Determination of the moment-curvature relation for a beam of

nonlinear material

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Authors Hsu, Teh-min, 1940-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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DETERMINATION OF THE MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATION

FOR A BEAM OF NONLINEAR MATERIAL

by
Teh-min Hsu

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In the Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

19 6 6
 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment 6f

requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona
and is deposited in the University Library to be made available
to borrowers under the rules of the Library.

Brief quotations from this thesis are available without

special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of the
source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation
from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may
be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the
Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the
material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances,
however, permission must be obtained from the author.,

SIGNED 8 ~

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This thesis has been approved on the date shown belows

,i9U
Allan jJ. Malvick, Sc, D. Date
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer wishes to express his appreciation to his thesis

advisor6 Dr, Allan J Malvick and to Dr Ralph M Richard for

their valuable suggestions and guidance in completing the thesis.

Appreciation is also extended to fellow graduate student

Mr, Wilbur D Birchler for his valuable suggestions and to the

staff of the Systems Engineering Department for the use of their

IBM 1401-7072 digital computer and related equipment.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ..... .... . . . . . . . . v

CHAPTER 1 - Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. The Problem Defined .......... 1
1.3. Method of Treatment .......... 2

CHAPTER 2 - Governing Equation of the Relation

between Stress and Strain ........ 3

CHAPTER 3 - Moment-Curvature Relation for a Beam

of Nonlinear Material .......... 5
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. For a Rectangular Cross Section .... 8
3.3. For a Circular Cross Section . . . . . . 17
3.4. For a Wide Flange Cross Section .... 26

CHAPTER 4 - Application of Moment-Curvature Relation

to Determine the Deflection of Beams of
Nonlinear Material . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.1. Slope and Deflection Due to Bending . . . 32
4.2. Statically Determinate Beam with
Rectangular Cross Section ....... 36
4.3. Statically Indeterminate Beam with
Wide Flange Cross Section ....... 40

CHAPTER 5 - Conclusions ..... ... . . . . . . . . 49

REFERENCES o... ..................e 50

APPENDIX A Notation ....... ......... 5-^-

B - Fragment of Computer Program ...... 53

iv
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure . Title page

1. Stress-Strain Diagram <,,<.<.* . 4

2. Bending of Member of Rectangular Cross Section, 5

3= Stress-Strain Relation 6

4. Stress and Strain Diagrams for Different

CaSeS e o o e o o e o o o e o o o o b o e 10

5, Relation between Bending Moment and Curvature

for a Rectangular Cross Section 13

6 Unloading Stress-Strain Diagram , 15

7, Circular Cross Section 17

80 Relation between Bending Moment and Curvature

for a Circular Cross Section 25

9. Wide Flange Cross Section 26

10, Half Wide Flange Cross Section 30

11, Relation between Bending Moment and Curvature

for a Wide Flange Cross Section ,,,,,,, 31

12, Curvature of a Beam Along Axis ,,,,,,,, 33

13 0 Slope Plotted over Length 34

14, Relation between Slope and Deflection , , , , 35

15, Cantilever Beam o , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 36

16, Curvature, Slope, and Deflection of
Cantilever Beam , , , , , o , , , , , , , , , 3^

17, Statically Indeterminate Beam 40

18, Relation between the Assumed Reaction and

its Corresponding End Deflection , , , , , , 41

v
19o ' Bending Moment Diagrams for Different Values
of End Moment ^5

20 Relation between Bending Moment and Slope

at Simply Support End . 46

21 Moment-Deflection Diagram , 4?

22 Normalized Deflection Shapes of Linear and

Nonlinear cases o 43
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ~ Introduction

In the analysis of beams* the first step is to determine the

shear and bending moment at any point along the beam* then the

maximum value of bending moment can be determined. In calculating

bending deflections* it is necessary to derive an equation or

equations for the bending moment at any point of the beam or to

have a plot of the bending moment.

The theory of bending developed in most text books* such as

strength of materials and applied mechanics* is applicable when the

relationship between the stress and strain is linear. For materials

which are strained beyond the proportional range* however* the stress-

strain relation is no longer linear. In this thesis a method is

developed to analyze beams whose material'is stressed beyond the

proportional limit,

1.2 - The Problem Defined

The object of the research presented in this thesis is to

determine the moment-curvature relation for a beam of nonlinear

material subjected to increasing* then decreasing bending moment.

Three types of cross section, that is* rectangular, circular* and

wide flange cross sections * are treated.

 2

The moment-ourvature relation is very useful as a basis for

determining deflections of a beam of nonlinear material and for the

advanced analysis of frame structures,

1.3 " Method of Treatment

The assumption that the cross section of the beams remains

plane during bending is used. The formulas for momentCurvature that

are derived here are obtained by a method of numerical integration.

 CHAPTER 2

GOVERNING EQUATION OF THE RELATION

BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN

The beams which will be considered here are made of nonlinear

material, having the relation between stress and strain as shown in

Figure 1, in which o is yield point stress. The curve consists

y*p.
of two straight line segments and a parabolic curve between them.

The parabolic segment is tangent to the two straight lines at

gss a and a as shown in Figure 1.

The equation of the parabolic curve is

a = AE 2+ B 6 + C

where A, B, C are real constants

The boundary conditions are

2 = E =
dB e=E1-a

d2| = 0
de|=ej+a

Now 2 = 2 A 8 + B (1 )

at 8 = 8-j- a da = = 2A( e n- a) + B (2a)

da

at 6 = a dSL = 0 = 2A( 8 ^ a) + B (2b)

3
 4

y.p
parabpli

Figure 1 Stress-strain diagram

Subtracting (2b) from (2a)

_ y*EjL = - 4Aa or As- , 7 I ?

gi 4ai

o
From Equation (2b) B = -2A(8^+ a) 2ae^*^

therefore = . g2 ^ *)E + C
4aSn 2aEi

a s Oy p provided

(Gl+ a)1
C s a ]
y.p D-- 4ae

Hence o s a (3)
y.p 4a61

This is the relation between stress and strain between 6 = 6^- a

and 6 = a*
 CHAPTER 3

MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATION FOR

A BEAM OF NONLINEAR MATERIAL

3.1 - Introduction

The theory of the bending of beams is based upon the assumption

that cross sections of the beam remain plane during bending, and hence

longitudinal strains are proportional to the distance from the neutral

axis. With this assumption, the strain for the fiber at a distance z

from the neutral surface is

If dg and d^ are the distances from the neutral axis to the

lower and upper surfaces of the beam, respectively, as shown in

Figure 2, then the strains for the outer fibers are

(5)

N.A.

Figure 2 Bending of member of rectangular cross section

 6

The equations of equilibrium are

r rdi
J odA = b J adz = 0 (6 )

fdl
ozdA = b\ azdz = M (7)
/do

From Equation 1, z=re and dz=rde, therefore

ods = 0 (8a)

ft >
or ) ode = - \ ode (8b)
J o

if there is symmetry.

To determine the neutral axis, the strain A = 5^-*-60 must be

selected so that the shaded areas of Figure 3 which represent the

integrals in Equation 8b are equal.

4 M

Fleura 3 Stress-straln relation

 7

In this way the values and Zc are obtained.

Since d * d^+ dg*

<9)

Equation 9 can now be used to define the neutral axis.

From Equation 7

2 rEt
br I OEdE as M
L

3 2 fe^
(^-)(^)J oede = M ................. (10)

For ss as g ++ g _ = A, therefore d=rA,

r r x, c

Placing this value in Equation 8, for a rectangular cross section.

A
ofide = M . . (11)
ec

FT
To compare this with the formula = M for bending of beams
r
following Hookes law, set

El
aede = c
e=
where
12 r t
Er = - J H aEd
Jeo

is called the reduced modulus for a rectangular cross section.

 8

If the tension and compression portions of the stress-strain

diagram are the same, the neutral axis passes through the centroid

of the cross section and the following simplified expressions are

obtained.

For any given curvature 6 = p, from Equation 4 and the strain at

any distance z from the neutral axis can be obtained. From a

stress-strain diagram, the value of stress, a, corresponding to each

strain may be found. Then by the equation

] azdA = M ........................(12)
Jk

the bending moment M can be obtained.

For any given value of r, and by the diagram of Figure 1,

every bending moment M corresponding to every given value of r may

be determined. Thus the curve representing M as a function of ^

r
is obtained.

3.2 - Moment-Curvature Relation for a Beam with Rectangular

Cross Section

The first example beam treated here is a beam with a

rectangular cross section. For a rectangular cross section

dA = b'dz

therefore Equation 12 becomes

bozdz
 9

or
M = b I azdz . (13)
Z-i

The relation between stress and strain are shown in Figure 4.

Case 1 . When < g^- a, Hooke's law is valid and Equation 13 becomes

%2
M = b (E'p)zdz for os* - E
Z1

M = ~ ( z 2^- Zl3) ............ . . . . (14)

Since the cross section has symmetry, i.e., the neutral axis

passes through the centroid of the cross section, -z^ = Zg = ^

hence Equation 14 becomes

or
Ebh3 El
M = T2? r

Casa_2. When e ^ a ^ e s e ^ a or , then

the Hooke's law is no longer valid. For this case, the stress

and strain diagrams are shown in Figure 4b and its corresponding

 10

cross section strain diagram stress diagram

N.A.

z
0
N.A.

(b) e^- a< e <e^+

y.p

N.A

(d) perfect plastic

Figure 4 Stress and strain diagrams for the different cases

 11

stresses are

a = 6E for z <Z q =( a)r

0 = CTy.p. Cl- l'~ ~ ] for z>%o

Hence Equation 13 becomes

Zq Zg /z 12
M = 2b f E zdz + 2b f o f 1- 3--- *1 zdz
J r J y-P'L 4a e1 J
0 z L

After carrying out the integration and replacing z^, z^ and E

by (s.- a)r, and y.p. ,respectively, the following formula
2 ]_

for computing the bending moment results.

M = 384ar^e ^ a^ 24r2h2(e1 a)2+ l6rh^( e^+ a)

- 3h4 ] (15)

Case 3* When 6 > e + a or r< , the stress and strain diagrams

1 i a

are shown in Figure 4c, The stresses are

zo.r _
a = gE = uLiiii for z < zn
re i
z x2
r ^r* eT 1
0= ay.P. LJLi ] for zo< zi

a = Oy for z> z 1=(1+ a);

 12

Equation 13 becomes

M = 2b ~ z d z + 2b
r
0

+ 2b

After carrying out the integration and simplifying, the equation

becomes

(16)

Case 4 . - Perfect Plastic Case

When the M increases, the corresponding stress diagram

(Figure 4c) becomes steeper as the depth e of penetration of plastic

deformation approaches the value and the stress distribution

approaches that shown in Figure 4d. Such a material follows Hookes

law up to the proportional limit and begins to yield under constant

stress.

In this case, the bending moment approaches its maximum value

(or ultimate value) which is

(17)

Using Equations 14, 15, and 16, the relation between bending
 13

1
moment and curvature ~ can be represented. Using Equation 14 and 17

other curves for a perfect plastic case can be obtained, graphically,

as shown in Figure 5s> for a rectangular cross section with b= 1,5 in,

and h- 2,0 in.. From Figure 5 it can be seen that up to the value

M= (M= Mg^ in perfect plastic case) the deformation is elastic

and the curvature of the beam increases in proportion to the bending

moment. When M increases beyond the relation between M and ~

becomes nonlinear. The value of defines the position of the

horizontal asymptote to the curve. As M approaches a small

increment in M produces a large increase in curvature, so that at

M the extreme fiber strains are infinite.

Unloading and Reloading Effects

If a tensile specimen is loaded until the stress has entered

the inelastic range and then is unloaded (before failure occurs), the

unloading curve will not coincide with the loading curve. Experiments

show that the unloading line is parallel with the straight (elastic)

portion of the.loading curve as shown in Figure 6a. When the stress

has returned to zero, there will remain a permanent strain. This

phenomenon occurs both in tension and compression.

If the specimen is loaded ag&in in the same direction to a

higher load than that reached in the former test, the behavior will

usually be as shown by the dashed line of Figure 6a, The loading curve

will practically coincide with the unloading curve up to the load

reached in the former loading, after which it will tend to follow

 14

b 1.5 in.

h = 2.0 in.

o = 53000 psi
y.p. v r
e^= 0.0031 in.

a = 0.0019 in.

8
maximum bending moment
(in-lb )

6
10
moment

4
1 nonlinear case

2 perfect plastic case

2

0
10 12
1 3 l
curvature

Figure 5 Relation between bending moment and curvature

for a rectangular cross section

 15

reloadi

^/reloadini

loading

permanent strain (first loading)

total permanent strain

(a). Residual strain-stress

(b) Unloading strain-stress diagram

Figure 6
 16

the diagram obtained in a single loading. For a nonlinear material

the unloading curve will not coincide with the original loading curve,

but is parallel with the straight elastic portion of the loading

curve as shown in Figure 6b.

To determine the equations of residual strain-stress curve,

the curve was broken into three parts. If

42 - g ,3 constant (18)

then a = 6 E + C^, where is a real constant

(1). If e &

a = E (19)

at 6= 0 = ^ = 0

therefore

hence (20)

(3). if = E^+ a, then 0= ay#p#

y.p

a = ( 6 + a) (21)
 17

(4). if e ^ E ] + a, then a = ayepe

(22)

where in Equation 20 and in Equation 22 are the values of

strain which were found from the loading curve.

3,3 - Moment-Curvature Relation for a Beam with Circular

Cross Section

The next example beam treated here is a beam with circular

2 2 i
cross section. In Figure 7, b= 2(R - z ) and dA = bdz.

dz

N.A.

Figure 7

therefore dA 2(R^- z^)^dz

Equation 13 becomes

R .p 2x4
az2(R - z )^dz
J -R

2 2 4
j
sc 2 \
-R
az(R - z ) dz
 18

The cross section is symmetric about the neutral axis, therefore

M = 4 I az(R^- z^)^dz (24)

Case 1 . If < 8^- a, then the Hooke *s law is valid and Equation 24

becomes
,R za o o X
M = 4 | 2LlE l z(r - z ) dz
0 r 1

^ ZtBi. r R Z2(R2- z2 )^dz ................(25)

2 V 0

The value of the integral

J0
f z2(R2-z2 )^dz is

z2(R2-z2 )&dz = [- ^(R2- z2)^ + ^ ^ ( R 2- z2 )^ g sin"1 |]Q

0

= 0 + 0 + sinT^(l) + 0 + 0 + 0

m 4
= U

Hence Equation 25 becomes

M = ^ZiEjlhR4 ..................(26)
4S1r

When the upper limit of the integral is different from R, for

convenience, the Simpson's j law is applied, that is

f f(x)dz = j [ fQ+ 4f^+ 2f2+ 4f3+ .... + 2fn.2+ 4fn_1+ fn ] . . (27)

J a

where h = and n is an even integer#

 19

In this problem, the radius R is divided into six equal parts,

i.e., seven stations, therefore n= 6 and h= g'.

F(z) = z 2(R2- z 2 )^

and use the following table to compute the value of this integral.

F(z1) = z2(R2- z 2)^ N N x F(

zi V zi)

0 0 1 c=
0
0
(35)* r3 4 (35): R3
I 216 R =1= 54

2R J 8 j L r3 (32)*
2 c = R3
6 27 2 27

]R _0 r3 4 c_= (2)* R3
6 8 3 2 ,
4R Jtli)!. r3 8(5)*
2 C,= R3
6 27 4 27
2?(11) i R3
iR R3 4 Cc=
6 216 5 54

R 0 1 0
c6=

Hence

J fR
z2(R2- z2)?dz =
. /R^
x ( (^ + C2+ C3+ Cj) = C

and Equation 25 can be represented by

4a
M = x C ..........................(28)
rSn

^aSQ 2 . If 6 - a<6 < a, then the stresses are

 20

zo
o = E = y*P* for e,- a ^ e
re 1
and e_ a )
0 = cy . P ^ 1_ - - - --- ] for r a< e

Then equation 24 becomes

M = 4 / 0 - p ^ - z C R 2- z2)*zdz + 4 f y.p.[i _ (f ~ el~ a)2-i

0 lr J z0 4a e 1 Jx

(R^- z^)^zdz (29)

Now by setting

I
f Z2(R2- z2 )2dz = *0 f(z)dz ..................... (30)
J0 J0

f F(z)dz = [^4 + 2 U l ) 22_ ( a )2z](R2. ^ (3l)

Jzo Jzo r r

By Simpson's i law, the radius R is divided into six equal parts,

hence n= 6 and h^=? -^for the first integration and hg= ZQ for

the second integration.

Setting
Bi= Nix f(zi) where i is indexed from 0 to 6

i.e,
Bq = 1 x 0=0

%!= 4 x f(-~)
 21

B2= 2 x f ( ^ )

B3= 4 x f ( ^ )

B4= 2 x f(!2)

B5= 4 x f(^2)

B6= 1 x f(o)

then Equation 30 can be represented by

f (R2- zZ) h 2dz = ^;(B + B + B + B. + B > B,) = B . . (32)

J 0 3 1 2 3 4 5 0

Also setting D^= x F(z^) where i is indexed from 0 to 6

i.e. Dq= 1 x F(Zq )

D1= 4 x F( z q+ h2 )

D2= 2 x F(z0+2h2 )

D^= 4 x F(zo+ 3h2 )

D4= 2 x F(zo+ 4h2 )

D^= 4 x F(zo+ 5h2)

D6 = 1 x F(z0+ 6h2 )= F(R)

then Equation 31 becomes

jF(z)6z = ^ ( D q+ D1 + D2+ D-+ D4 + D,+ D6 ) = D .. (33)

z0 3
 22

Hence Equation 29 can be simplified as

M = x B + x D ................... (34)
rsl ae!

where B and D are given by the Equations 32 and 33*

Case 3 . If e ^ e^- a, setting ZQ=r(e^- a) and z^=r(e^+ a), then

the corresponding stresses are

za
a = ' for z g z
rel

a = ^ ^ [ 4 a 6 1- (-p - e^- a)2] for zQ< z< z^

4a i

and o = o for z > z n

y.p. 1

Equation 24 becomes

M = 4 T CTyP. z^(R^- z2 )2dz

V0

+ 4a6 -[ f - (e1+ a)]2]-(R2- z2 )zzdz

v zn 4a e 1 1 r

+ 4 / o,r (R2- z2 )2zdz

4

4o
reei Jq
I*0 z2(R2- z2 )2"dz +
 23

+ rZl[- 4 + 2 z 2(61 + a) - ( e,- a)2z].(R2-z2 )*dz

ae 1 J z0 r2 r 1

+ 5 ay.P .(R2- 4 ^ (35>

Simpsons law is applied again by dividing Zq Z^ into six equal

parts, therefore n= 6 and h^= (z-^- Zq)/6, and setting

Gi= N^x H(z^) where

H(z) = [- % + z2 - ( e 1- a)2z]e(R2- z2 )z
r r -L

H6nCe G 0= 1 x H(z0 )

G^= 4 x H( z q+ h^)

G 2= 2 x H( z q + 2h^)

G^= 4 x H( z q + 3h^)

G^= 2 x H(zQt 4h^)

G^= 4 x H(zQ+ 5h^)

and G^= 1 x H( z q + 6h^) =H(z^)

therefore the integral in Equation 35 can be represented as follow

A[_ 4 z2 - (6!- a)2z].(R2_ z2 ) M z

Jz0 r

= [G o+ G l + G 2*G 3+ G 4+ G 5+ G 6^ = G ............... ^ 6 )
 24

The Equation 35 becomes

M = - ^ L p x B + ^ x G + zi2 )2 ] (37)

where B and G are represented by Equation 32 and 36,

respectively.

Pago 4 . - Perfect plastic case

When the bending moment increases and approaches the maximum

value, the bending moment becomes

W - 4 - x y.p.x

= J R3(Jy.p. ........................(38)

Using Equations 27, 34, and 37, the relation between bending

moment and curvature for a circular cross section with a radius

equal to 1 inch can be obtained. For the perfect plastic case, by

dropping the second term of Equation 37 arid setting a= 0 and

replacing Zq = ^r, then Equation 27 and 37 give the relation between

bending moment and curvature for the perfect plastic case as shown

in Figure 8.
 25

R~ 1.0 in.

ay.p.= 53000 psi

e = 0.0031 in.

a = 0.0019 in.

8
/maximum bending moment

6
in-lb)
(10

(T) nonlinear case

I- I
moment

(2) perfect plastic case

0
10 12 14
1 3 1
curvature ~ (10" in. )

Figure 8 Relation between bending moment and curvature

for a circular ' cross section '\ "
r
 26

3A - Moment-Curvature Relation for a Beam with Wide Flango

Cross Section

The last example beam treated here is a beam having a wide

flange cross section as shown in Figure 9*

z&dz

h hl
_r__ N.A.

< b-j_

Figure 9

From Equation 7

azdA
M = IA

In the web, dA= b-^dz while in the flange portions, dAs= bdz.
Therefore

M = I azdA + I azdA
J
LTtiH
web * flange
^ f

ih-^ r'ih
= 2 azb^dz + 2 azbdz (39)
^0
 27

Case 1 . If e e ^ - a, then the Hooke's law is valid and the

bending moment is

|hi -|-h
M = 2 / z2b d2 2 f z2bdz
J 0 Elr 1 4^ V

Carrying out the integration and simplifying, the following equation

is obtained:

M = l ^ [ bh3-(b-bl)hl3] (40)

Case 2. If e . a< e 1 < 6 -h a, there are several cases for a

1 fh 1

different value of Zq = ( e^- a)r,

(1)# if z0 > jh^, then the bending moment becomes

"ll
M = 2 f ^ y .-P-r.K z2dz + 2 f bz2dz
J0 1 J ^ 6lr
,ih a
* 2f " 61" a)2]zbdz
Zq 1

After carrying out the integration and simplifying, this becomes

*' - - - -
M = U ^ 8b*03-(b- bl )hl3] + 1 2 8-ir-
%' x

[- h* + l6zg^+ e^+ a)r(h3_8Zg^)- 8(s^- a)2r2(h2-4z02 )] . ( 41)

(2). if Zq = -|h^, this is a special case of case (1), and the

equation may be obtained by setting z ^ ^ h ^ into Equation 41.

 28

(3) if Zq< jh-jL* then the bending moment becomes

M = 2 f ^ /-*-P-*.b-[z^dz
j 0 6ir 1

+ 2 f ( - e - a)^]b_zdz
J z0 4asl 1 1

+ 2 I ~ *1" a ^2] bzdz

^ 1

After carrying out the integration and simplifying, this bocomos

M = [fbi^o3 + 12ga { *bh4+ (b- bl)hl4 + l6blz04

+ e^+ a)r[bh^-(b- b^)h^- Gb^z^]

8( 6^ a) r [bh (b b^)h^ ^b^z^^J}1 (42)

Case 3. If ei ^ e + a, there are several cases for a

ah 1

different value of z^ and z^= ( a)r,

(!) if z^> yh^ and Zq < Jh^, then the bending moment becomes

ih.
M
" 2/ o 6^rP* blz2dz +2I Zo - s1-a)23b1zdz

ih
+ 2 / 1, 4aeP '^ a V (f' ei-a ^2 ^bzdz + 2 f a,, _ bzdz
Z 1
 29

After carrying out the integration and -simplifying, the equation

becomes

M = | b1z03 + 12gar { (b- b;L)h14 - l6(bz1<4'-b1z04)

+ "( a)r[-(b- + 8(bz^- b^ZQ^)] - 8( 6^-a) x

r^[-(b- b^)h^^ + 4(bz^- b^z^^)j|] + (h -4z^) . (43)

(2) if z1 > j h 1 and Z q > fh^, then the equation becomes

M = 2 f2 b-,z2dz + 2 f' ^ r bz2dz

J o n r 1 J&hi * 1^

+ 2f - e1- a)2Jbzdz + 2/ z 0y.p.bzdz

(3). if z^< fh^ and z^< |h^f then the equation becomes

M = 2 f ^ . b i z ^ d z + 2 T y P *[4ae-i- (~ - 6 - a)Jb :zdz

4ae-1 i 'r 1 '" ]
Jo s ir J
'0
4ael 1 r 1 1
ih-, &h
+ 2 / 7 1 y . p . V dz + 2 / ih y.p.bzdz
v Z-^ v 2nq

After carrying out the integration, the equation becomes

a.
M = I z03 + - ^ 1-3(Z14-Z04) + 8( i + a ) r ( Y - zo3 )

- 6( e^- a)2r2(z12_z02 )]] + bh2_(b_b^)h^2_4b^z^2] . (i

 30

Case 4 . - Perfect plastic case

Before determining the maximum bending moment, the distance

from the centroidal axis of half wide flange cross section to the edge

of the web must be found first, i.e. e, as shown in Figure 10.

" T

Figure 10

b(h2- h^2 ) + b1hT

6 4[b(h -h1 )+ b^h^]

Therefore the maximum bending moment is

max 2 [b (h-hl) + blhl3 x y.p.X 25

= [b(h2- h^2 ) + b ^ 2]

Using Equations 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, and 45, again the relation

between bending moment and curvature for a wide flange cross section

will be developed. In Figure 11, an 8WF1? cross section was used for

this example and the relation between the bending moment and curvature

for a case of perfect plastic behavior was obtained.

 31

8WF1?
h= 8.0 in. ay.p.= 53000 psi
7.384 in. e^= 0,0031 in.
b = 5.250 in. a = 0.0019 in.
b^= 0.230 in.

8
maximum bending moment
ft-lb)

6
(10

4
moment

1 nonlinear case
I I
2 perfect plastic case

0
4 8 12 16 20 24 28

curvature (10**^ ft.^)

K

Figure 11 Relation between bending moment and curvature

for a wide flange cross section

 CHAPTER 4

APPLICATION OF MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATION TO DETERMINE

THE DEFLECTION OF A BEAM OF NONLINEAR MATERIAL

4,1 - Slope and Deflection Due to Bonding

The basic relationship between curvature and slope is

<&= i (46)
ds r

where 0 is in radians

For initially straight beams with small deflections, the original

length dx is very nearly equal to the curved length ds; consequently

no appreciable error is introduced by using dx instead of ds for

originally straight beams. Therefore Equation 46 becomes

dl= 1 (47)
dx r

For a finite element dx, the corresponding change of slope is found

from Equation 47

(48)

If a diagram for curvature, against the length, x, is plotted

then Equation 48 is an element of the area under the ~ curve. The total

change of slope between any two points A and B is found by summation

of all the elements.

(49)

32
 33

This can be stated as

i
$Ab = area of curve between x= A and xs= B.

where is the change of slope between A andB and is

measured in radians,

1
r

Figure 12 Curvature of a beam along axis

To determine the values of the slope along a beam, it is

necessary to select a starting point, say the left end point, and then

perform the above operation for various values of x. Ety this

procedure, a curve for the slope 0 against x, as shown in Figure

13 may be obtained.
 34

rad.

Figure 13 Slope plotted over length

Having determined the slope at every point along the axis, the

deflection then can be obtained. Slope is defined as rate of change

of deflection, i.e.

tan t* = - l r

For a flat curve, it is sufficiently accurate to assume that

the tangent of the angle $ equals the angle $ in radians.

tan 0 = 0 = -ffr- (50)

Over an element length dx, the change of deflection dy is

dy = 0 dx ............................ (51)
 35

This represents the area of an element strip as shown in Figure

13. The total deflection between the points A and B is found by

summation of these elemental areas.

yAB= ^ a 61 ^ <52)

This can be stated as

= area under 0 curve between x= A and x= B.

Q)
C ,
O
l
axis of beam
H
m
s..ope

dx

figure 14 Relation between slope and deflection

The base line is tangent to the deflection curve at the point

which was used as a base in determining the 0 curve. This must be

true because at this point the value of 0 is zero. The deflection

is measured normal to this base line.

 36

4.2 - Application to a Statically Determinate Problem

Example Is Determine the deflection of a cantilever beam with

rectangular cross section (1.5 x 2.0 in.^) having

stress and strain relation as shown in Figure 1,

subject to the end load of 3000 lbs as shown in

Figure 15.
3000 lbs 1.5
!

72.0"

L= 2 ft.

Figure 15
<

2
For a 1.5 x 2.0 in. cross section and a stress-strain

relation as shown in Figure 1, the relationship given Figure 5 can

be applied directly. To accomplish this, the beam was divided into

24 equal parts with cbc= 1 inch and the moment at each station was

computed. From Figure 5> the curvature j corresponding to each

moment at each station along the length may be found. Therefore

a curve of curvature 1 versus the length x as shown in Figure 16a

r
can be plotted. Using the numerical integration method of Equation

49, the slope of every station along the length was computed and a

diagram of slope against the length as shown in Figure 16b was

constructed. Using Equation 52, the deflection at every point of

 37

the beam as shown in Figure 16c was obtained. For convenience 9 all

these processes can be tabulated as shown in Table 1.

Table 1

station moment M c u r v a t u r e s l o p e $ deflection

-4 lO ^ i n T 1
x in.. 10 in-lb 10~2 rad. y 10"^in.

24 7.2 6.83 0 0
23 6.9 5.78 0.63 0.03
22 6.6 5.09 1.17 0.12
21 6.3 4.59 1.66 0.26
20 6.0 4.19 2,10 0.45
19 5.7 3.85 2.50 . 0.68
18 5.4 3.56 2.87 0.95
17 5.1 3.29 3.21 1.25
16 4.8 3.04 3.53 1.59
15 4.5 2.81 3.82 1.96
14 4,2 2,58 4.09 2.35
13 3.9 2,36 4.34 2.78
12 . 3.6 2.15 4.56 3.22
11 3.3 1.95 4.77 ' 3.69
10 3.0 1.76 4.95 4.17
9 2.7 1.57 5.12 4.68
. 8 2.4 1.40 5.27 5.20
7 2.1 1.23 5,40 5.73
6 1,8 1,05 5.52 6.28
5 1.5 0,88 5.61 6.83
4 1.2 0.70 5.69 7.40
3 0.9 0.53 5.75 7.97
2 0.6 0.35 5.80 8.55
1 0.3 0.18 5.82 9.13
0 0 0 5.83 9.71
 38
3000 lb

L - 24 ft

curv.
5
10
in.

24 20 15 10 5 0
(a) curvature

slope
102
3

(b) slope

defl.
101
in.

10
(c) deflection

Figure 16
 39

In Table 1, the stations are arranged from x= 24 to x=0. This

is because both slope and curvature should be integrated from the fixed

end to the free end.

For convenience and more accuracy, the digital Computer may be

used to do this computation. First,however, the proper mathematical

expressions for a curve shown in Figure 5 must be found, that is, the

curvature must be expressed as a function of bending moment.

The curve obtained in Figure 5 for a rectangular cross section

can be expressed by the following equations:

(a). If M <20516.128 in-lb, then

Curvature = ~ = 0.5849057 x 10 ^ M . . . . . . . . (54)

(b). if 20516.128< M <65486.793 in-lb, then

i = 3.0522772 x 10~26x M 5 - 5.6615856 x 10 21x

r

+ 4.1213191 x 10*l6x w 3 - 1.4201007 x 10-U,x M

+ 2.8930082 x 10-7x M - 1.4248202 x 10-3 . . . (55)

(c). if 65486.793 in-lb, then

1 /~0.35033
r / max' M

where 79500 in-lb

Using these equations, the curvature, slope, and deflection at

any point of the cantilever beam can be obtained. A Fortran computer

program to compute these values is shown in appendix B.

 40

4.3 - Application to a Statically Indeterminate Problem

Figure 17 represents a beam fully restrained at A and simply

supported at B. The deflection curve of beam is skitched as shown

by the dotted line.

M - R L ^' A l
%
R

Figure 1?

For a linear material, the reaction force R equals but

for a nonlinear material beam the reaction force can not be found

directly. The problem is statically indeterminate. Different values

of bending moment will be considered. The procedure to handle this

kind of problem is shown as below.

First, assuming that the reaction force R is known, for

3M
convenience say R= ^ , then the moment diagram along the length of

the beam can be sketched. Next, by Figure 11, the relation between

bending moment and curvature of the wide flange cross section is

known and so the curvatures at every point of the beam can be found.

Do the same process as the former example of a statically determinate

cantilever beam. Then the deflected shape of the beam corresponding

to the assumed value of the reaction force R may be obtained. The

 41

deflection at B should be zero, but the deflection actually obtained

is different from zero, say y^. Ety ijusting the value of R and

repeating the computational process, another value of deflection at

B would be obtained, say y^. By connecting the points and Pg and

extending the straight line to intersect the R axis at R^ as shown in

Figure 18, the value R^ was picked as an assumed reaction force and

the process was repeated again.

The full process is repeated until the deflection at right

end B is essentially equal to zero, say < 0.001. The last assumed
y|L

value of reaction force R and its corresponding deflection shape are

thus the value of the reaction force and deflected shape of this

statically indeterminate beam.

Figure 18
 42

Before applying Figure 11, the relation between bending moment

and curvature for a wide flange cross section, a suitable mathematical

expression to express the curvature as a function of bending moment

must be found first.

The curve plotted in Figure 11 can be expressed by the

following equations:

(a). If 23755.332 ft-lb, then

1 = 0 .15154492 x 10-7 M ........................(57)

r

(b). if 23755.332<M <65808.156 ft-lb, then

1 = 0.28780133 x 10'24x M5 - 0.54619712 x lo'^x M

r

+ 0.40398149 x 10 ^ x M - 0.14389556 x 10 ^x M2

+ 0.26194906 x 10-5x M - 0.16363522 x 10-1 . . (58)

(e). if M>65808.156 ft-lb, then

1 = / 0.6462763
r / Mmax-M

where 6878I ft-lb

Some numerical results have been obtained by the foregoing

procedure on an IBM digital computer for a beam clamped at one end

andsimply supported at the other end in which L= 10 ft. with BWFl?

cross section having a stress-strain relation as shown in Figure 1.

The results are shown in Figure 19 20, 21 and Table 2.

 43

Table 2

bending momentreaction of - reaction of non slope at simple

linear case linear case ratio supported end
(ft-lb).. (lb) ... (lb) (102 rad.)

23755 3563 3563 1.0000 0.9000

. 25000 3750 3751 1.0003 0.9456
30000 4500 4502 1.0005 1.1341
35000 5250 5253.3 1.0007 1.3265
40000 6OOO 6005.5 1.0009 1.5311
45000 . 6750 6760 1.0015 1.7475
50000 7500 7519 1.0025 1.9718
55000 8250 8281 1.0038 2.2068
60000 9000 9047 1.0052 2.4673
65000 9750 . 9820 1.0072 2.7909
66000 9900 9976 1.0077 2.8704
67000 10050 10135 1.0085 3.0230
68000 10200 10303 1.0100 3.3203 .

68700 10305 10483 1.0163 4.8233

In Figure 19 it can be seen that the reaction of this nonlinear

beam when MXMg^-a (i.e. stress-strain relation follows the Hooke9s

law) is just the same as the linear ease. When M gradually increases,

the ratio of the reaction of nonlinear beam to the reaction of linear

beam (^) of the same type and same dimensions increases slightly as

shown in Table 2. When M becomes large and approaches the maximum

value, the intersection of bending moment diagram and horizontal axis

moves inward. This says that a strain regression has occurred. If

the bending moment keeps increasing, there will be a further movement

until the maximum bending moment is reached and the beam fails.
 44

Several values of slope at the simply supported end corres

ponding to various values of bending moment are computed and shown in

Table 2 Using table 29 the diagram of bending moment against slope

can be plotted as shown in Figure 20. From Figure 20 9 it may be seen

that when the linear relation between the stress and strain is held,

the slope at the simply supported end is proportional to the bending

moment as shown by the straight line OC. Beyond the proportional

limit, the rate of change of the slope increases gradually as the

moment increases| when the bending moment exceeds about three-quarters

of the ultimate value, the rate of change in slope rapidly becomes

greater.

It may be imagined, when the linear relation between stress

and strain are held, the deflection of the beam is proportional to the

bending moment and the point of maximum deflection remains at the same

place when the bending moment increases. When the stress-strain

relation is no longer linear, the family of deflection curves for

various values of bending moment are shown in Figure 21. From this

figure, it is clear that the rate of change of deflection increases,

the deflection shape becomes steeper, and the point of maximum

deflection moves to the right (moves toward the simply supported end)

as the bending moment increases. A normalized deflection shape of

linear and nonlinear eases is shown in Figure 22.

 45
10
reaction l(r lb

' 68?00

25000
moment 10 ft-lb

12510

36130
moment at fixed end moment at simply
ft-lb support end
12510 25000
15020 30000
17535 35000
20055 40000
22600 45000
25190 50000
27810 55000
30470 60000
33200 65000
36130 58700

Figure 19 Bending moment diagram for different values

end moment
 46

8WF17
A

10 ft.

8
ft-lb

6
10
moment

_2
slope 10 rad.

Figure 20 Relation between bending moment

and slope at simply supported end

s
 Moment ft-lb 5.5

1 23755
2 30000
3 40000
4 50000
5 60000
6 65000 ~n I

7 68000
8 68700 Figure 21 Moment-dofloction diagram
 - > : ..

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1 : linear case

2 : nonlinear case

Figure 22 Normalized deflection shapes of linear and nonlinear cases

CD
 49

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The procedure and the computer program used in this thesis

can be extended to other types of cross section and any other stress-

strain diagram or diagrams

The ratio of the reaction of a nonlinear proped cantilever

beam to the reaction of a linear beam increases slightly ( about l-$)

as the bending moment increases beyond the moment which corresponds

to the limit of the linear relation between stress and strain (i.e.

proportional limit of linear range). When the bending'moment increases

and approaches the maximum value, the intersection of bending moment

diagram and horizontal axis moves inward. This says that a strain

regression has occurred.

When the linear relation between stress and strain are held,

the deflection of the beam is proportional to the bending moment and

the point of maximum deflection remains at the same place when the

bending moment increases; when the stress-strain relation is no longer

linear, the rate of change of deflection increases, the deflection

shape becomes steeper, and the point of maximum deflection moves to

the right (moves toward the simply supported end) as the bending

moment increases,
 50

REFERENCES

lo Timoshenko, Stephen P= and Gere, James M

"Theory of Elastic Stability", McGRASJ-HlLL, second edition, 196lo

2 Shanley, F, R e, "Strength of Material", McGRAW-HILL, 1957.

3. Malvick, Allan J e and Lawrence, H e N Lee

"Buckling Behavior of an Inelastic Column", Journal of Engineering

Mechanics Division, ASCE Vol. 91, No, EM3 proc, paper 4372, June,

1965, pp 113-127.

4. Johnston, Bruce G . , "Buckling Behavior above the Tangent Modulus

Load", Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE Vol..87,

No. EM6 proc. paper 3019, December, 196l, pp 79-99.

5. Salvador and Baron

"Numerical Methods in Engineering", Prentiee-Hall, second edition,

1961.
 51

APPENDIX A

NOTATION

The following syribbls have been adopted for use in this thesis:

a One half of the strain range which represents the-parabolic

portion of stress-strain diagram,

b Width of the cross section,

b]_ Width of the web!.

Notation used to evaluate the value of integration

1 , by Simpsons law,

E Modulus of elasticity in tension and compression, .

h Depth of cross section,

h^ Depth of web of wide flange cross section.

I Moment of inertia withrespect to x-axis,

L Length of the beam.

M Bending moment.

Mmax Maximum bending moment, '

M^_, a Bending moment corresponding to e = e^- a.

R Radius of circular cross section, or reaction of the beam.

r Radius of curvature.

y Deflection of the beam.

y^g Total deflection between points A and B,

z Distance from the neutral axis.

Zq Distance from the neutral axis to z = ( a ) r .

z^ Distance from the neutral axis to z=(e^+ a)r.

s Strain,

Strain at the limit of linear stress-strain relation.

Strain at the edge of convex side of cross section,

s Strain at the edge of concave side of cross section,

a Stress,

a Yield point stress,

y,p,
A= 6,+ 8
t c

d0 Rate of change of slope,

ds Arc length of infinitesimal element,

0B Slope change between A and B.

 53

APPENDIX B

FRAGMENT OF COMPUTER PROGRAM

HSU 2R
# COMPILE FORTRAN9 EXECUTE FORTRAN
C DETERMINATION OF THE MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATION FOR A BEAM OF '
C NONLINEAR MATERIAL WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION,, EQUATIONS
C 14 15, AND 16 OF THIS THESIS WERE USED*
C SIGMA= YIELD POINT STRESS, B= WIDTH, H= DEPTH*
C ALPHA= STRAIN AT THE LIMIT OF LINEAR STRESS-STRAIN RELATION
C D= ONE HALF OF THE STRAIN RANGE WHICH REPRESENTS THE
C PARABOLIC PORTION OF STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM.
C EPS'IL= STRAIN AT THE EDGE OF CROSS SECTION '
99 READ 100, 200, R
100 FORMAT (FlOeOS ' - '
SIGMA= 53000*0
ALPHA= 0*0031
B= 1*5
H= 2*0
D= 0*0019
CURVA = 1*/R
EPSIL = H*0URVA/2
C START OF COMPUTING MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATION
' IF (EPSIL - (ALPHA - D)) 101, 101, 102
101 XM= SIGMA*B*H**3*CURVA/(12*ALPHA) -
PRINT 201 , CURVA, XM
201 FORMAT (3X, 7H CURVA= 1PE208, 4X, 4H XM= E258)
GO TO 99
102 IF (EPSIL - (ALPHA+D)) 103, 103, 104
1030XM= <B'*SIGMA*CURVA**2*( 16*R**4*<ALPHA~D)**4
1 -24*R**2*H**2*(ALPHA-D)**2 t 16*R*H**3
2 *(ALPHA + D)-3*H**4))/(384*ALPHA*D}
PRINT 201, CURVA, XM
GO TO 99
1040XM'= -B*R**-2*SIGMA*(ALPKA**2*D-**2)/3
1 +B*H**2*SIGMA/4
PRINT 201, CURVA, XM
GO TO 99
200 STOP
END

*** HSU 2R
COMPILE FORTRAN, EXECUTE FORTRAN
C FOR A CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION, SIMPSON6S 1/3 LAW WAS USED*
C EQUATIONS 27, 34, AND 37 OF THIS THESIS WERE USED
100 READ 122, 500, BATA
 54

122 FORMAT {FlOoO)

5IGMA= 5 3000 o0
ALPHA= 0,0031
D= 0,0019
CURVA= 1 ,/BATA
R= 1,0
ESP IL= R*CURVA
P= ALPHA-D
Q= ALPHA^D
C START OF COMPUTING MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATION,
IF (ESPIL-P) 200f 200* 201
200 XM= 0*7853982*5IGMA*R**4/(ALPHA*BATA;
PRINT 301 * CURVA* XM
301 FORMAT (4X, 7H CURVA- 1PE20,89 4X 4H XM= 20,8)
GO TO 100
201 Z0= P*BATA
Zl= Q*BATA
Bi= Z0**2/54,*SQRTF(36,*R**2-Z0**2)
82= 4,*Z0**2/54,*SQRTF(9,*R**2-Z0**2)
B3= Z0**2/2,*SQRTF(4*R**2-Z0**2)
64= 8,*Z0**2/27*SQRTF(9,*R**2-4,*Z0**2)
B5= 25,*Z0**2/54,*SQRTF(36,*R**2-25,*Z0*S2)
66= Z0**2*SQRTF(R**2-Z0**2) " -
SUMB= ZO/18,*(614-82+83+64+85+86)
IF (ESPIL - Q) 400* 400*401
400 X= (R-ZO)/6
0C0= (-Z0**3/(BATA)**2+2,*Q*Z0**2/BATA-P**2*Z0)*SQRTF(R**2
1 -Z0**2)
0C1= 4,*(-(ZO+X)**3/(BATA)**2+2,*0*(ZO+X)**2/BATA-P**2*
1 (ZO+X))*SQRTF(R**2-(ZO+X)**2) -
0C2= 2,*( <Z0+2,*X)**3/(8ATA)**2+2,*Q*{Z0+2,*X)**2/BATA
'1 ~P**2*(Z0+29*X5 )*SQRTF(R**2--(Z0+2,*X )**2 5
- 0C3= 4o*( (Z0+3,*X)**3/(BATA)**2+2o*Q*(ZO+3*X)**2/BATA
1 ~P**2*(Z0+3,*X} 5*SQRTF(R**2~(Z0+3*X )**2S.
0C4= 2,*(-(Z0+4,*X)**3/(BATA)**2+2,*Q*(Z0+4,*X)**2/BATA
1 -P**2*(Z0+4,*X))*SQRTF(R**2-(Z0+4*X)**2)
0C5= 4,*(-{ZO+5,*X)**3/(BATA)**2+2,*Q*(Z0+5,*X)**2/BATA
1 i -P**2*(Z0+5o*X))*SQRTF(R**2 (Z0+5*X)**2)
SUMC= X/3 ,* (C0+C1+C2+C3+.C4+C5 )
XM= 4a*SlGMA*SUMB/(ALPHA*BATA5 + SIGMA*SUMC/(D*ALPHA)
PRINT 301 * CURVA* XM
GO TO 100 ,
401 Y= (Zl-ZO)/6,
0D0=(-20**3/(BATA)**2+2,*Z0**2*Q/BATA-P**2*Z0)*SQRTF(R**2
1 -20**2)
0D1= 4,*(-(ZO+Y >**3/(BATA)**2+2 **Q*(ZO+Y)**2/BATA~P**2*
1 (ZO+Y))*SQRTF(R**2~(ZO+Y)**2)
0D2= 2 o*{-(20+2,*Y)**3/(8,. fA)**2 + 2,*Q*(ZO+2,*Y)**2/BATA
1 P**2*(Z0+2 *Y))*SQRTF(R**2~(ZO+2 *Y)**2)
0D3= 4,*(-(ZO+3,*Y)**3/(BATA)**2+2,*Q*<Z0+3*Y)**2/BATA
1 -P**2*(Z0+3e*Y))*SQRTF(R**2"(Z0+3,*Y}**2)
' 0D4= 2 *(-(Z0+4,*Y 5**3/ (BATA)**2+2,*Q*(Z0+4*Y)**2/BATA
 55

1 -P**2* (ZO-Ho*Y) )*SQRTF(R**2-(Z0+4a*Y)**2 >

0D 5= 4.*(-(Z0+5*Y)**3/(BATA)**2+2.*Q*(Z0 + 5**Y)**2/BATA
1 _p**2*(Z0+5.*Y))*SQRTF(R**2-(Z0+5a*Y)**2)
0D6= (-Z1**3/(BATA)**2+2,*Q*Z1**2/BATA-P**2*Z1)*SQRTF(R'
1 **2-Zl**2)
SUMD= Y/3e*(DQ+Dl+0-2+D3+D4+D5+D6)
OXM= SIGMA/ALPHA*( ^.*SUMB/BATA+1*/0*SUMD +4.*ALPHA*R**3/3
1 -SQRTF( (le-<Zl/R)**2S'K--3> >
PRINT 301e CURVA9 XM
GO TO 100
500 STOP
END '

HSU 2R
* COMPILE FORTRAN 9 EXECUTE FORTRAN
C FOR A WIDE FLANGE CROSS SECTION.* EQUATIONS 409 41* 42* 43*
C 44* AND 45 WERE USED
100 READ 12 9 500* B i 61 9 H* HI 9 R
12 FORMAT (KFlOaO)
ALPHA= 0=0031
D= 0.-0019 " ,
SIGMA= 53000*0
CURVA =12 /R
EPS IL= H/C2.*R)
P= ALPHA-D
0= ALPHA-J-D
C START OF COMPUTING MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATION*
IF (EPSIL-P) 14* 14 9 15
14 XM=(SIGMA*(B*H**3-(B-Bl)*H1**3)/(12*ALPHA*R))/12.
PRINT 20 9 CURVA9 XM
20 FORMAT (4X 9 6HCURVA IPEZOeB* 4X* 3HXM= 20 =85
GO TO 100 "
15 Z0= P*R
21= Q*R '
IF (EPSIL-Q) 24* 24* 25
, 24 IF (ZO - HI/2e 5 34* 35* 35
340XM=(SIGMA/(ALPHA*R)*(2 =*B1*20**3/3.+1./1128.*D*R)* f-B*
1 H**4+(B-B1)*H1**4+16.*61*20**4+16./3a*Q*R*(B*H**3-
2 CB-Bl5*H1**3-8*81*20**35-8.*P**2*R**2*(B*H**2-(B-
3 B 1 5* H 1 * * 2 4 e * B l * Z 0 * * 2 ) 5 ) ) /12 e >
PRINT 209 CURVA 9 XM .
GO TO 100
350XM=(SIGMA/i12 *ALPHA*R)*(8 *B*Z0**3-(B-Bl5*H1**3)+B*SIGMA
1 /M28.*0*ALPHA*R**2>*(-H**4+16.*20**4+16./3.*0*R*(
2 H**3-8*Z0**3}8.*P**2*R**2*(H**24.*Z0**25>5/12o
PRINT 209 CURVA9 'XM
GO TO 100
25 IF (Z0-H1/2*) 54 55g 55
54 IF (Zl-Hl/2.) 649 65e 65
640XM=(B1*SIGMA/(ALPHA*R)*(2.*Z0**3/36+l/(24*D*R)*(-3.*
 56

1 (Z1**4-ZO**4)H-8<>*Q*R#<Z1**3-ZO**3}-6*P**2*R**2#(
2 Zl**2-Z0**2)>)+SlGMA/4.*(B*H**2-(B-Bl)*Hl**2-4*
3 B1*Z1**2))/12 e
PRINT 20, CURVA XM
GO TO 100
650XMs(SlGMA/(ALPHA*R)*(2**Bl*Z0**3/3*+l*/(128,*D*R) *((B
1 -B1)*H1**4-16.*{B*Z1**4-B1*Z'0**4) + 16*/3**Q*R*(-(B-
2 81)*Hl*43+a0*<B*Z1**3~B1*Z0#*3))-8.*P**2*R**2*(-(
3 B-B1)*H1**2+4.*(B*Z1**2-B1*Z0**2))))+B*SIGMA/4.*(
4 H**2-4.*Z1*#2>)/12*
PRINT 20, CURVA, XM
GO TO 100'
550XM=(SIGMA/(12.*ALPHA*R)*(8.*B*Z0**3-(B-B1)*H1**3)+B*SIGMA
1 /(24**D*ALPHA*R**2)*(-3*(Zl**4-Z0**45+ 8 ( Z1
2 **3-Z0**3)-6e*P**2*R**2*(Zl**2-Z0**2))+B*SIGMA/4*^
3 ' (H**2-4.*Z1**2)>/12e
. PRINT 20, CURVA, XM
GO TO 100
500 STOP
END ,

*#* HSU " 2R

* COMPILE FORTRAN, EXECUTE FORTRAN
DETERMINATION OF THE CURVATURE, SLOPE, AND DEFLECTION OF A
V V U V V V V

CANTILEVER BEAM WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION, NUMERICAL

INTEGRATION METHOD WAS USED
DX= LENGTH BETWEEN- TWO STATIONS ALONG THE AXIS
E= INVERSE OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
CA, CB CC, CD, CE, AND CF ARE THE COEFFICIENTS OF
EQUATION 55
DIMENSION XM(26) CURV(26), SLOP(26),'DEFL(26)
READ 100, (XM(I) 1= 1, 25)
100 FORMAT (8F10e0)
DX- 1*0
E= 0,00000005849075
CA= 3 ,05 22 772*10** <-.26 )
CB= ~5,6615856*10,**(21)
CC= 41213191*10,**(~16)
CD= ~1,4201007*10,**(11)
CE= 2,8930082*10**(-7)
CF= -1,4248202*10,**(-3)
C FIND CURVATURE
DO 500 1= 2, 4
500 CURV(I)= SQRTF(0,35033/(79500, - XM(I)))
DO 400 1= 5, 19
4000CURVCI)= CF +XM(I)*(CE+XM(I)*(CD+XM{I)*(CC+XM{I)*(CB+
1 X M (I)*CA))))
DO 200 1=209 26 '
200 CURV(I)= E*XM(I)
C FIND SLOPE
 57

SLOP(2)= 0 o0
DO 600 J= 3 26
M = J1
600 SLOP(J 5= SLOP(Mi + (CURV(J) + CURV(M))Z2e*DX
C FIND DEFLECTION
DEFL(25= 0*0
DO 700 J= 3s. 26
M= J-l
700 DEFL( J>= DEFL(M) + {SLOP (J ) -5- SLOP(M) )/2.*DX
STOP
END

HSU 2R
* x COMPILE FORTRAN EXECUTE FORTRAN
C DETERMINATION OF THE CURVATUREs> SLOPE, AND DEFLECTION OF
C A STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAM WITH WIDE FLANGE CROSS
C SECTION, NUMERICAL INTEGRATION METHOD WAS USED*
C .DX= LENGTH BETWEEN TWO STATIONS ALONG THE AXIS,
C E= INVERSE OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, " '
C . CA, CB, CC CD, CE, AND CF ARE THE COEFFICIENTS OF
C EQUATION 58*
DIMENSION XM<22), CURV(22), SLOP(22), DEFL(22)
99 READ 100, 200, AM, AR
100 FORMAT {2F10,0.) -
DX 0,5
XM(2 5= AM - AR*20a*DX
XM(3>= AM - AR*19,*DX
XM(4>= AM - AR*18.*DX
XM(5)= AM - AR*17o*DX
XM(6)= AM - AR*16*DX
XM(7 )= AM AR*15*DX
XM(8)= AM - AR*14,*DX
XM(9)= AM - AR*13,*DX
XM<105= AM - AR*12,*DX
XM(11)= AM - AR*11,*DX
XM(12)= AM - AR*10*DX
X M (13)= AM - AR*9**DX
XM(14)= AM - AR*8a*DX
XM(15 5= AM - AR*7*DX
XM<16$= AM - AR*6,*DX
X M {173 = AM - AR*5a*DX
X M (18 3= AM - AR*4*DX
XM(193= AM - AR*3,*DX
XM(203= AM - AR*2,*DX
- XM(21)= AM - AR*1*DX
XM122 3= AM
E= 0*00000015154492
CA= 0.28780133*10.**(-24)
 58

CB= -0.54619712*10.**(-19)
CC= 0.40398149*10.**(-14)
0D= -0.14389556*10.**(-9)
CE= 0.26194906*10.**(-5)
CF= -0.16363522*10.**(-!)
C FIND CURVATURE
DO 10 1= '2* 15
10 CURVC I-)** E*XM( I )
DO 11 1= 16 22
110CURV( I)= CF +XM (I )* (CE+XiM (I )*( CD+XM (I )*( CCtXM (I )*( CB+
1 XM{I)*CA)))) '
C FIND SLOPE
SLOP(2)= 0.0
DO 12 J= 3 22
M= J-l
12 SLOP(J )= SLOP(M ) + (CURV(J 5 + CURV(M))/2*DX
C FIND DEFLECTION
DEFL C2)= 0.0
DO 13 K= 3 9 22
N= K - 1 ,
13 DEFL(K )= DEFL(N) + (SLOP(K) + SLOP(N ))/2a*DX*12
DO 14 1= 2 22
14 PRINT 15, XM(I ) 9 CURVCI), SLOP(1) DEFL{I)
15 FORMAT (5X 1P4E20.8)
TESTX= DEFL(22)/DEFL(12)*100.
PRINT 16* TESTX
16 FORMAT (5X9 6HTESTX* 1PE20.8)
GO TO 99
' 200 STOP
END ' . ,