ss Chapter 22, Reproduction in Flowering Plants =~ A. FLOWERING PLANTS. To most poople a lower is something attractive or something #9 eat A flower is more than a prety object ofa source of food. The flower i the reproductive strstr of owering pans, Theege Abe) and sperm cells are produced by the flower and ferilization takes place inside the Rower. Tnmany kinds of Bosering pants cach flower eoatins both male and female reproductive organs. This kind of flower is caled perfect flower. Tulips and apple blossoms aro examples of prfeet Bowers. An Imperfect lower, suc asthe flower ofacom orsquash, has ether male or female reproductive organs. This means that some Mowers have only male rerodctve orgias while ther flowershaveonlyfemacorgans,Animperletflowercannot have bath male and feral repreictive ‘organs onthe same flower. A complete flower his pis, sepals, stamens, and pists Figure 22-1). = _|| PisTn magNrrieD “FIGURE 224, FLOWER STRUCTURE. REVIEW QUESTIONS —— 1. The reproductive structure of lowering plats the ower ‘State the difeence betwen perfec flowers and imperfect flowers Pariset lowers contain Doth male and female reproductive organs. Imperfect flowers have sither male of female reproductive organs. 3. Draw and abel he pats ofa wer See Figure 224 LOWER STRUCTURE, The base of a flower is called the receptacle. ‘The leafike structures tthe base ofthe flower are the sepals. The sepals surround the lower and profect the lower during the bud stage The entice itl of sepa is call the ealys, Inside the calyx ae the Petals. Petals ate brig colored or white lee stuctures found inside the ring of sepals. The colors andor odors produced by the petals tract some insects to carry ot pollination. The circle ‘of petals is called the eorolla. Stamens ar the male reproductive urzans of flowers. A stamen 369‘consists of an amr anda filament. The knob like anther is located at the top an is supported by a slender stk called the filament, Cells inside the anther undergo miosis producing monoploid (n) nuclei. These cells become the male reproductive cells. They ae enclose in thick walled pollen ‘rains. Pistls are the female reproductive organs of flowers. pls consists of sigma, a style ‘andan ovary. The stigma islested athe top of the pis. Its tcky surface so hat pollen grains an sick tothe stigma. The syle comnts the stigma wih the ovary, At the base of hese sth ‘ovary, which conins one cr more ovules. Egg nicl! are produced by meiosis inside he ovules The ovules contin the female reproductive cell The sex cell of flowering plant are the sperm nuclei andthe egg cli. Sperm nace are i the pollen grains, Ege nuclear nthe ovules. Bt kinds of nuclei contain genetic information important in determining the characteristics of offspring REVIEW Question 1 with eae 1. The recepact is located at the___base__of the flower alo structures caled sepals 2. ‘The ealyx isa group of sepals and the corolla ia group of petale 3. Why are peas brightly colored? To attract insects forpolinaion. 4. The male reproductive ongan ofthe flower is the stamen The female 5. Why ithe stgma sticky? To.catch pollan grains. i 6. The anther ofthe plant produces the male game and the en rouces the female gamete 7. Define the following terms. ‘ovule_ Structure found inside the ovary that contains the egg nucleus pollen gain thick-walled structures that enclose the male reproductive calls style_part ofthe flower that connects the stigma with the ovary _ filament ar ofthe lower that supports the anther a0. POLLINATION, ‘The vausfer of mare pollen grins fom the anor: oF stamens to the ‘Higa of the piss i called polination, Pollination maybe eared ov by wind ce birds, or other animals. Brightly colored petals and sweet dors are adaptations that ‘or other ania for pllination, The animals feed ry solution called mestar. The pollen fom dicanthersticks othe animal and scarred tothe oer stigma. Apples roses, sid cherries ate pollinated by animals such as insects and hunningbids, Plants that are wind pointed do not ‘sually have showy flowers. The wind blows the ight pollen to dhe stigma of the flowers. Corns ‘exsiple of a wind pollinated plan. The thick walls of pollen gran prevent the contents fom ‘dying outand are an adaptation for reproduction in a dy and envionment Sele-polinaion occurs when pollen is transfered fom an anther to @ stg of the same flower or sign of another flower on the same pint. Crosspolination curs when pollen transferred fom an amhertoa stigma ofa fower on another lant (Figure Review Questions 1. Pollination isthe ransfer of ____pollen_from the anthers — tothe Stigma of_isuis Insects, birds, or ther animals Name two organisms thats in pollination, (ony 2 State the differen hetwecn cros-polination snd sel polination, Sat-2oliation occurs singn pollen js iransfatred com an anther to a stigma enh ‘otanother ower onthe sare plant Gross-polinaionege 1D, FERTILIZATION. After a pollen grain lands on a stigma it germinate and a pollen tube rows dow trough the syle and nto an ovale (Figure 2-3). The pollen ube is a adaptation for intemal feilizaton, One ofthe two monoploid nucle ofthe pollen gran isclled the tube nuclews, The tube nucleus regubtes the growth of the pollen ube, The oer nucleus replicates forming tO sperm nucle. anFenilztion tates place when the pollen tube reaches the vue. The pen fabe enters the eminyo sac that consns the monoplod es nucleus. One sperm nucleus fuses with the ege nucleus to form the 2nzypoe that becomes the embryo plant. The other sperm nucleus fases wth two other ‘moroplid nice (he polar pallon grains rule) inthe embryo se «0 form the triploid (3a) materal y—stiome that forms the endosperm ‘Theendosperm provides food forthe embryo pant ‘The feed este) ‘pened ovale | developsinathe pant embryo, (eres) | afer fectlizaton the ovale and ovary begin to develop rau ‘and grow (ripen). The ripened ul one it Pee ae ees | Fipened ovary forms the fruit. me BE embryo sac wif ‘The part of an apple that you Bee eee | arama mee res (fruit) ‘fruit enclases the seeds, FIGURE 223. FERTILIZATION IN FLOWERING PLANTS. —Review Questions —————____— 1. Ferilizaton begins when the pollen grain germinate nto wan __pollen tube __ that {rows down through the _style_and ito the _ ovary {ovule 2. The pollen tbe isan adaptation for, internat ferilzation, 3. The___tube __nucteus regulates the growth of the pollen tube. 4 One sperm mucous fuses with the oa nucleus to form the zygote and the cother sperm cleus fuses with ovo, polar nuclei {0 form the endoderm, food forthe developing embryo plan. 6 The zygote develops into the__plantembryo 7. The ripened ovale forms the seed and the ripened ovary forms the rut E. STRUCTURE OF SEED AND EMBRYO. ‘The embryo plant is made up of the hyposot eicotyl, and ectyledons (Figure 22-4. The hypocoty! develop ints the roots, and in some species. forms the lower portion ofthe stem. The epictyl forms the upper pat of the sem and amthe lens. The codons or se eaves, contin mais fr ihe arate Sime ‘ce plas Krown as menses == = ieots, have two cotyledons. Peas and \-ripccorss IRE OF APLANT REVIEW Questions 1. State the function ofthe following epicoyt forms the upp mr the lower portion ofthe stem Inypocoty! develope into the roots, cotyledons contain nutrients forthe developing plant embryo 2 F. SEED DISPERSAL. In ond fr seeds 1 survive they must be spread faraway from the patent plan, Ifthe new plant tries to grow near the vent lathe at will have to compete ‘with the paren for conitons, such a8 water and oxy ge, tha re nseled Fr survival In lowering plans seeds develop inside ru-spevilized sictures that aid in sce dispersal Frits and seed ae dspersed (carried a) from the pare plant) a varity of ways. Some are cated by wind or wer while others are picked up and caried on animals. Some fruits are eaten by animals and tho seasare ltr deposited with digestive wases. Some examples of seed dispersal are listed Below [ Method of Dispersal Examples | winds carrying seeds. nction, maple | Animalseating frais heres, apples | Animals burying fais coms | batbs or spines attached to animals, cocklebur, burdocks | card by wate. oeonat palm ———— Review Quesrions 1. Name three methods of seed dispersal and state and example ofeach method, ‘Answors varysee above, m3G._ SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH, When the sccd reaches place where conditions Favorable the sed germinstes or begins to grow (Figure 22-5). The favorable conditens ne ‘csmination are suicient moisture, oxygen, anda prope temperature. The embryo plan ees Road Stored in the ec cotyledon until its leaves develop ehlorophl for photosyntnexs, Plant growth accomplished by cell division in special growing repions ofthe plant. These reaions ae found tthe tps of rots and stems and inthe cambium of woody seme, Aleag with ‘warm, moisture, and oxygen, plant growth require light, mineral, and carbon design FIGURE 22.5 SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH. ~Review Questions —————_—____ 1, To germinate mean to_begin to grow 2. Name three canitons that are favorable for seed gemination, sufficlent moisture, oxygen, and a proper temperature CAREER OPPORTUNITIES | PLANT BREEDERS: Ifyou lke working with plants you might want o be a plant breed. Plant breeders are imaginative adventurous pple who wrk 1 develop new and improved Plants and flowers. Some plant breedes specialize in lower breeding. Their job isto emeae ew and unusual flowers. Breeders must be very patient peopl because it usualy takes fom { Sight to tn yeast develop a new plant variety. Once a new variety has been developed te plant can be produced commercially. The government allows breeders to patent new Lands of | flowers. The breeders then collect royalties fom other nurseries that rise thc lowers, To be a plant breeder you need to have a knowledge of plan reproduction, gents, and basic faring techniques. Some breeders are graduates of two yeer and four year agricul colleges. Other breeders have learned to breed plants by working in nurvercs alonpide ‘Professional breeds, Review Questiows— 4. Name ove career where a knowledge of plan production would be usefil Answers vary. ee amaKill Pr actice Part A. Base your ansvers to questions 1 though 4 the diagram af a wer at the your knowledge of bik 1 Wick secre pe cls tat frm sperm ce? DI 3 2 ws 2. In which structuredo fertilization and development occur’ 3 wr 3 ‘ D6 is > 6 3, Which sete xe cafe ingen she pe? (anda (1 and Organs Dasani { 4. Inthe space provided, place the ames ofthe srstues inthe above diogram th to cach ofthe foleing numbers, 1 anae 4 __stvte 2 Slament _ § ovary = ‘3 ie SS Part B, fase your ansners to questions 5 through 7on sn seed and on your knowledge of broly rs In which retire would mos of he tre fond forthe embryo be found fs A oe ( ee ao c 6 The epiorylandhypocory represented by Daan (ean 0 —p @)Bandt ovents sructures in he above diagram that correspond 7. nthe space provided place the names of the to each ofthe following leters A epicoryt © __s0ed coat B __tvpocoty) =p _cotyledon. a9Part C. Complete the following cosswond puzzle Down 3. Forms upper part of stem 1. All ofthe petals 4 A ripened ovary Male reproductive structure 5. Contains nutrients for developing plant 3, Food for embryo plant 6. Protects the flower bud Reproductive structure of plants 8. A ripened ovule . Flower with both male and female ongans 9. Atracts in ). Produces male reproductive cells UL. Suppors the anther 12, Sugary solution 14, Develops into roots 13. Pollination involving two plants 16. Contains ovules 15. Pollen___ connects stigma too 17. Allof the sepuls 18. Pollination on same flower 380CHAPTER 22: QUIZ ] AuEILLAN oF HECTIONS: Compete euch ofthe following statements by writing the correct word or pase in the space provided. 1 The tamon__ is the male reproductive ongan ofthe 2. Nan —_porteet ic ower contains both male and female reproduetive oars 3. ture nectar nd ‘ pollen gin ister he ama ofthe psi Pola is pdaced inside the ter The atv, hole cites of sep 7. The female repetve organ of the ower isthe isl A. gg oveed are produce by mons inside the ules D we theseo it with fo the Jedons 0. The part of theses hat deve nt yovcot!, 1H, Monocos have __catytekon 12, The sof the pst are the _ syle, and ovary 13, The epmalucive smite f Bowring pants isthe Mower 14, The coryledons contain red food Torthe developing plan embryo 15, A fis pened wary 17. Am example oa plant hat disperses ts sess by wind isthe ilkwoed (others 18, Asced isaripinad covule 1, cminate i tn tha means os bein 0 row 20, The covola isl he petal of the owe. B.MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTION DIRECTIONS: Cine the munber ofthe espresion tat best completes cach ofthe folowing 1 Which ofthe tk Qriviowhcraltedose (Nuun amatine aa4. For what ype of production i the © sent 5. Onwhichsiractute shown in pollen land betore fetlizatio wa @u 6 from the @ tower Directions: (79): Base your answers to questions? 8 flower and on your knowledge of biol 7. Which par of he Hower wil become the fu @2 9. ‘The par ofthe flower which prxuces the pe @: 10, Which ofthe el Oi: 2) oxygen owing not ncedod to sar the (yeunners @: 8. The par ofthe flower which wil bcome the seed is @s (4 proper temperature C_ESSAY OUESTION DIRECTIONS: Use complete sentences ansner the question inthis part 1. Name one occupation wens aka Answers vary, 382 ele of plant rroduetion would be ese