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Chapter 37
Transport Mechanisms
How does water move up to the top of a 10-story high tree?
Water first enters the roots
Then moves to the xylem
Innermost vascular tissue
Water rises through the xylem because of a combination of factors
Most of that water exits through the stomata in the leaves
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Water exits
CO2 and light through stomata
Photosynthesis
produces
carbohydrates,
H2O
which travel in
O2 phloem
Stoma
H2O
CO2
O2
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Xylem Phloem
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Water Potential
Potentials are a way to represent free energy
Water potential (w) is used to predict which way water will move
Water moves from higher to lower w
Measured in units of pressure called megapascals (MPa)
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a.
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predicted
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Most of the water absorbed by the
plant comes in through the region
of the root with root hairs
Surface area further increased
by mycorrhizal fungi
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Eventually on their journey inward, molecules
reach the endodermis
Xylem Transport
Root pressure is caused by the continuous accumulation of ions in the roots
When transpiration from leaves is low or absent at night
Causes water to move into plant and up the xylem despite the absence of transpiration
Guttation (production of dew) is loss of water from leaves when root pressure is high
Root pressure alone, however, is insufficient to explain xylem transport
Transpiration provides the main force
Water potential regulates the movement of water through a whole plant
Water moves from the soil into the plant only if water potential of the soil is greater than in
the root
Water in a plant moves along a w gradient from the soil to successively more negative water
potentials in the roots, stems, leaves, and atmosphere
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Cavitation
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Transpiration pull
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Rate of Transpiration
Transportation in Plants
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvPM6sfidY4
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Guard cells
Only epidermal cells containing chloroplasts
Have thicker cell walls on the inside and thinner cell walls elsewhere
Bulge and bow outward when they become turgid
Causing the stomata to open
Turgor in guard cells results from the active uptake of potassium (K +),
chloride (Cl), and malate
Water enters osmotically
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Active pumping of sucrose out of guard cells in the evening leads to loss of
turgor and closes the guard cell
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Rate of Transpiration
Transpiration rates increase with temperature and wind velocity because water molecules
evaporate more quickly
Several pathways regulate stomatal opening and closing
Abscisic acid (ABA) initiates a signaling pathway to close stomata in drought
Opens K+, Cl, and malate channels
Water loss follows
- Close when CO2 concentrations are high
- Open when blue wavelengths of light promote uptake of K+ by the guard cells
- Close when temperature exceeds 3034C and water relations unfavorable
Alternative photosynthetic pathways, such as Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM),
reduce transpiration
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Plants have adapted to flooding conditions
which deplete available oxygen
Flooding may lead to abnormal
growth
Oxygen deprivation most
significant problem
Form larger lenticels and
adventitious roots
Plants have also adapted to life in
fresh water
Form aerenchyma, which is
loose parenchymal tissue with
large air spaces
Collect oxygen and transport it
to submerged parts of the plant
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Halophytes
Plants that can tolerate
soils with high salt
concentrations
Some produce high
concentrations of organic
molecules in their roots
- This decreases the water
potential enhancing water
uptake from the soil
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Phloem Transport
Most carbohydrates produced in leaves are distributed through phloem to
rest of plant
Translocation provides building blocks for actively growing regions of the
plant
Also transports hormones, mRNA, and other molecules
Variety of sugars, amino acids, organic acids, proteins, and ions
Using aphids to obtain the critical samples and radioactive tracers to mark
them, plant biologists have demonstrated that substances in phloem can
move remarkably fast, as much as
50 to 100 cm/h
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Phloem-loading occurs at the source
Carbohydrates enter the sieve tubes in the smallest veins at the source
Sieve cells must be alive to use active transport to load sucrose
Water flows into sieve tubes by osmosis
Turgor pressure drives fluid throughout plant
At sink, sucrose actively removed and water follows by osmosis
Water may be recirculated in xylem or lost
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