
2008aswellaswithdataonemptyweightfor2008,usingthedatasourcesdetailedbelowandinAnnexI.Finally,
theIEAallocatedallvehiclestoasize(segment)categorybasedontheclassificationsystemdescribedbelow.The
data base does not have all variables covered for all records; for the main vehicles characteristics, the data
coverageislistedinTable2,byregion,for2008.

Table2:datacoverageformaintechnicalcharacteristics,2008
Non
OECD OECD Global
Weight 50% 57% 55%
Enginedisplacement 73% 100% 90%
Power 58% 100% 84%
Vehiclesize(segment) 100% 100% 100%
Traction(2/4wheeldrive) 74% 100% 91%
Transmissiontype 62% 99% 85%




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Startingwiththerawdata,thefirsttaskconsistedofsplittingvehiclesizesintoclasses,inordertotakeaverages
and compare vehicle market segments. Comparing fuel economy by segment helps to reduce the effect of
variationsinvehiclesizeandweightandtounderstandhowotherfactorsmayinfluencefueleconomy,suchasthe
presenceofefficiencytechnologies.

Table3showsthesegmentsavailableinthedatabaseandsometypicalvehiclesthatcharacterisetherespective
segments.Segmentsarethenfurtheraggregatedforanevensimplerviewofthemarket.

Table3:Segmentationoftheavailablecartypeandsizeonthemarket
Simplified
Typicalvehicle IEAsegment
segmentation
Smartfortwo
A
Fiat500
Small
OpelCorsa
B
RenaultClio
ToyotaCorolla
C Medium
VWGolf
HondaAccord
D
MercedesCClass
BMW7series
E Large
FordFusion(USmodel)
PorscheCarrera
F
BentleyArnage
WulingZhiguang
Microtruck Small
Maruti/SuzukiWagonR
RenaultKangoo
Compacttruck
RenaultModus
Medium
ToyotaRav4
MediumTruck
SuzukiGranVitara
AudiQ7
LargeTruck Large
ChevroletSilverado

In the database, light trucks are further disaggregated into vans (multipurpose vehicles or MPVs), sport utility
vehicles(SUVs)andpickupsforeachmicro/compact/medium/largesizecategory.


BOX:Definitionsandelementsoflanguage


Lge
Litres in gasoline equivalent terms; this energy unit is used for different fuels such as gasoline and diesel on an
energyequivalentbasis.Unlessotherwisespecified,allfueleconomyfiguresareexpressedinLge/100km.

FueleconomyversusFuelefficiencyversusFuelintensityversusFuelconsumptionversusTechnicalefficiency
Throughoutthisreport,fueleconomyisexpressedinLge/100kmandinsomeplacesasgCO2/km;improvingfuel
economy means that Lge/100km and gCO2/km go down; the fuel efficiency is better; and fuel intensity is lower.
FuelconsumptioncanalsobeusedtomeanfueleconomyinLge/100km.Weuseallthesetermsbuttrytomainly
usefueleconomy.Incontrast,technicalefficiencycanusedifferentunits,suchasenergyperunittonnekm.A
larger,heaviervehiclewouldbemoretechnically efficientthanasmallerlighteroneifitusesusinglessfuelper
tonnekmoftravel.Thusitwouldbelessfuelefficientbutmoretechnicallyefficientonthatbasis.


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