City Growth Theories 3.

Poor Housing PAINTING TOOLS

1.) Theory of Concentric Zones- Ernest W. Burgess (1929) 4. Medium Housing Evaluation Tools
Zone I. the CBD lies at the center of the city 5. Superior Housing 1. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)- Simply described, the CBA
Zone II. Is in transition. It is the crowded, multi-occupied zone of the requires the comparison project cost and benefits using
city first invaded by migrants. Within the zone are the ghetto areas -View in housing areas in a city develop in sectors along the lines of economic prices. When CBA is applied, the economic costs
(these are not necessarily slums). communication from the CBD outwards and benefits or a project are distinctly identified,
Zone III. Are the working mens houses, the area of second generation - High quality areas run along roads & also reflect the Incidence of quantified and translated in monetary units and
immigrants, one step up from Zone II higher ground compared. The outcome of such comparison assists a
Zone IV & V. are residential - Industrial sectors develop along canals and railways, away from high planned in deciding whether to recommend the approval,
Zone VI. For the better-off quality housing reject, defer or modify the project under consideration.
Zone V. for the commuters - High residential areas will spread out along the lines of the sector by 2. Cost-Effective Analysis- Cost effective analysis was
the addition of new belts housing beyond the outer arc of the city developed as a tool for program evaluation where it is
-This theory was advance by H.Hoyt (1939) as an alternative to difficult, if not impossible, to quantify the cost and
Burgess concentric model and was based on residential rent patterns benefits in monetary terms.
in the USA. - Allows the evaluation and comparison of programs with
3.) Multiple Nuclei Theory- Chauncy D. Harris, Edward L. Ullman similar outputs without converting those outputs into
(1945) money
(check the diagram)---IMPORTAN DEYUM 3. Sensitive or Break-Even Analysis- A sensitive analysis
- Harris and Ulliman combined elements of the Concentric alters some of the values previously assumed to be
Zone theory and Sector Theory with certain other factors constant within an evaluation in order to see whether how
to explain landuse much such changes would affect the outcome
- Some nuclie are pre-existing settlements, others arise 4. Goals-Achievement Matrix Method- Follows a five-step
from urbanization and external economies evaluation process:
- Distinctive land-use zones develop because some a. List the objectives
activities repel each other; high-quality housing does not b. Develop measures of each objective
generally arise next to industrial areas, and other activities c. Weight each objective
Circle diargram. cannot afford the high cost of the most desirable d. Evaluate the way each alternative meets each
- All these zones are held to have evolved separately and without locations. objective
planning. - New industrial areas develop in suburban locations since e. Select the best alternative
- They result from the competition of different socio-economic groups they require easy access, and outlying business districts This method is based on the subjective assessment of objectives and
for land. may develop for the same reason. the value of benefits and costs to particular groups. Matrix methods
- Competition results in Variations in the cost of land and therefore are more comprehensive than cost-benefit methods; however, the
Concentric Theory, Burgess (1929)
causes segregation within a city assignment of weights to objectives in the matrix approach is
1. Central Business District
Circular model (check in note) subjective and consequently open to criticism
2. Zone of transition
- The model assumes
3. Zone of Independent
Uniformly flat Procedure- First, a set of goals & objectives is formulated for the plan.
Working Mens Housing
Available land The measures of objectives are then defined so that progress toward
4. Zone of Better Residences
Ignores the importance of transport routes the objectives can be gauged. Typically 5-point measurement scale is
5. Commuters Zone
Relies on theory that city growth results from distinct The Sector Theory, 1939
used. Next, the relative importance of objectives is established
waves of in-migrants, that is to invasion and succession through either a ranking procedure or a scoring procedure. Then, each
1. High Rent District
- More applicable to cities in the USA than European cities. plans level of achievement of each objective is estimated and
2. Intermediate Rent
The Concentric Zone Model: weighted by the values placed on the objectives themselves. Finally,
3. Low Rent Residences
1. Central Business District Zone I (MIDDLE) the alternatives of each plan to provide an overall index of
4. Education & Recreation
2. Transitional Zone- Zone II achievement
5. Transportation
**Recent Immigrant groups 6. Industrial
- Deteriorated Housing Multiple Nuclei, Ullman and Harris, 1945
- Factories 1. CBD in large cities within:
- Abandoned Buildings a. Residential District
3. Working Class Zone- Zone III b. Financial District
- Single Family Tenements c. Theatre District
4. Residential Zone- Zone IV d. Government District
- Single Family Homes 2. Wholesale and Light Manufacturing Lower Class
- Yards/Garages Residential
5. Commuters Zone 3. Lower Class Residential
- Suburbs 4. Middle Class Residential
2.) Sector Theory- Homer Hoyt (1939) 5. Upper Class Residential
1. CBD 6. Heavy Manufacturing
2. Manufacturing 7. Business Subcenters
8. Residential and Dormitory Communities
9. Industrial Areas

Legend Rating System
0= Option/Alternative does not contribute to the fulfilment of the
particular goal from the sectors point of view
+= Option/Alternative does contribute to the fulfilment of the
particular goal
- = Option/Alternative is inconsistent with, or contradicts the goal
Id the project contribution is (+) or (-), the extent of the contribution
shall be indicated using the following scale:
1- Option/Alternative contributes slightly
2- Option/Alternative contributes moderately
3- Option/Alternative contributes greatly
Multiply the rating by the corresponding weight of the goal and enter
the product score in the appropriate cell.
Sum up the score algebraically up for each Option/Alternative, then
add all sectoral group scores.
The Option/Alternative with the highest total score is ranked as
number one, the next number two, and so on
on the complexity, depending on the type and
size of the proposed development
7. SWOT Analysis- A method that enables a planner to
generate feasible alternative strategies through an
assessment of the present conditions, characteristics, and
current state. It is an important strategy-formulation
matching tool that result in the development of 4 types of
strategies:
a. SO Strategies - Strengths-Opportunities
b. WO Strategies - Weakness-Opportunities
c. ST Strategies- Strengths-Threats
d. WT Strategies- Weaknesses-Threats
-It is strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats involved in project. Strengths
and Weaknesses are internal to an organization. It measures your
internal capability. Opportunities and Threats originate from outside
the organization. It refers to how external environment affects your
group Involves making subjective judgement on objective information
Example: SWOT Analysis for Tagaytay City

5. Planning Balance Sheet Method- also follows 5-step

evaluation process but differs from the goals-achievement
method in several respects. Using comparable matrix, the
balance sheet approach measures costs and benefits in
monetary terms as much as possible.
6. Impact Analysis- The assessment and evaluation of the
impacts of alternative options has always been an integral
part of planning analysis. Process is formalized using a
matrix and some type of scoring system. The factor to be
taken into account in such analyses will vary according to
the issue involved. Examples:
a. Environmental Impact Analysis- effect of
policies or projects on air and water quality,
plant life, animals and human beings (social
impact assessment. The Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) is a documents that details the
potential effects of a major development or
project on its environmental pollution
i. Social Impact Analysis- is 8. Ex-Post Evaluation- Following implementation, it is
undertaken to ensure the project possible to invest time and resources in ex post evaluation.
to responsive to the needs of the There can be evaluations of the programs/projects
beneficiaries and the concerns of themselves and their actual costs and effectiveness, i.e.,
the group of people likely to be were our modes accurate? Did we properly understand
affected by the project the problem, especially our causal modes of it and did we
b. Fiscal Impact Analysis- concentrated on the properly project the impact of our solution.
costs and benefits (in monetary terms) to the
governmental unit concerned. It compares the
government costs involved a project with the
revenues or savings it is likely to generate
c. Traffic Impact Studies- Assesses the effects
that a particular developments traffic will have