Internet and Its Applications-UNIT IV-V (Thiruvallur University)

CS &
BCA
INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Student Notes
for Computer
Science And
Computer
Applications Prof. Charles E. Raj
Internet And Its Applications - Student Notes
INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS

UNIT IV
Optimizing Web Graphics Web Audio Files Forms, Interactivity, and Database - Driven Web sites
File Transfer and downloading FTP Peer to Peer Downloading and installing Software.
OPTIMIZING WEB GRAPHICS:
Graphics file formats for the web:
A file format designed specifically for representing graphical images. Graphics file
formats can be broadly categorized into bitmap images and vector images.
Bitmap images: this is used to store bitmap data. Files of this type are particularly
well suited for the storage of real world images such as photographs and video
images. Bitmap files, sometimes called raster files, essentially contain an exact pixel-
by- pixel map of an image.
Common bitmap formats include:
BMP, GIF (graphical interchange format), JPEG or JPG (joint photographic Expert
Group),
PNG (portable Network graphics), PCX (Personal Computer Exchange),
TIFF (Tagged image File Format), PSD (Adobe Photoshop)
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
The GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), pronounced JIF, was designed by

CompuServe and the official specification released in June of 1987. A bit-mapped
graphics file format used by the World Wide Web. GIF supports color and various
resolutions. It also includes data compression, but because it is limited to 256 colors,
it is more effective for scanned images.
JPEG on Photographs
JPEG was designed for photographic images. Short for joint photographic experts
group. JPEG is a lossy compression technique for color images. Although it can
reduce files sizes to about 5% of their normal size, some detail is lost in the
compression. JPEG was designed specifically for use with highly detailed or
photorealistic images, and is typically applied to rendered images and digitized
photographs.
Prof. Charles E. Raj, Department of Computer Science & Applications | SUN Arts & Science College 2
Creating GIFs and JPEGs with word processors
GIF and JPEG is the two image file formats most commonly used to show pictures on
the web. Most word processors will allow you to paste a captured screen into a
document. You may also paste other bitmap images. e.g TIFF files, BMP files, e.tc into
the document if you then save this document as an HTML file, any bitmap contained
in the document will usually be saved as a separate GIF file.
Programs for creating GIF and JPEG files:
The following graphics programs are used to create gif and jpeg files:
Microsoft paint (MS Paint): MS Paint was created entirely by Bill Gates when he
was only 11 years old. Microsoft Paint or MS Paint is a basic graphics/painting utility
that is included in all the Microsoft Windows versions. The following file formats are
supported: PNG, JPEG, BMP, GIF, and TIFF.
Adobe PhotoShop: Photoshop is the leading digital image editing application for
the internet, print and other new media disciplines. It is embraced by millions of
graphic artists, print designers, and visual communications.
Adobe ImageReady: the ImageReady toolbox is similar to that of Photoshop. One

set of tools does not resemble the Photoshop tools however is the image Map set of
tools, included by a shape or arrow with a hand that varied depending upon the
release version.
Macromedia Fireworks: A Macromedia firework is a computer graphics software

application published by the Macromedia Company. The product excels at producing
web compliant graphics, and integrates well with the popular Dreamweaver web
design system.
Creating a GIF or JPEG image file
GIF and Jpeg is the two image file formats most commonly used to show pictures on
the web. You can either draw or paint an image
1. To open the paint Start-> programs -> Accessories-> paint

2. Open Paint File-> save as at the bottom of the menu you will see save as
type change this to GIF or JPEG.
Converting Images to GIF and JPEG
Convert image is a simple to use if you need to convert one or thousands of images
of varying types, this is the tool. The most popular task our customers perform is to
convert JPG, GIF files.
Convert Image can be especially useful if you require complicated conversion jobs to
be done on a regular basis.
In addition to file conversion, numerous special processes for images have been
included
Colors: it is an image color processing utility that will evaluate an image and give
you the images primary and complementary dominant colors of an image how many
visually unique colors are in an image.
JPEG quality: JPEG images use a variable quality level to control the amount of
compression
GIF version and interlacing: A GIF89a graphics file is an image formatted according
to graphics interchange Format (GIF) version 89a (July 1989)there was earlier Version,
87a, from may of 1987, but most images you will see on the Web have probably
been created in the newer format.
Progressive Display and Transparency
Progressive Display
When a web page loads an image it takes some time. Usually it is displayed when it is
fully downloaded or it is displayed downloading from top to bottom there is another
technique to handle the downloading of the image in the web. It is known as
progressive display.
Transparency:
Transparency is an image effect in which the background of a particular image is

made transparent. So when the image is loaded in a page it takes the background
color of the particular web page.
Transparent images in Adobe PhotoShop:
When creating a transparent background the colors that select in the color table will
became transparent therefore this will work best if the background has been deleted
or converted to a solid color.
1. Open or create the desired image

2. Adjust the background of the image a necessary
3. From the file menu, select Save for web & Devices
4. On the Color Table palette, select a swatch color that you would like to
become transparent in your image
5. At the bottom of the Color Table palette, click MAPS SELECTED COLORS TO
TRANSPARENT
6. Click SAVE. The save optimized as dialog box appears.
7. From the save in pull-down list, select the desired location to save your file
8. In the file name text box, type a name for your image
9. Click SAVE the image is now saved with its transparent
Transparent Images in Macromedia Fireworks
To create a transparent GIF in Fireworks, the following steps are to be followed:
1. Select File -> Export preview to open the Export Preview window.
2. Select the options tab. Select GIF as the file format. At this point in time,
GIFs are the only web files that can be made transparent.
3. Check to be certain the transparency window says index transparency or
alpha transparency select either using the drop down menu.
4. Select alpha Transparency as the transparency type
5. Click on the eyedropper with the minus (-) sign, located next to transparency
type
6. When you are satisfied with the image file size, quality and the degree of
transparency click Export and give the file name.
Transparent Images in Paint Shop Pro
The software allows you to choose a color in the image and make it transparent in
order to show the color of the background that the images are shown on.
1. Select the Eyedropper Tool from the Toolbar and right click on the color in
the image you want to make transparent.
2. Go to the colors menu and select Set Palette Transparency chooses the set
the transparency value to the current background color option.
3. You can either use proof button to see the transparency in action, or you can
go to the colors menu and choose View palette
4. Choose File-> Save AS, select CompuServe Graphics interchange (GIF) as the
file type.
5. Click save button.
Optimizing Images for the Web:
Image optimization is critical in providing the fast load time for your users. The Save
for Web, broadband may be allowing us to use larger images online.
JPEG and GIF are two most common formats used on the web, with the PNG format
catching up.
It uses a palette of 256 colors to represent the image and supports background
transparency.PNG format is a little like the best of both JPEG and GIF it is available as
PNG-8 and PNG-24 being the higher quality and higher file size of the two
If you are new to Photoshop you may not be aware that you can save files as JPEGs,
GIFs and PNGs using Save For Web command as opposed to just the Save As
command under File menu.
Using Save AS
Save as allows you to save an image file in many different formats.
Start with open image
Choose File -> Save As and on the dialog box, choose JPEG as the file format and
type in a name for your new file. Clicks save and JPEG options dialog box opens.
Using Save for Web (and device)
Photoshop offers a range of controls for compressing image file size while
optimizing the on-screen quality. You use the save for web and devices dialog box to
compare the original image to one or more compressed alternatives, adjusting
settings as you compare.
1. Again with an image open in Photoshop, choose File -> Save for Web and
Devices
2. In the save for Web and Devices dialog box, click the 4-up tab. On the preset
drop-down menu, choose the file format you are interested in. the upper left
preview shows the original image.
3. Compare the quality and size differences, and then click any optimized version
to experiment with format and quality settings continuing to judge size
compared to quality.
4. When you are happy with how the preview looks either click cancel, or click
save to name and save your file.
Animating GIF Graphics:
Animated GIFs work a lot like traditional cell animation. The file contains a number of
frames layered on top of each other. A GIF animation file consists of a number of
images and a set of instructions that specify the length of delay between frames, as
well as other attributes like transparency and platters.
Tools: GIF animation tools are built in or bundled with many popular graphics
applications, eliminating the need to jump between different software packages.
Macromedia Fireworks: Adobe Fireworks, formally known as Macromedia Fireworks,

is a software bundle that provides tools to create optimized graphics for display on
the web and mobile devices.
Adobe ImageReady:
Adobe ImageReady is a tool (bundled with Photoshop6 and higher) especially for
preparing and optimizing web graphics. It includes a GIF animation tool that converts
layers into frames and allows easy layer editing.
CorelDRAW:
Corel Corporation developed and released a software program called CorelDRAW, a

vector graphics editor the software is more of a graphics suite than just a single,
simple program, providing many features for users to edit graphics, including
contrast adjustment, color balancing, adding special effects like borders to images,
and it is capable of working with multiple layers and multiple pages.
GifBuilder: GIFBuilder was an early animated GIF creation program for Apple
Macintosh computers. It was written by Y ves Piguet and released as freeware. It is
one of the few freeware applications to support the GIF format
Ulead GIF Animator:
Ulead GIF Animator is a powerful GIF animation tool for creating high impact
animation for web pages, presentations, and multimedia titles. From composition,
editing, and playing file supported include animated GIF, Windows AVI, QuickTime,
Autodesk animation, image sequences, and even Flash animation.
Animating with JavaScript: Rollovers:
JavaScript is easier to learn and more widely available to users. There are many ways
to create animation effects with JavaScript rollovers and cycling banners are the
easiest but you can also use more complex coding to create animated DHTML
effects. Be careful with those because they will only work in Explorer and Netscape
version 4.0 and up.
For example:
< A <HREF=/news/vol3/dsign.htmonMouseover=
document.chile.src=dancechile.srconMouseout=
Document.chile.src=redchile.src><IMG BORDER =0
SRC=chilepepper.gif ALT=red chile graphic NAME=chile

WIDTH=89HEIGHT=124></A>
Creating Clickable Graphics Using Image Maps
Image maps:
The map part of image conjures up two separate images. First image maps on web
sites often act like road maps for the web site, adding interface elements that make it
easier to get around on the web site. Second the word map also suggests the way
that image maps are created. The program is used to map hot spots on top of the
graphics.
When put in place on a web page, an image map allows users to access different
HTML pages by clicking different parts of the graphic.
Adding a Client-Side Map to Your Web Page
Client-side maps require two different sections of code the <IMG> tag and a new
tag, the <MAP> container.<MAP< acts much like a map definition file does, expect
that it is part of the HTML document.
The <IMG> Tag
Lets look at the <IMG> tag first. In order to create a client-side image map, you need
to add the new attribute USEMAP, as follows:
<IMG SRC=map_name.gif USEMAP=#section_name>
Notice that USEMAP accepts a section style hyperlink that how you can store the
map definition information in the same HTML document. Here example
<IMG SRC=mymap.gif USEMAP=#mymap>
The <MAP> Tag
The <MAP> tag is a container tag that is referenced using a section -style NAME
attribute. Inside the <MAP> container, you use the <AREA> tag to define each hot
spot for client-side map. Heres how it works:
<MAP NAME=section_name>
<AREA SHAPE=shape1 COORDS=coordinate numbers
HREF=URL>
<AREA SHAPEsharp2 COORDS=coordinator numbers HREF=URL>
</MAP>
The <AREA> Tag
The SHAPE attribute is used to accept these values. The numbers are given to
the COORD attribute. The three basic shapes are as follows:
RECT: The rectangular hot spot requires four coordinates the top left corner and the
bottom right corner. An example would be 1,0,55,54 which places the left at pixel 1,
the top at pixel 0, the right at 55, and the bottom at 54.
CIRCLE: A circular zone requires three different coordinates: center-x, center-y, and a
radius. An example might be 20,20,5, which would represent a circle with its center at
20,20 and a radius of 5 pixels.
POLYGON: A polygon each vertices requires a pair of points as its definition. A

COORD value of 1,2,55,56,1,99 would create a polygon with a vertex at 1,2 one at
55,56, and a third at 1,99.
The HREF attribute is used to give the appropriate URL for each hot spot. If no URL is
desired then the attribute NOHREF can be used to make a particular hot spot useless.
Three different examples of <AREA> tags might be:
<AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS=0,0,49,49 HREF=raam.html>
<AREA SHAPE=CIRCLE COORDS=75, 49,10 HREF=raam1.html>
<AREA SHAPE=POLYGON COORDS=50,0,65,0,80,10,65,20,50,20 NOHREF>
Advanced Features of graphics programs
Some of the advanced features of graphics programs are as follows:
Antialiasing: antialiasing is software technique for diminishing jaggies stair steps like
lines that should be smooth. Jaggies occur because the output device, the monitor or
printer doesnt have a high enough resolution to represent a smooth line.
Antialiasing reduces the prominence of jaggies by surrounding the stair steps with
intermediate shades of gray or color.
Another method for reducing jaggies is called smoothing, in which the printer
changes the size and horizontal alignment of dots to make curves smoother.
Antialiasing is sometimes called oversampling
Seamless Tilling:
Tiled backgrounds are great for both website background and in all kinds of
Photoshop work. They are particularly useful when working with textures where you
need a larger overall background than the small image you have to work with. In this
quick tutorial I will take you through taking a texture and turning it into a
background image ready for seamless tiling.
WEB AUDIO FILES:
Introduction:
There are many pieces of content that must be thought about when designing your
website. Among them is written text content, pictures, video clips, animation or audio
content. Creating audio content for a website is not difficult but there are some
things to take into account. Most types of audio file format can be included but may
require specific plug-in to your browser to be able to hear.
Types of web audio files:
Generally web audio formats are divided into two categories:
1. Static
2. Streaming
Static: Audio files are also called ordinary audio it can be of various formats and
quality
Streaming: Audio files is a method of delivering an audio signal to your computer

over the internet
The following are some advantages to streaming audio:
Audio begins playing soon after the stream begins

Using new technologies and formats, sound quality doesnt need to be as
severely sacrificed.
Artists and publishers can better control distribution and product copyright
because the user never gets a copy of the audio file.
Disadvantages:
The potentially high cost of server software may be prohibitive.

Some formats require a dedicated or preconfigured server, which may be
problematic with some hosting services.
Sound quality and stream may be adversely affected by low speed or
inconsistent internet connections.
Types of static audio files:
The various audio files can contain sound with quality here are the most
popular web audio files formats are as follows:
Name File Extension

Windows Media Windows Media Player supports the
following file formats: asf, .asx, .avi, .wav,
.wma, .wm, .wmv, .wux
Apple Quick Time audio .qta, .mov
Musical Instruments Digital Interface .mid, .midi
(MIDI)
Apple Audio File Format .aiff, aif
Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) .mp3
audio layer 3
Real Media / Real Audio .rm, .ra
Flash .swf
Shockwave .dcr
Beatniks Rich Music Format .rmf
Sampling rate: cutting the sampling rate in half will cut the file size in half (e.g., a
sampling rate of 22.05 KHz requires half the data than one of 44.1 KHz).
Using these guidelines, if we start with a one-minute music sample at CD quality (10
MB) and change it to a mono, 8-bit, 22 Khz WAV file, its size is reduced to 1.25 MB.
Bit depth:
Audio files for the web are often saved at 8 bits, which will result in a file that is half
the size of a 16-bit file. MP3 can handle 16-bit due to their efficient compression.
Number of channels:
A mono audio file requires half the disk space of a stereo file and may be adequate
for some audio uses.
Length of the audio clip:
It might seem obvious but you should keep the audio sample as short as possible
Adding audio Files to a Web page:
There are a number of ways to add audio to a web page. This section covers the
most common techniques.
Adding a link to an Audio File:
Linking to Static Files
You can use a simple anchor tag (<a>) to link to an audio file from a web page,
as follows:
<A HREF=audio/song.wav>Play the song (3.5 MB)</A>
<A HREF=samplemusic.mp3><IMG SRC=buttons/playme.gif></A>
When the reader clicks on the linked text or graphic, the browser retrieves the audio
file from the server and launches a helper application to play the file. Files accessed
in this manner are typically downloaded to the users hard drive.
Adding real media:
Real media file can be added to a web page via two methods. The first triggers the
browser to launch RealPlayer as an external application. The second plays the media
file in a player embedded directly in the browser window using the real player plug-
in.
In either case, you do not create a link directly to the RealMedia file itself, but rather
to a special reference file, called metafile. The metafile is a simple text document that
contains the URL>
Linking to RealMedia (external player)
When the user access RealMedia via a link (using the <a> tag),the browser launches
the external RealPlayer applications.
In the HTML document, make a link to the metafile that points to the RealMedia file
as follows:
<A HREF=song.ram>Link to the song</A>
When linking to realmedia the metafile uses the .ram suffix. The metafile is a small
text-only file that contains only the URL that points to the real audio file (suffix .rm or
.ra):
pnm://domainname.com/song.rm
Linking to Microsoft Media Files:
Before linking to Windows Media files (.asf or .wma), be sure they are saved in the
ASFROOT directory on the NT server running the Windows Media Administrator.
To link to a downloadable windows Media Audio file (.wma), use a simple link directly
to the audio file:
<A HREF=song.WMA>Link to the song</A>
Linking to streaming Windows Media works much like the process described for
RealAudio above.
Create a link to the redirector file as shown in this example:
<A HREF=streamingsong.asx>Stream the song</A>
The content of the .asx file looks like this :
<ASX version=3>
<Entry>
<ref href=path/streamingsong.asf/>
</Entry>
</ASX>
Change the path in the <ref> tag so that it points your windows media file. The .asx
file should be saved in the same directory as the Windows Media file.
Embedding a Multimedia File in a Web page:
Multimedia is a popular buzzword for sound. Motion video, and interactive

animation. This hour shows you how to include multimedia in your web pages.
The first thing you should be aware of is that computer multimedia is still in its youth,
and internet multimedia is barely in its infancy. The infant technologys rapid pace of
growth creates three obstacles for anyone who wants to include audiovisual material
in a web page:
1. There are many incompatible multimedia file formats from which to choose
and none has yet emerged as a clear industry standard.
2. Most people do not have internet connections fast enough to receive high
quality audiovisual data without a long wait.
3. Each new web browser version that comes out uses different HTML tags to
include multimedia in web pages.
Embedding Object with <EMBED> tag:
The <EMDED> tag can be used to embed other multimedia files, in addition to audio
files, into a web page.
Proprietary syntax
<EMBED> width=pixels height=pixels src=url>
Attributes
The <EMBED> tag can also use the following tags that are used in the <IMG> tag
Align: this attribute controls the alignment of adjacent text with respect to the
embedded object. The default value is left.
Alt: this attribute indicates the text to be displayed if the applet cannot be executed.
Border: this attribute specifies the size in pixels of the border around the embedded
object.
Code: this attributes specifies the name of the file containing the complied java class
if the <embed> element is used to include a java applet.
Codebase: this specifies the base URL for the plug-in or potential applet in the case
of the alternative form under internet explorer.
Height: this attributes sets the height in pixels of the embedded object.
Hspace: this attributes specifies in pixels the size of the left and right margins
between the embedded object and surrounding object.
Type: this attributes specifies the MIME type of the embedded object.
Vspace: this attributes specifies in pixels the size of the top and bottom margins
between the embedded object and surrounding text.
Width: this attributes sets the width in pixels of the embedded object.
Examples:
<embed src=testmovie.mov height=150 width=150>
<img src=test.gif height=150 width=150 qlt=test image>
</embed>
Embedding Audio Files in Web Pages:
Embedding sound is tricky. You have to choose between a method that works but is
not valid HTML the object element includes <OBJECT></OBJECT>.
Embedding a Real System file in a web page
To embed the real player control on your web page, use the OBJECT element and
EMBED tag.
The following example presents a real system file on a web page:
<object>
<param name=autostart value=true>
<param name=src value=eureka.ram>
<param name=autoplay value=true>
<param name=controller value=true>
<embed src=eureka.wav controller=true autoplay=trueautostart=True

type=audio/wav/>
</object>
1. Four parameters added in object. The first src that tells the browser where to
find the sound file.
<param name=src value=eureka.wav/>
2. If you want the sound file to play immediately after its loaded make the
autostart parameter true otherwise make it false
<param name=autostart value=true/>
3. The parameter autoplay is similar to autostart, just used by other browser set
it the same as the autostart parameter
<param name=autoplay value=true>
4. Use the controller parameter to tell the browser if a controller should be
displayed to give your readers more control over the sound.
<param name=controller value=true>
5. Inside the <object></object> element, add an embed element
<embed>
6. Add the following four attributes that are the same as the parameters to the
object:
<embed src=eureka.ram controller=true autoplay=trueautostart=True
7. Add the correct MIME type for your sound file into the type attribute:
<embed src=eureka.wav controller=true autoplay=trueautostart=True
type=audio/wav/>
Adding Video to Web Pages:
It can be challenging to include video clips on a web site. Many designers provide a
link to the video clip to make them easier for the user to access
Adding video to an HTML Document
This section looks at the ways video files can be linked to or embedded within an
HTML document.
A Simple Link
Like audio, downloadable video files (AVI, MPEG, and QuickTime) can be linked to
HTML documents using the standard <a> tag:
<A HREF=video.mov>Check out the video (1.3MB)</A>
Streaming video
As in audio, streaming media in the RealMedia (.rm) and streaming windows media
(.asf) formats are added to web pages via linked or embedded reference files
RealMedia
To create a link to a realmedia metafile (.ram) as shown in this example:

<A HREF=movie.ram>Link to the streaming movie</A>
The metafile is a small text-only file that contains only the URL for the RealMedia file
(suffix.rm). When the user clicks the link, the browser accesses the metafile, which
launches the player and passes it the URL of the actual media file:
pnm://domainname.com/song.rm
to embed a RealMedia movie on a web page, use the following code:
<OBJECT ID=spacestress
CLASSID=clsid: CFCDAA03-8BE4-11CF-B84B-0020AFBBCCFA
HEIGHT=160WIDTH=320BORDER=0>
<PARAM NAME=SRC VALUE=realmedia/spacestress.rpm>
<PARAM NAME=CONTROLS VALUE=ALL>
<EMBED SRC=realmedia/oakshoes.rpm HEIGHT=150
WIDTH=250AUTOSTART=false CONTROLS=all
BORDER=0>
</OBJECT>
The value of the classid should be copied exactly as it is shown here as this points to
the realmedia player.
FORMS, INTERACTIVITY, AND DATABASE-DRIVEN WEB SITES:
Browser scripting with JavaScript
Use of JavaScript which is a browser based programming language can be used

effectively for adding interactive features to the web page there are several benefits
of using JavaScript for web design. It will help you to improve the quality of visual
displays on your web page.
VBScript
Visual basic scripting edition a scripting language developed by Microsoft and

supported by Microsofts internet explorer web browser. VBScript is based on the
visual basic programming language, but is much simpler in many ways it is similar to
JavaScript it enables web authors to include interactive controls, such as buttons and
scrollbars, on their web pages.
JavaScript:
JavaScript is one of the worlds most popular programming languages. JavaScript is a

scripting language designed primarily for adding interactivity to web pages and
creating web applications the language was first implemented by Netscape
communications corp. in Netscape navigator JavaScript is different from the java
language JavaScript is widely supported it is available in the following browsers:
Netscape Navigator, Microsoft internet explorer, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Google
Chrome, etc.,
Difference between VBScript and JavaScript
VBScript JavaScript
VBScript was developed by Microsoft JavaScript was developed by
Netscape
It is both client and server side It is client side scripting language.
scripting language
It is not case sensitive It is case sensitive
VBScript runs only internet Explorer JavaScript runs on any browser
(IE)
File extension for VBScript is .vbs or File extension for JavaScript is.js
.vba
How JavaScript Works:
JavaScript is an object oriented language, which means that it works by manipulating

objects on a web page such as windows, buttons, images, and documents. it groups
these objects on a web page, such as windows, buttons, images, and documents. It
groups these objects into hierarchies, which enables programmers to manipulate
them more easily. Its also an interpreted language, which means that its commands
are executed by the browser.
Using JavaScript in a web pages
A JavaScript consists of JavaScript statements that are placed within the script
<script> </script> HTML tags in a web page. The <script> tag alerts the browser
program to begin interpreting all the next between these tags as a script. So simple
syntax of your JavaScript will be as follows:
The script tag takes two important attributes:
Language: this attributes specifies what scripting language you are using. Typically,
its value will be JavaScript. Although recent versions of HTML
Type: this attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting language
in use and its value should be set to text/JavaScript.
<script language=javascript>
Javascript code
</script>
Or
<script type=text/javascript>
Javascript code
</script>
Example:
<script>
document.alert("welcome!");
</script>
You can also pop alert boxes just as easily with
<script>
document.write("welcome!");
</script>
Extending browsers with java and active
Java
Java is strong support for web development. Java is a object oriented programming
language. Its widely used in all kinds of electronics. It is used on websites,
applications, handled devices, some cars even have java programs controlling certain
things.
Java applets
Applet is a small java programs developed for internet applications. Applets

embedded in HTML documents. Applets program can be run using the web browser
or applet viewer. The applet viewer tool is one of the tools included in the JDK (java
Development Kit) applet viewer. For example when you use java to enhance a www
page the java code is embedded within HTML code. It is called applet.
Microsoft ActiveX:
ActiveX is a set of technologies developed by Microsoft which uses the component

object model (COM) and Distributed COM (DCOM) standards, allowing developers to
build and use components that enable interactive content for the World Wide Web.
ActiveX objects and components are self-contained code that can be built to execute
on both client and server machines.
Server side components used by Active Server Pages (ASP) technology are
automation servers with no user interface. You can create your own automation
servers with most of the tools used to create ActiveX controls.
Creating web pages that run CGI Scripts
CGI Scripts:
CGI stands for common Gateway interface. A specification for transferring

information between a World Wide Web server and a CGI program. A CGI
program is any program designed to accept and return data conforms to the
GUI specification. The program could be written in any programming
language including C, Perl, Java, or Visual Basic.
CGI programs are the most common way for web servers to interact
dynamically with users. Many HTNL pages that contain form
Program dynamic feedback foe web user is to include scripts or programs that
run on the user machine rather than the web server.
One problem with CGI is that each time a CGI script is executed, a new process
is started. For busy web sites, this can slow down the server
A more efficient solution but one that it is also more difficult to implement, is
to use the servers API such as ISAP or NSAPI another increasingly popular
solution is to use java servlets.
Creating Links that run CGI Scripts:
The easiest way to run a CGI program is to type in the URL of the program into your
web browser. The web server should recognize that you are requesting a CGI
program and execute it.
For example:
http://localhost/cgi-bin/test.pl
The web server will execute your CGI program is a virtual path. The actual location of
the script on the web server depends on the configuration of the software and the
type of computer being used. For example
The above virtual translate into/usr/local/etc/httpd/cgi-bin/test.pl.
If you are running the website server under Windows 95, the translated path might
b/website/cgi-shl/test.pl.
If you have installed and are administrating the web server yourself, you probably
know where to place your scripts.
A hypertext link for example:
<A HREF=EF=cgi-bin/test.pl> click here to run a CGI program </A>
Passing data from web forms to CGI scripts:
If your are creating a web site and want a CGI application to get control you specify
the name of the application in the uniform resource locator (URL) that you code in an
HTML file. This URL can be specified as part of the FORMS tags if you are creating a
form. For example, you might code:
<FORM METHOD=POST ACTION=http://www.mybiz.com/cgi-bin/formprog.pl>
And the server at mybiz.com would pass control to the CGI application called
formprog.pl to record the entered data and return a confirmation message.(the .pl
indicates a program written in PERL but other languages)
Example:
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>simple form</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>simple form</H1>
<HR>
<FORM ACTION=/cgi-bin/unix.plMETHOD=GET>
Command:<INPUT TYPE=text NAME=commandSIZE=40>
<P>
<INPUT TYPE=summit VALUE=submit Form>
<INPUT TYPE=summit VALUE=clear Form>
</FORM>
<HR>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Embedding PHP scripts in your pages:
PHP
PHP hypertext preprocessor is a widely used open source general purpose scripting
language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into
HTML.
PHP is a server-side, cross-platform, HTML embedded scripting language. Thats a

mouthful, but if we break the definition down into smaller pieces, it is easier to
understand.
Server-side: this means that PHP scripts execute on the web server, not within the
browser on your local machine.
Cross-platform: cross-platform means that PHP scripts can run on many different
operating system and web servers. PHP is available for the two most popular web
server configurations (IIS running on windows NT and Apache running on UNIX).
HTML embedded scripting language: this means that PHP statements and
commands are actually embedded in your HTML documents. When server sees the
PHP statements in the web page, the server executes the statements and sends the
resulting output along with the rest of the HTML. PHP commands are parsed by the
server much like active server pages or cold Fusion tags.
Writing PHP code
A PHP file normally contains HTML tags and some PHP scripting code. A PHP
scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>. A PHP script in the
example given below. This script will display the words Hello world! in the web
browser. There are two basic statements to output text on the browser with PHP
echo and print in the example given below, the echo statement is used to display
text.
Example
<?php
Echo welcome;
?>
Always remember to save PHPs files with extension .php this is very important,
because it tells the server how to treat these files, go ahead and give it an easy to
remember name like first.php.
Creating Active Server Pages (ASPs)
Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP) is a server-side scripting technology that can be
used to create dynamic and interactive web applications. An ASP page is an HTML
page that contains server side scripts that are processed by the web server before
being sent to the users browser. You can combine ASP with Extensible Markup
Language (XML) component Object Model (COM), and Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) to create powerful interactive web sites.
Server side scripts run when a browser requests an .asp file from the web server. ASP
is called by the web server, which processes the requested file from top to bottom
and executes any scripts commands. It then formats a standard web page and sends
it to the browser.
As you work through the lessons in each module, save your work in the
C:\intetpub\Wwwroot\Tutorial directory to view the content on your web site. If you
did not customize your installation of IIS, C:\Inetpub\Wwwroot was created as the
default home directory to load and run the tutorial sample you must have
administrator privileges on the computer running IIS. The default IIS security settings
should allow you to run the tutorial but you may need to change your security
settings on the directory if you encounter access violations see the product
documentation for more information about IIS security settings.
Including ASP code Web Page:
An ASP file normally contains HTML tags, just like an HTML file however an ASP file
can also contain server scripts surrounded by the delimiters <% and %>. Server
scripts are executed on the server, and can contain any expressions. Statements,
procedures, or operators valid for the scripting language you prefer to use.
The response write command is used to write output to a browser the following
example sends the text hello world to the browser.
<html>
<body>
<%
Response.write(hello world)
%>
</body>
</html>
Creating ColdFusion Pages with CFML
coldFusion Markup Language (CFML) is a server side scripting language, with

connectivity to enterprise data and powerful built-in search and charting capabilities.
ColdFusion enables developers to easily build and deploy dynamic websites, content
publishing systems, self service applications commerce sites, and more.
coldFusion pages are plain text files that use to create web applications. You can
create your ColdFusion applications by writing all the code manually or by using
wizards to generate the majority of the code for you.
This example uses the cfset tag to declare a variable called firstname and assign a
value of world to it. It then outputs the contents of the variable.
<cfset firstname=world>
<cfoutput>
Hello #firstname#.
</cfoutput>
FILE TRANSFER AND DOWNLOADING FTP PEER TO PEER:
File transfer protocol (FTP)
It is a network protocol used to transfer data one computer to another through a

network, such as the internet.
FTP is a file transfer protocol for exchanging and manipulating files over any TCP
based computer network. A FTP client may connect to a FTP server to manipulate
files on that server. As there are many FTP client and server programs available for
different operating systems, FTP is a popular choice for exchanging files independent
of the operating systems involved.
Transferring Files by E-mail:
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard internet protocol for transmitting files
between computers on the internet. Like the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP), which transfers displayable web pages and related files, and the simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), which transfer E-mail, FTP is an application
protocol that uses the internet TCP/IP protocols.
FTP is commonly used to transfer web page files from their creator to the
computer that acts as their server for everyone on the internet. Its also
commonly used to download programs and other files to your computer from
other servers.
As a user you can use FTP with a simple command line interface or with a
commercial program that offers a graphical user interface
Basic FTP support is usually provided as part of programs TCP/IP. However ant
FTP client program with a graphical user interface usually must be
downloaded from the company that makes it.
Transferring Files using windows XP web folders:
WEBDAV is used for sharing files over the internet regardless of platform WEBDAV is
a means for users to access content from the content collection as if it were in any
other network drive or folder on their personal computer.
1. Click start, and then click my computer. Click my network places.
2. Under network tasks, clicks add a network place. Windows XP professional

starts the add network place wizard.
3. Click next in the welcome screen. The add network place wizard displays the
where do you want to create this network place dialog box
4. Follow the instructions for adding a shortcut to a web site that supports web
folders
5. If you choose MSN communities you see a screen to create a new community
or to use an existing community if you created one previously.
6. If you want to create a web folder on a network, web server or FTP derivers
just as essay. Type in the URL or browse to find the location and add a name
for the web folder.
Using web folders for secure file transfer:
Web folders are a file transfer protocol that supports secure file transfer over
intranets and the internet. With web folders you can upload, download and
image files on a remote computer across an intranet and internet.
Web folders protects your password and encrypted data when you send
information to a web server running secure socket layer(SSL)
If the server is not running SSL web folders can protect your password if the
server is configured to use windows authentications.
However you cannot encrypt the data sent to the server. If the server is
running SSL the internet address for the server will begin with https://instead
of http://
Transferring files using peer-to-peer file sharing utilities:
Peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing networks have become wildly popular. The first
major file sharing network was Napster, which was designed to allow music
fans to share MP3 music files.
The P2P file sharing networks is as the name implies peer-to-peer and
decentralized. There is no central server that uploads stores and downloads
content each user acts as a server for each other user.
Popular P2P programs include BearShare and File Navigator, which can be
found at www.gnutelliums.com
Transferring Files using FTP:
FTP is a set of files that allow computers to exchange files across the internet the
central computer runs software called an FTP server, and the other computers run
software called an FTP client. The client requests a file transfer and then the client
and server exchange data.
FTP Client: (File Transfer Protocol Client)
An FTP Client is software that is designed to transfer files back-and-forth

between two computers over the internet. It needs to be installed on your
computer and can only be used with a live connection to the internet.
When you open a standard FTP Client, you are usually presented with two
panes the panes on the left normally displays the files on your computer
FTP Servers:
Being the main network protocol for migrating files over TCP computer
networks or the internet FTP requires a computer and an active hosting server
for establishing a data transfer connection.
While the availability of a computer which is the first step to building the
connection is totally users responsibility the provision of an FTP server is
within the authority of specific entities.
Business running internal networks or web hosting providers assigning FTP
server connection rights to users is considered as a fundamental part of the
services provided by web hosts.
Transferring Files of different Types: While transferring data over the network
several data representations can be used. When you transfer a file, by uploading or
downloading, you use one of the following two modes
ASCII (text): ASCII transfers are useful when the server machine and client have
different standards for text.
Binary mode (image): in binary mode the sending machine sends each file byte for
byte and as such the recipient stores the byte stream as it receives it
Using web browser to transfer files:
Many browsers including Netscape Navigator and internet explorer include FTP client
software that can be used for downloading files from most FTP servers some
browsers can also upload files
Connecting to FTP Servers:
To connect to an FTP server the URL of the FTP server as you would the URL of a web
server type the URL into the location box near the top of the Netscape navigator
window or the address box of internet explorer
For private FTP: in URL you have to give a user ID and Password and it has a general
from: ftp://use ID:password@Servername. For example,
ftp://reader:readit2u@ftp.whatever.edu
Downloading files: to download a file click it the browser prompts you for a name
and location on your computer.
Uploading files: Netscape Navigator and certain other browsers can also upload
files.
Common FTP Commands:
Function Command Descriptions

Opening and closing ftp Starts an FTP session
connection Open Open a connection to a
remote computer.
Close Closes the connection (but
nit the FTP session)
Quit Terminates the FTP
session.
Browsing on a remote Dir Gives a full directory listing
machine on the remote machine.
Ls Same as dir, but provides a
simplified listing of
filenames.
Directories in FTP Pwd Prints the name of the

current remote directory.
cd.. Moves up one level in the
directory on local host.
Lcd directory Changes the default on
local host.
Mkdir Remove a directory on the
remote host
Transferring mode Ascii Switch to ACII mode. The
default mode uses it for
transferring text files.
Binary Switch to binary mode use
to transfer binary files
including files ending in
.zip, .tar, .Z, and .gz,
executeable programs, and
graphics files
Server connection Close To terminate a connection
with another computer
Bye To exit the FTP
environment
Quit To exit the FTP
environment
Telnetting with Hyper Terminal:
Many people have used Hypertext Terminal over the years to promote
communications between computers. This is one of the older products available for
windows xp. You can use it for a variety of communication needs including file
transfers
Running Hyper Terminal:
To run Hyper terminal, choose Start | All Programs |Accessories |

Communications |Hyper Terminal. If HyperTerminal is already your default
telnet program, you see a dialog box asking whether windows should do so.
The HyperTerminal windows appears, and the connection description window
also opens to help set up a new first HyperTerminal connection.
Type the name you want to use for the connection, choose and click ok you
see the connect to dialog box asking information about how to dial the phone
to connect to computer.
Type the host name or IP address into the Host Address box
The standard port number is 23
Click ok when you connect you see a HyperTerminal window like the one
show in figure
When you are done using the remote computer logout either by typing the
logout command that the computer expects and clicking the Disconnect icon
on the HyperTerminal toolbar or choosing Call | Disconnect from the menu
When you exit HyperTerminal, it asks whether you want to save the session
that you just created
DOWNLOADING AND INSTALLING SOFTWARE.
Types of downloadable software:
There are many different types of software
Free ware: freeware is copyrighted computer software which is made available for
use free of charge, for an unlimited time authors of freeware often want to give
something to the community, but also want to certain control of any future
development of the software.
Shareware: the term shareware refers to commercial software that is copyrighted,

but may be copied for others for the purpose of their trying it out with the
understanding that they will pay for it if they continue to use it.
Trailware: Software that can be run for a limited period of time before it expires. In
order to keep running the application, a registration key must be purchased and
entered into the trial version, or anew full version must be installed. Trialware may be
set up by date or days. For example 30 day Trailware program may expire in 30 days
Patches: piece of software code that can be applied after the software program has
been installed to correct an issue with that program most software programs may
have several patches released after the initial release and commonly update the
version of the program when successfully installed.
Difference between freeware and shareware:
Freeware Shareware
About Freeware refers to software Sharewares give users a
that anyone can download chance to try the software
from the internet use for before buying it.
free.
Inception The term freeware was first In 1982, bob Wallace
used by Andrew produced PC-Write, a
Fluegelman in 1982, when word processor, and
he wanted to sell a distributed it as a
communications program shareware. The term was

named PC-Talk first used in 1970, in
InfoWorld magazine.
License and Copyright User license or EULA (end Copyright laws also apply
User License Agreement) is to shareware but the
an important part of copyright holder or author
freeware. Each license is holds all the rights, with a
specific to the freeware. few specific exceptions.
Copyright laws are also
applicable to freeware.
Features All features are free Most of the times, all
features are not available,
or have limited use. To use
all the features of the
software, user has to
purchase the software.
Distribution Freeware programs can be Shareware may or may not
distributed free of cost be distributed freely in
many cases authors
permission is needed to
distribute the shareware
Example Adobe PDF Google Talk, Winzip, Cuteftp, Getright
yahoo messenger, MSN
messenger
Essential softwares:
The following softwares that is required for every PC
Zone Alarm: zone Alarm is a personal firewall software application originally

developed by zone labs, which was acquired in March 2004.
Zone Alarm is a software firewall that can help to protect your computer from
malicious internet attacks.
The software is easy to configure and has always been very stable and reliable on
windows XP systems. Once you have zone Alarm installed it will alert you if a
program is attempting to access the internet by displaying a pop-up window. If you
want the program to connect you can give it permission via the yes or no buttons
on the zone Alarm pop-up. You can download zone alarm software from
www.zonealarm.com
Adware:
Adware is the common name used to describe software that is given to the user with
advertisement embedded in the application
Winzip:
Winzip is a utility program which compresses or decompresses computer software as

well as data files, enabling users to zip files into a smaller, lone package or unzip a
larger package into its individual components .You can download websites:
www.tucows.com, www.software.com
Adobe Acrobat:
Adobe Acrobat is a member of applications software that is developed by adobe

systems to create, view, manage and print files in a format known as portable
document format. You can download websites: www.adobe.com.
WinAmp:
Winamp is a media player typically for windows based computers and android
devices. The software is written by null soft and it is proprietary freeware multi format
extensible with plug-ins famous for its playlist and graphical sound visualization. You
can download websites: www.winamp.com.
RealPlayer:
Real player is the software device which allows you to play different forms of media
on your computer. You can download websites: www.real.com.
ICQ:
ICQ is an instant messaging program developed by Mirabilis LTD. Pronounced as

separate letters, so that it sounds like I-Seek-You, ICQ is similar to American on
lines popular Buddy List and instant Messenger programs. You can download
websites: www.icq.com.
Window Washer:
Window washer allows you to erase windows temp folders, run history. Search
history, open/save history, recent documents, your browsers cache, cookies, history,
visited URLs, typed URLs, auto complete memory, index.dat files, and much more.
You can download websites: www.webroot.com.
Downloading Files from the web:
In the example given below we are using Microsoft internet explorer as the example
because it is most commonly used browser today. Although not all browsers use the
same steps following these steps
1. To download a file through a website, first click on the link for the file you
wish to download, in some cases the website may automatically start the
download process after waiting a few seconds.
2. Next the browser should prompt you on what to do with the file unless you
immediately wish to run the program, it is recommended you select the
option to save the file and place the file somewhere you are going to
remember. For windows users we suggest saving the file to the desktop.
3. After the file has been downloaded, if the file is an executable file, double-click
the file to start the setup of the program.
4. Finally it is important to realize that files on the internet may contain
computer viruses, the best method in protecting yourself from computer
viruses is to make sure your virus scanner is up to date.
You can also save smaller files like single pictures to your PC press and hold the
picture, link, or file you want to save and then choose save picture if you are using
internet explorer in the desktop, right clicked the picture or link and choose save
pictures as or save target as.
Finding files on your computer after downloading:
When you use internet explorer to download a file from the internet, you are
usually asked where you want to store the file if you dont specify where you want
to store the file.
Programs and miscellaneous downloads are also sometimes saved to the

downloads folders here are some tips on finding files you have downloaded
If you are downloading a file and save file dialog box appears it is best to specify
which folder you want to save the file.
To find a file you have downloaded:
1. Open your personal folder by clicking the start button and then clicking your
user name at the top of the start menus right pane
2. Double-click one of the following folders
Downloads
Documents
Picture
Videos
Music
To search for a file you have downloaded:
1. Click the start button.

2. Type all or part of the file into the search box. The file you are looking for
should appear in the list of search results
Dealing with compressed and archive files:
It is useful to store a group of files in one file for easy backup for transfer to another
directory or for transfer to another computer. It is also useful to compress large files
compressed files take up less disk space and download faster via the internet.
Self extracting files:
A type of file that contains other files that have been compressed for more efficient
transfer of the data the self extracting file contains within it the program software
needed to unzip the file and execute the intended application.
Self extracting files, which typically end with the EXE file extension, are commonly
used to transfer large data files efficiently. For example a software upgrade will often
come in the form of a self extracting file that a user can download from the internet
or e-mail and execute.
Unzipping ZIP Files:
In order to work with zipped files they must be unzipped or extracted first.
Term used to describe the process of exploding a file using a software utility such as
PKUNZIP, Wunzip,
7-Zip for example, many of the programs available for download are compressed
into one file making it easier to download one smaller file instead of dozens or
hundreds of files that program contains.
Extracting files form a zip files or folders in windows XP:
Some downloaded files are in .zip or .rar format these files must be unzipped
before they can be used on windows XP,
vista and windows 7, unzip support is built in first double-click on the .zip file to
open it up.
In window that opens, click Extract all files:
Zipping a folders in Windows XP:
Right click ME/XP/2003 has built in ZIP file support it is therefore, very easy to make
and extract ZIP files using these operating systems.
To create a zip file:
Right click on a file, folder, or selection of files and click on the send to menu option
and then choose compressed (Zipped) Folder. The magic below shows the location
of these menu items.
After selecting the compressed folder menu option the files will be zipped and you
should now see a file that ends with ZIP. The files name will be the name of the folder
or file you compressed.
WinZip:
WinZip is a utility that compresses and decompresses file using the zip format. This is
the most common format used on the internet for compressing windows files. Files
compressed in this way are identified with the extension.zip.
ZipMagic:
ZipMagic is the ultimate file compression utility. By shrinking files up to 95%,

ZipMagic automatically frees up space on your hard drive and dramatically reduces
the time spent sending large email attachments. Easy to use and navigate, it allows
you to zip, unzip,E-mail backup and repair zip files, and more.
PKUNZIP and Unzip:
The PK derives from the name of the program inventor, Phillip W. Katz. Katz is said
to have developed the idea in 1986 these are utilities that can be downloaded for
free from the internet You can download it from www.pkware.com
1. Switch to the PKZIP for windows applications

2. Click on the open folder icon or go to the file menu and select open
3. Highlight all the files you wish to decompress and then click on the Unzip
menu and select Extract files.
4. Now type c:\temp as the directory to extract files to and click on the Extract
button.
5. Congratulations you have successfully extracted a compressed archive.
Unpacking TAR Archive Files:
The program tar (originally for tape archive) is used to convert a group of files into
an archive. The tar command is used for packing several files or even a whole
directory into a single tarfile.
To unpack a tar file, type:
tar xvf filename.tar
Note: always move to an empty directory before unpacking a tar file.
To unpack a tar file use the tar command
For example:
tar xvf project.tar
This will unpack the contents of the tar file project.tar in the current directory.
Stuffit Expander:
Stuffit Expander is a program for Mac OS that opens, extracts and creates archived
and compressed files. It is compatible with files created in WinZip, 72X, iShrink,
Simply RAR, Rarify, BetterZip, 7Zip, winRar and many others stuffit Expander
integrates as a default archived file handler on Mac OS
To open a files in a stuffit expander, follow these steps:
Open the applications menu on the system

Click stuff Expander from the list of installed applications
Press the command and E keys together to open the Expand menu.
Navigate to the directory on your hard drive where you have saved an
archived file. If supported it will automatically appear in the result list. Click
OK to expand the files in the archive. They will be saved in the directory the
file currently exists in.
UNIT - V
What is Intranet Advantages and disadvantages of intranet components of intranet Connecting a
small LAN to the internet.
WHAT IS INTRANET:
Internal or private network of an organization based on internet technology (such as

hypertext and TCP/IP protocols) and accessed over the internet an intranet is meant
for exclusive use of the organization and its associates (customers, employees,
members, suppliers, etc.) and is protected from authorized access with security
systems such as firewalls. Intranets provide services such as email, data storage, and
search and retrieval functions, and are employed in disseminating policy manuals
and internal directories for the employees, price and protect information for the
customers, and requirements and specifications for the suppliers.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INTRANET:
Advantages of intranet
Improved productivity: through access to a single central repository of data,

reducing duplication and improving accuracy when dealing with customers
and suppliers.
Increased security: due to information sharing over an internal private
network, behind firewalls.
Better customer service: thanks to quicker more accurate access to customer
account details, and pricing and product information.
Scalability: because of the flexible nature of intranets its easy to add
additional users, and increased capacity, at relatively modest cost
Reduced costs: decreasing printing and paper requirements improved
communications, shared software, and more efficient utilization of staff time
arising from quicker access to information.
Disadvantage of intranet:
Cost: setting up an intranet a cost some of this is the direct hardware and
software cost which is fairly easy to budget for. Indirect costs are more difficult
to estimate. These include time spend defining the intranet purpose and
choosing which intranet capabilities are essential for the organization.
Security: unauthorized access to the intranet is a security issue. An
organizational intranet relies on privacy and confidentially to prevent
outsiders accessing sensitive information. An intranet structure shouldnt allow

universal access to all information.
Productivity: information overload is another disadvantage because it
reduces productivity. Staff members may end up having to read so much that
work decreases.
Training: an intranet is a new budget item in itself for any organization.
However, added
To this cost management needs to consider two additional ones. First, the
staff needs training to ensure workers know how to use the system effectively.
In some organizations, a few staff members may resist learning how to share
information via the intranet, or try to continue using older methods of
disseminating information.
COMPONENTS OF INTRANET:
The components that make up an intranet, including computers workstation and

server, cabling and software
Workstations and client software:
The term workstation also has been used to reference a PC or mainframe terminal on
a local area network (LAN). These workstations may share network resources with
one or more large client computers and network servers.
A workstation (WS) is a computer dedicated to a user or group of users engaged in

business or professional work. It includes one or more high resolution displays and a
faster processor than a personal computer (PC). Client software is used to refer to the
software that acts as the interface between the client computer and the server.
Server and operating system:
The operating system (OS) is the software platform on top of which other programs
will run. Choosing a server operating system is no easy task. The specific operating
system you go with will depend on what the server is going to be mainly used for.
For basic file servers a small business should choose an operating system that staff
will be the most comfortable with, another issue to consider is if you have any
application that is best suited to a particular operating system.
Network cards, Cabling and Hubs:
A network Interface card (NIC) is an add-on adapter card that is installed to the PCI
or ISA slot on the PCs motherboard. The NIC sorts data on the computer into
bundles and transmits them to another computer while allowing the user to access
the data within the bundle simultaneously. The most common NIC used today is the
10Base-T Ethernet card that is connected to an Ethernet hub.
Assigning IP Address to Computer on the LAN:
An IP address is an identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. Networks

using the TCP/IP protocol route messages based on the IP address of the destination.
To assign an IP address to computer on the LAN, use one of the following methods.
Static IP address:
Assignments (sometimes also called fixed addressing) is an alternative to dynamic

addressing (normally, DHCP) on internet protocol networks. Dynamic addressing is
convenient. It also allows mobile computers to more easily move between different
networks.
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA):
Is a feature of windows-based operating systems (included in windows 98, ME, 2000,

and XP) that enables a computer to automatically assign itself an IP address when
there is no Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server to perform that
function, APIPA servers as a DHCP server failover mechanism and makes it easier to
configure and support small local area networks (LANs).
DHCP: Dynamic IP addresses by the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP),

which is one of the key protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Dynamic IP addresses
contrast with static IP addresses which are assigned manually and semi-permanently
to a device, account or user. With dynamic addressing, a computer, account, etc. will
typically have a different IP address every time it connects to the network. In some
systems, the devices IP address can change even while it is still connected to the
network.
CONNECTING A SMALL LAN TO THE INTERNET:
If you have a tiny windows based LAN two or three computers in a home office or
small business you can turn it into an intranet by using a product such as WinGate or
WinProxy. You can download and purchase WinGate at www.winGate.com WinGate
allows all the users on a LAN to share a modem on one computer, and on one
internet account when any user on the intranet tries to communicate with the
internet for example by running a web browser or clicking the check mail button in
an e-mail program the request is routed to WinGate. WinGate connects to the
internet and sends the request out to the internet. When information comes from the
internet, WinGate routes the information to the computer that requested it.
WinGate requires you to assign an IP address to each of the computers on your

intranet. If your ISP gives you an IP address for each of your computers, go ahead
and use them.
To use WinGate or WinProxy follow these general steps.
Get the program from its website.

Install the program on one computer
Configure the program to connect to the internet by using an existing dial-up
networking connection.
Configure the various internet services e-mail web browsing and other
services.
Assign a private IP address to each computer starting with 192.168.0.1 for
WinGate or Winproxy runs.

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INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS

OPTIMIZING WEB GRAPHICS:

Graphics file formats for the web:

Common bitmap formats include:

PNG (portable Network graphics), PCX (Personal Computer Exchange),

TIFF (Tagged image File Format), PSD (Adobe Photoshop)

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)

The GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), pronounced JIF, was designed by

Creating GIFs and JPEGs with word processors

Programs for creating GIF and JPEG files:

Adobe ImageReady: the ImageReady toolbox is similar to that of Photoshop. One

Macromedia Fireworks: A Macromedia firework is a computer graphics software

Creating a GIF or JPEG image file

1. To open the paint Start-> programs -> Accessories-> paint

Converting Images to GIF and JPEG

Progressive Display and Transparency

Transparency is an image effect in which the background of a particular image is

Transparent images in Adobe PhotoShop:

1. Open or create the desired image

Transparent Images in Macromedia Fireworks

To create a transparent GIF in Fireworks, the following steps are to be followed:

Transparent Images in Paint Shop Pro

5. Click save button.

Optimizing Images for the Web:

Save as allows you to save an image file in many different formats.

Start with open image

Using Save for Web (and device)

Animating GIF Graphics:

Macromedia Fireworks: Adobe Fireworks, formally known as Macromedia Fireworks,

Corel Corporation developed and released a software program called CorelDRAW, a

Ulead GIF Animator:

Animating with JavaScript: Rollovers:

SRC=chilepepper.gif ALT=red chile graphic NAME=chile

Creating Clickable Graphics Using Image Maps

Adding a Client-Side Map to Your Web Page

The <IMG> Tag

<IMG SRC=map_name.gif USEMAP=#section_name>

<IMG SRC=mymap.gif USEMAP=#mymap>

The <MAP> Tag

<AREA SHAPE=shape1 COORDS=coordinate numbers

<AREA SHAPEsharp2 COORDS=coordinator numbers HREF=URL>

The <AREA> Tag

POLYGON: A polygon each vertices requires a pair of points as its definition. A

Three different examples of <AREA> tags might be:

<AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS=0,0,49,49 HREF=raam.html>

<AREA SHAPE=CIRCLE COORDS=75, 49,10 HREF=raam1.html>

<AREA SHAPE=POLYGON COORDS=50,0,65,0,80,10,65,20,50,20 NOHREF>

Advanced Features of graphics programs

Some of the advanced features of graphics programs are as follows:

WEB AUDIO FILES:

Types of web audio files:

Generally web audio formats are divided into two categories:

Streaming: Audio files is a method of delivering an audio signal to your computer

The following are some advantages to streaming audio:

Audio begins playing soon after the stream begins

The potentially high cost of server software may be prohibitive.

Types of static audio files:

Name File Extension

Length of the audio clip:

Adding audio Files to a Web page:

Adding a link to an Audio File:

Linking to Static Files