STRATIGRAPHY ANALYSIS

BY
BUDIANTO TOHA
 BASIC GEOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

1. PETROLOGY : IGNEOUS , METAMORPHIC ,

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

2. TECTONICS and STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

3. STRATIGRAPHY , SEDIMENTOLOGY ,
and PALEONTOLOGY

4. GEOMORPOLOGY
 ROCKS CYCLE

MAGMA

METAMOPHIC metamorphism
ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS

weathering
erosion, etc.
erosion
metamorphism transportation
deposition
SEDIMEN
compaction
desiccation
SEDIMENTARY cementation
ROCKS re-crystalization
 BOWENS REACTION SERIES
AND ITS RESISTANCE TO EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Less resistance

More resistance
 ROCKS CYCLE

MAGMA

METAMOPHIC metamorphism
ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS

weathering
erosion, etc.
erosion
metamorphism transportation
deposition
SEDIMEN
compaction
desiccation
SEDIMENTARY cementation
ROCKS re-crystalization
ROCK CYCLE AS IT RELATES TO THE PLATE TECTONICS MODEL
Plate Tectonic and Sandstone Composition

After Dickinson and Suczek, 1979

Plate Tectonic and Sandstone Composition

After Dickinson and Suczek, 1979

STRATIGRAPHY :
the science of rock strata

It is concerned with
all characters and
attributes of rocks
as strata; and their
interpretation in terms
of mode of origin and
geologic history
CONCEPTS IN STRATIGRAPHY
or
PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY
CONCEPTS IN STRATIGRAPHY
STENOS PRINCIPLES (1669)
Superposition of Strata
Original Lateral Continuity of Strata
Original Horizontality of Strata
Collate: Vertical Accumulation of Strata

CROSS-CUTTING PRINCIPLE
veins, dykes etc were known to cut across the
country rock: the rocks cutting across a
country rock are younger than the country.
 LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
(STENO, 1669) 6

4
Modified statement:
Law of Superposition:
The youngest strata are at top 3
in an undisturbed sequence
(Anthony, 1955, p. 83)
2

1
 ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
(STENO, 1669)
Statement of Principle :
Dipping beds were once
horizontal.
(Woodford, 1935, p.3) 3
2
1
Modified Statement :
Law of horizontality :
Sedimentary strata are laid down
nearly horizontally and essentially
parallel to the surface upon which they
accumulate. (Anthony, loc op cit., p.83)
Note : Pattern of sediment accumulation is mostly vertical ( aggradations )
 PRINCIPAL OF LATERAL ACCRETION

Sedimentary rocks are formed in

a depositional environment with initial
surface relatively inclined to the center
of the basin
Additional sediment supply
will be accommodated in the basin
such as prograding or retrograding
fashion (side growth)
(progradation/retrogradation)
Actually . DEPOSITIONAL DYNAMICS
AGGRADATION

RETROGRADATION

PROGRADATION
 DEPOSITIONAL DYNAMICS

SL7
13
12 12 SL5 SL6
9 9 SL4
8 10 11
7 7 SL1 SL2

1 6 6
2 5 SL3
3
4

EROSION SURFACE
PROGRADATION
RETROGRADATION
 CONCEPT OF LATERAL ACCRETION > DEPOSITIONAL PACKET >
STRATAL ARCHITECTURE

100 Km
SEQUENCE
1
STRATIGRAPHY
 SEDIMENTARY
FACIES AND ENVIRONMENT
SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND FACIES

A sedimentary environment is a part of earths surface which

is physically, chemically, and biologically distinct from
adjacent terrains, e.g. deserts, river valleys, lake, deltas,
lagoon, shallow marine ( Selley, 1985)

PROCESS

A sedimentary facies is a mass of sedimentary rocks which

can be defined and distinguished from others by
geometry, lithology, sedimentary sructures, paleocurrent
pattern, and fossils (Selley, 1985)

PRODUCT
 SEDIMENTARY FACIES :

PHYSICAL , CHEMICAL, and BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT WITHIN
SYNCHRONOUS INTERVAL

CAUSE EFFECT

Process
Geometry
Physical Erosional Lithology
SEDIMENTARY
Chemical Non-depositional Sedimentary
ENVIRONMENT SEDIMENTARY
Biological Depositional structures
FACIES
Paleocurrents
Fossils

After Selley , 1985

FACIES AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF DELTA GEOMETRIES
THE IMPORTANCE
OF SCALE
IN SEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMS

After Soegaard, 1994

THE IMPORTANCE
OF SCALE
IN SEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMS

After Soegaard, 1994

MAHAKAM DELTA
Clastic Depositional Systems
 USAGE OF THE FACIES TERM

Strictly observational sense of rock product :

Sandstone facies ; limestone facies

An environment sense :
Fluvial facies ; shallow marine facies ; lacustrine facies

A genetic sense for the product of a process by

which a rock is thought to have formed :
Turbidite facies ; contourite facies

Tectofacies :
Synrift facies ; post orogenic facies ; mollase facies
REQUIREMENTS FOR STRATIGRAPHY ANALYSIS

PRE-REQUISITE :
Sedimentary Petrology ; Sedimentology ;
Principles of Stratigraphy; Paleontology

BASIC GELOGICAL KNOWLEDGE :

Tectonics ; Structural Geology ; Geomorphology

APPLIED GEOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE :

e.g. Basin Analysis ; Geology of Hydrocarbon ;
Sequence Stratigraphy
Stratigraphic Record Dynamic of Sedimentation
Stratigraphic record
 QUIZ STRATIGRAFI ANALISIS
25 Februari 2008

Apa yang disebut dengan REKAMAN STRATIGRAFI ?

Jelaskan seberapa banyak kegunaannya untuk analisis
geologi suatu daerah !
Missing the Big Picture
 FACIES ANALYSIS
OBSERVASION INTERPRETATION PREDICTION

Geometry
Depositional Environment Location ,
Lithology and Paleogeography Geometry and
Economic Aspects
Fossil

Sedimentary structure

Paleocurrent

FACIES MODEL
(compare with recent sediments)
 ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS

SURFACE SUBSURFACE

GEOMETRY Surface section Well control

Panel diagram Seismic section

LITHOLOGY Surface sample Cores ; cuttings

Geophysical logs

PALEONTOLOGY Surface sample Cores ; cuttings

SEDIMENTARY Outcrop Cores , FMI ; EMI ;

STRUCTURE FMS

PALEOCURRENT Outcrop- Dipmeter

PATTERN measurement
INTERPRETATION OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

There is no single measure that can be use to define a

depositional environment.

Combinations of features/attribute can be characteristic.

SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
FOSSILS ( body fossils and trace fossils )
VERTICAL SEQUENCES ; LATERAL RELATIONSHIPS
GEOMETRY , DISTRIBUTION OF LITHOLOGIES

Do systematic process response analysis

The look-alike method is not very useful

 GEOMETRY
Geometry of the sedimentary facies is defined by :
Pre-depositional topography
Geomorphology of the sedimentary environment
Post-depositional history :
Diagenesis ; depositional continuity ;
tectonics deformation ; erosion

A particular geometry can be yielded by several different

depositinal environment :
Channel : fluvial ; deltaic ; tidal ; submarine
Fan : alluvial ; deltaic ; deep marine

Geometry is illustrated by :
Facies Mapping , i.e. Surface - Measured section
Subsurface - seismic ; wells

Geometry is necessary to define for identifying :

Paleoslope ; facies and paleogeography trend
 CARTOONS OF
VARIOUS FACIES SHAPES

After Selley , 1985

 DISTINCT TYPES OF COASTAL
AND SAND GEOMETRY AS A PRODUCT
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COASTAL
PROCESSES AND THE MORPHOLOGY
OF RIVER MOUTH

( After Allen & Chambers , 1998 )

PROGRADING DELTA AND ITS SEDIMENTARY FACIES
( After Allen & Chambers , 1998 )
PROGRADATION FACIES IN DELTAIC AND NON- DELTAIC COASTS
( After Allen & Chambers , 1998 )
Facies Model of One Sequence Reservoir
And its characteristics
GEOMETRY OF SEDIMENTARY ENVIROMENT AND FACIES
 GEOMETRY ACTUALLY / SOMETIMES IS
GEOLOGISTS IMAGINATION or INTERPRETATION
( CONCEPT )

As geologists, whats your

Imagination to this outcrop ??

What is this ?????????

 GEOMETRY

IS ACTUALLY

GEOLOGISTS
IMAGINATION or
INTERPRETATION
( CONCEPT )
 If you give a man a fish, he will eat for a day ..
If you give him a fishing pole and teach him to fish,
he will eat for life.
 STRATIGRAPHY ANALYSIS
just like an effort to swallow a bigger prey than the mouth ..!!!!!

NEVER GIVE UP TRY and TRY AGAIN,

YOULL SUCCEED AT LAST !!!!!
 LITHOLOGY

Texture Not change

Lithology Diagenesis
Petrology Change

Carbonate Intrabasinal
Texture
Siliciclastic Intra + extrabasinal
(terrigenous)
transport history
Energy level grainsize
open fabric
Flow condition current type
closed fabric

Angularity >< polycyclicity degree of abrasion

(~ material resistance)
Petrology :

Carbonate : basin- born

susceptible to diagenesis

Siliciclastic : intra + extrabasinal

not so susceptible to diagenesis

Authigenics : Glauconite , phosphate , evaporite

Carbonaceous materials
Fine Detritus
MECHANICAL SEDIMENTATION Coarse Detritus
Siltstone
Claystone Breccias
Marl Wackstone, Packstone, Grainstone , etc. Conglomerate
Sandstone
Oolitic
Limestone

Dolomite Reefal
Limestone Coal
Evaporite
Crystalline
Limestone Peat
Gypsum Bituminous
Anhidrite Anthracite
Salt

Chert
Diatoms
Fertirite
Earth
Silica sediment

Grouping of Sedimentary Rocks and Its Processes

Grain-size scale for sedimentary rocks
(from J.A. Udden and C.K. Wentworth)
DETRITUS ROCKS CLASSIFICATION
 TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION
OF FINE-GRAINED ROCKS AND SEDIMENTS
(NOMENCLATURE FOR SEDIMENTS)
COMPARISON CHART FOR SORTING CLASSES
(Pettijohn, Potter, and Siever, 1972)
GRAIN SHAPE
TEXTURAL MATURITY OF SANDSTONE
PHYSICAL PROCESS OF SEDIMENTATION

FLUID PROCESS DEPOSIT

Traction current X-bedded sand

AIR Density current Nue ardentes
Suspension current Loess

Traction current X- bedded sand

WATER Density current Turbidites
Suspension current Laminated mud
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT :
SUBAQUEOUS GRAVITY FLOW
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MECHANISM :
SUBAQUEOUS GRAVITY FLOW
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MECHANISM :
SUBAQUEOUS GRAVITY FLOW
MECHANISM OF SUBAQUEOUS
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
AND LITHOLOGY TEXTURES
 CLASSIFICATION OF SANDSTONES
mudrocks

wackes

arenites

quartzwacke

QUARTZ
quartz arenite
subarkose
feldsp. lithic
sublitharenite
greywacke
arkose
lithic arkose

arkosic
arenite
FELDSPAR litharenite

After Pettijohn et al. (1987)

ROCK FRAGMENTS
 FOUR CATEGORIES OF SANDSTONE

QUARTZ SANDSTONE ARKOSE GRAYWACKE SUBGRAYWACKE

ASSOCIATIONS OF BEDS
DEPOSITED IN SOME
OROGENIC SETTINGS
ASSOCIATIONS OF BEDS
DEPOSITED IN SOME
CRATONIC SETTINGS
Fine Detritus
MECHANICAL SEDIMENTATION Coarse Detritus
Siltstone
Claystone Breccias
Marl Wackstone, Packstone, Grainstone , etc. Conglomerate
Sandstone
Oolitic
Limestone

Dolomite Reefal
Limestone Coal
Evaporite
Crystalline
Limestone Peat
Gypsum Bituminous
Anhidrite Anthracite
Salt

Chert
Diatoms
Fertirite
Earth
Silica sediment

Grouping of Sedimentary Rocks and Its Processes

 BOWENS REACTION SERIES
AND ITS RESISTANCE TO EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Less resistance

More resistance
 ROCKS CYCLE

MAGMA

METAMOPHIC metamorphism
ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS

weathering
erosion, etc.
erosion
metamorphism transportation
deposition
SEDIMEN
compaction
desiccation
SEDIMENTARY cementation
ROCKS re-crystalization
ROCK CYCLE AS IT RELATES TO THE PLATE TECTONICS MODEL
 QUIZ

Jelaskan makna pemahaman petrologi batuan sedimen

untuk analisa stratigrafi (asal_mula_jadi ~ origin ) !
 SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURE

Sedimentary structures are very important indicators of

depositional process in the sedimentary environment.

They are undoubtedly generated in place and never have

been brought in from outside.

No single sedimentary structure is unique for particular

depositional environment. Only a particular succession
of sedimentary structure is diagnostic.

SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES :
Primary : Inorganic
Organic trace fossil
Secondary : Diagenetic structures
 PRIMARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURE

GROUP EXAMPLES ORIGIN

PRE-DEPOSITIONAL Channels
Flute marks EROSIONAL
Groove marks
Tool marks

SYN-DEPOSITIONAL Cross bedding

Flat bedding DEPOSITIONAL
Cross lamination
Ripple marks

POST-DEPOSITIONAL Slumps
Slides DEFORMATIONAL
Load cast

( see Conybeare & Crook, 1968 and Pettijohn & Potter, 1964 )
HJULSTROMS DIAGRAM
 FLOW REGIME
based on Simons et al. (1965 ) and Allen (1968a )

Note :
a. straight-crested ripples
b. undulatory ripples
c. linguoid ripples
d. lunate ripples
After Allen and Chambers, 1998
 BED FORM GEOMETRY
AND
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURE

( After Harms et al., 1975 )

SOME OF THE FEATURES WHICH HELP IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF
WAVE-RIPPLE CROSS LAMINATION
( from Colinson and Thomson , 1989; after de Raaf et al., 1977 )
BLOCK DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MAIN FEATURES OF
HUMMOCKY CROSS BEDDING
( After Walker , 1979 )
SLUMP STRUCTURE
 FOSSILS

Any remains , trace , or imprint of plant or animal that

has been preserved in the earths crust (mostly
sedimentary rocks) since some past geological or
prehistoric time.

Assumptions to utilize fossils as indicator depositional

environmet are :

1. That the fossil lived in the place where it was burried

2. That the habitat of the fossil can deduced either from
its morphology or from studying its living decendants
(if there any)
CHARACTERISTIC ICHNOFACIES
FOR VARIOUS ENVIRONMENT
SEDIMENTARY FACIES AS INDICATED BY TRACES FOSSILS
TRACE FOSSIL ICHNOFACIES
( from Ekdale et al., 1984 )
TRACE FOSSIL ICHNOFACIES
( from Ekdale et al., 1984 )
DWELLING BURROW
ICHNOFACIES
ICHNOFACIES
OPHIOMORPHA ICHNOFACIES
PROGRESSIVE ALTERATION OF SEDIMENT
BY
BURROWING ORGANISMS
EVIDENCE OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
ICHNOFOSSILS
 Examples of
POLLEN and SPORES
 Examples of
POLLEN and SPORES
ARE YOU BELIEVE IN EVOLUTION THEORY ??
DOES THE FOLLOWING VIEWGRAPH PROVED IT ??
CARBONATE SEDIMENTATION
 DEPOSITION OF THE CARBONATE
MINERALS DUE TO THE ACTION
OF ORGANISMS
Aragonite : Present-day corals
Some mollusks

Low-Mg calcite :
Some mollusks
Some foraminifera (including all deep-sea sp.)
Brachiopods
Unicellular plant family
(Coccolithophoridae deep-sea sediments & chalk)
High-Mg calcite :
Echinoderms
Some large foraminifera
 GROWTH WINDOW OF MODERN REEF

CARBONATE FACTORY
Hydrogeology Cycle & Carbonate Deposition Environment

Rainfall
and
Snowfall GLACIER
EVAPORATION

TRANSPIRATION

INFILTRATION
PERCOLATION THROUGH GROUND
The Main Zones of Carbonate
Accumulation
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AROUND
CARBONATE FACTORY
ZONATION OF A MARGINAL REEF
CARBONATE FACIES BELTS
FACIES MODEL
 FACIES MODELS

In exploration stratigraphy models are needed to

explain and predict relationships.

1. Collect as many as possible observations relevant for

stratigraphic interpretation

2. Determine similarities of combined data with existing models

( or deviation from standard models )

3. Once satisfactorily tested , models can be used to predict

lateral and vertical changes.
 FACIES MODEL
IDEAL SEQUENCE OF FACIES COMPONENTS ( MAINLY
LITHOLOGY AND SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES )
WHICH EXHIBITS PURE ESSENCE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY

FUNCTION OF FACIES MODEL :

1. ACT AS A NORM FOR COMPARISON

2. AS A FRAMEWORK & GUIDE FOR FUTURE OBSERVATIONS

3. AS PREDICTOR IN NEW GEOLOGICAL SITUATIONS

4. AS AN INTEGRATED BASIS FOR INTERPRETATION

THAT IT PRESENT
BOUMAS SEQUENCE
 BOUMA SEQUENCE FORMED BY SAND DEPOSITED FROM
SUSPENSION IN RAPIDLY DECELERATING UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT
SUBMARINE FAN ENVIRONMENT

After WALKER,1987
BOUMAS SEQUENCE
Beach Parasequence
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
 WAVE-BEACH
PARASEQUENCE
Deltaic Parasequence
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
Fluvial-Dominated Shoreline Parasequence
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
Tidal Parasequence
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
Facies Model of One Sequence Reservoir
And its characteristics

Toha et al., 1999)

RESERVOIR MODEL FOR FLUVIAL CHANNEL
AND MOUTH BAR FACIES
 points to remember

FACIES ANALYSIS
OBSERVASION INTERPRETATION PREDICTION

Geometry
Depositional Environment Location ,
Lithology and Paleogeography Geometry and
Economic Aspects
Fossil

Sedimentary structure

Paleocurrent

FACIES MODEL
 STRATIGRAPHY ANALYSIS
just like an effort to swallow a bigger prey than the mouth ..!!!!!

NEVER GIVE UP TRY and TRY AGAIN,

YOULL SUCCEED AT LAST !!!!!
Missing the Big Picture
Dynamic of Sedimentation
and
Sequence Stratigraphy
Stratigraphic Record Dynamic of Sedimentation
Stratigraphic record
Dynamic of Sedimentation
and
Sequence Stratigraphy

How sedimentary rock is accumulated

Factors controlling process

Stratigraphic Record
and its pattern
STRATIGRAPHY :
the science of rock strata

It is concerned with
all characters and
attributes of rocks
as strata; and their
interpretation in terms
of mode of origin and
geologic history
 Factors Controlling Sedimentation
1. Subsidence
2. Eustacy
3. Sediment supply/ sediment flux
4. (Climate)
Sediment flux
Carbonate sedimentation
Etc.
References :

Posamentier, H.W., Jervey, M.T. and Vail, P.R., 1988, Eustatic controls on clastic deposition I- conceptual framework, in
Wilgus, C.K. et al., (eds.) Sea level changes : an integrated approach. SEPM Spec. Publ. 42, p. 109-124.

_____________ and Vail P.R., 1988, Eustatic controls on clastic deposition II, in Wilgus, C.K. et al. (eds), Sea level changes :
an integrated approach. SEPM Spec. Publ. 42, p. 125-154.
( After Allen, 1997)
Dynamic Sedimentation

Accommodation
Space
 WHAT IS SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION ?

SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION IS
THE POTENTIAL SPACE AVAILABLE FOR SEDIMENT
TO ACCUMULATE

on the shelf, accommodation is controlled by

RELATIVE SEA LEVEL

in fluvial environments, accommodation is controlled

by THE FLUVIAL EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE

( After Allen, 1997 )

Definition :
 RELATION BETWEEN
ACCOMMODATION AND FACIES PATTERNS
IN FLUVIAL AND SHELF DEPOSITS

In any given interval, if the rate and nature

of sediment influx is constant, the sand / shale ratio
is inversely proportional to the ratio between :

rate of increase of accommodation

and
sediment supply
 Fluvial Stacking Pattern : an effect of increasing accommodation space

( After Allen, 1997 )

 Well-Log
Responses
for
Deltaic Parasequences

( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)

 FACIES ANALYSIS
OBSERVASION INTERPRETATION PREDICTION

Geometry
Depositional Environment Location ,
Lithology and Paleogeography Geometry and
Economic Aspects
Fossil

Sedimentary structure

Paleocurrent

FACIES MODEL
Anekdot How many semesters are needed for the young
can take care him-/herself ?

The Young One from the Department of Geology GMU

Has the young grown up ?????