The Film Industry

The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial
institutions of filmmaking, i.e., film production companies, film studios, cinematography, film
production, screenwriting, pre-production, post production, festivals, distribution;
and actors, film directors and other film crew personnel.

The Indian Film Industry

India is the largest producer of films in the world and second oldest film industry in the
world which originated around about 103 years ago.In 2009 India produced a total of 2,961 films
on celluloid; this figure includes 1,288 feature films. India is the country that produces more
films annually and has the largest number of admissions. Indian film industry is multi-
lingual and the largest in the world in terms of ticket sales and number of films produced and 5th
largest in terms of revenue mainly due to having amongst the lowest ticket prices in the
world. The industry is viewed mainly by a vast film-going Indian public, and Indian films have
been gaining increasing popularity in the rest of the worldnotably in countries with large
numbers of expatriate Indians. Indian film industry is also the dominant source of movies and
entertainment in its neighboring countries of South Asia.
The Constituents of The Indian Film Industry

Rank Language

1 Hindi (Bollywood)

2 Telugu (Tollywood)

3 Tamil (Kollywood)

4 Kannada (Sandalwood)

5 Marathi

6 Malayalam

7 Bengali

8 Bhojpuri

9 Gujarati
Bollywood The Hindi Film Industry

The name "Bollywood" is derived from Bombay, India, (the former name for Mumbai)
and Hollywood, California, the center of the American film industry.

Raja Harishchandra (1913), by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film
made in India. By the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first
Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani's Alam Ara (1931), was a major commercial success. There
was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film
industries quickly switched to sound filming.

In 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan
Kanya. The next year, he made another colour film, a version of Mother India. However, colour
did not become a popular feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and
melodramas were the staple fare at the cinema.1940s to the 1960s is regarded by film historians
as the "Golden Age" of Hindi cinema. Colour movies become a popular feature in the late 1950s
 Main distributors Dharma
Productions
Yash Raj Films
Rajshri Productions
Eros International
Vinod Chopra
Films
Phantom Films
Reliance Big
Pictures

Produced feature films (2016)

Total 263

Gross box office (2016)

National films India: 3,500

Market Situation
crore(US$520 million)

Bollywood is the largest film

producer in the world. They produce roughly 1000 movies a year. Hollywood only
produces 500 and Japan produces 400 movies a year

The Bollywood industry had a revenue of US$ 2.5 billion in 2015, and has been growing
at approx. 9% a year. The revenue is expected to reach US$ 4.1bn by 2016

Hindi films can achieve distribution across at least 22 of India's 29 states. The Hindi film
industry has preferred films that appeal to all segments of the audience and has resisted
making films that target narrower audiences. It was believed that aiming for a broad
spectrum would maximise box office receipts. However, filmmakers may be moving
towards accepting some box-office segmentation, between films that appeal to rural
Indians, and films that appeal to urban and international audiences.
Revenue Distribution of Bollywood
Revenue Growth

Future of the Bollywood Industry

By 2040, Hollywood (Los Angeles) is forecasted to remain the largest

filmed entertainment cluster. However, Bollywood may close the gap significantly to become the
second largest cluster.
KOLLYWOOD-THE TAMIL FILM INDUSTRY

Tamil cinema is a film industry that is a part of the cinema of India, dedicated to the
production of motion pictures in the Tamil language. Based in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, its
hub is the Kodambakkam neighbourhood of Chennai, which has led to the industry's
nickname Kollywood, the term being a portmanteau of the words Kodambakkam
and Hollywood. Tamil cinema has been described as the leading industry of South Indian
cinema, often rivalled by Telugu cinema (in the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh), and
accounting for the second-largest global box office gross after Hindi cinema (also known
as Bollywood) among all Indian film industries.

Number of 1546 (Tamil Nadu)

screens

Main distributors Ayngaran International

AP International
Aascar Films
AVM Productions
Kalaipuli Films
Pyramid Saimira
Lyca Productions

Produced feature films (2016)

Total 326

Gross box office (2016)

National films India: 1,550 crore(US$230 million)

The first Tamil silent film, Keechaka Vadham, was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in
1918. The first talking motion picture, Kalidas, was a multilingual and was released on 31
October 1931, less than seven months after India's first talking motion picture Alam Ara. By the
end of the 1930s, the legislature of the State of Madras passed the Entertainment Tax Act of
1939.

The iconic globular statue of AVM Productions, the oldest surviving studio in India

Revenue
Average annual film output in Tamil film industry peaked in 1985. The Tamil film market
accounts for approximately 0.1% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the state of Tamil
Nadu. For the purpose of entertainment taxes, returns have to be filed by the exhibitors weekly
(usually each Tuesday). Costs of production have grown exponentially from just under 40
lakhs in 1980 to over 11 crores by 2005 for a typical star-studded big-budget film. Similarly,
costs of processing per print have risen from just under 2,500 in 1980 to nearly 70,000 by
2005.

The Government of Tamil Nadu made provisions for an entertainment tax exemption for
Tamil films having titles in words from the Tamil language only. This is in accordance with
Government Order 72 passed on 22 July 2006. The first film to be released after the new Order
was Unakkum Enakkum. The original title had been Something Something Unakkum
Ennakkum, a half-English and a half-Tamil title. In July 2011, strict norms on entertainment tax
were passed which stated that films which were given a 'U' certificate by the Central Board of
Film Certification alone were eligible for tax exemption and those with an 'A' certificate could
not fit into this category.

There are 3 major roles in the Tamil film value chain viz producer, distributor and exhibitor.
The distributor purchases theatrical distribution rights from the producer for exhibiting the film
in a defined territory. The distributor performs enhanced functions such as:

1. part-financing of film (in case of minimum guarantee / advance based purchase of film
rights)

2. localised marketing of film

3. selection of exhibition halls

4. managing the logistics of physical print distribution

There are three popular approaches to transfer of distribution rights via distribution contracts:

1. Minimum Guarantee + Royalty Here, the producer sells the distribution rights for a
defined territory for a minimum lump sum irrespective of the box office performance of
the film. Any surplus is shared between the producer and distributor, in a pre-set ratio
(typically 1:2) after deducting entertainment tax, show rentals, commission, print costs
and publicity costs. Effectively, the distributor becomes a "financier" in the eyes of the
market. This is the most common channel available to high budget producers.

2. Commission Here, the distributor pays the producer the entire box office collection
after deducting commission. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film
remains with the producer. This is the most common channel available to low budget
producers.

3. Outright Sale Here, the producer sells all distribution and theatrical rights for a defined
territory exclusively to a distributor. Effectively, the distributor becomes a "producer" in
the eyes of the market. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film remains
with the distributor.

There are four popular approaches to transfer of exhibition rights via exhibition contracts:
 1. Theatre Hire Here, the exhibitor pays the distributor the entire box office collection
after deducting entertainment tax and show rentals. So, the entire risk of box office
performance of the film remains with the distributor. This is the most common channel
for low-budget films, casting rank newcomers, with unproven track record.

2. Fixed Hire Here, the exhibitor pays the distributor a maximum lump sum irrespective
of the box office performance of the film. Rental is not chargeable per show. Any surplus
after deducting entertainment tax is retained by the exhibitor. Effectively, the exhibitor
becomes a "producer" in the eyes of the market. So, the entire risk of box office
performance of the film remains with the exhibitor. This is the most common channel for
high budget films, casting established front-runners, with proven track record.

3. Minimum Guarantee + Royalty Here, the exhibitor pays the distributor a minimum
lump sum irrespective of the box office performance of the film. Any surplus after
deducting entertainment tax and show rental is shared in a pre-set ratio (typically 2:1)
between the exhibitor and distributor. But risk of deficit remains with the exhibitor. This
is the most common channel preferred by single screens.

4. Revenue Share Here, the exhibitor shares with the distributor, in a pre-set ratio
(typically 1:2), the entire box office collection of the film after deducting entertainment
tax. Rental is not chargeable per show. So, the entire risk of box office performance of
the film is shared between the exhibitor and distributor. This is the most common
channel preferred by multiplex screens.

TOLLYWOOD-THE TELUGU FILM INDUSTRY

Telugu cinema, also known by its sobriquet Tollywood, is India's Telugu-language film
industry, which is chiefly located in theHyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar in the Indian
state of Telangana. Since 1909, filmmaker Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was involved in many
aspects of Indian cinema's history, like producing short films and travelling to different regions
in Asia to promote film work. In 1921, he produced the first Telugu silent film, Bhishma
Pratigna. He is cited as the father of Telugu cinema.
 In 1933, East India Film Company produced its first Indian film, Savitri, in Telugu. Shot
in Calcutta on a budget of 75 thousand, and based on a popular stage play by Mylavaram Bala
Bharathi Samajam, the film was directed by father of the "Telugu theatre Movement" Chittajallu
Pullaiah and cast stage actors Vemuri Gaggaiah and Dasari Ramathilakam as "Yama" and
"Savithri" respectively. The blockbuster film has received an honorary diploma at Venice Film
Festival. Multilingual actor Vuppaladadiyam Nagaiah was known as the Paul Muni of India, one
of the influential actors of south Indian cinema, Nagaiah is regarded as the first super star of
Telugu cinema.

Number of 2409.
screens

Main distributors Arka Media Works

Suresh Productions
Sri Venkateswara Creations
Geetha Arts
14 Reels Entertainment
PVP Cinema
Prasad Art Pictures

Produced feature films (2016)

Total 349

Gross box office (2016)

National films India: 1,350

crore (US$200 million)

The 1951 film Patala Bhairavi was the first South Indian film, premiering at the
first India International Film Festival, held in Mumbai on 24 January 1952. The first film
studio in South India, Durga Cinetone, was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya
in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh. In the years 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2014 the industry has
produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in
Bollywood.

The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in
the world. The Prasads IMAX located in Hyderabad is one of the largest 3D IMAX screens, and
the most attended cinema screen in the world. As per theCBFC report of 2014, the industry is
placed first in India, in terms of films produced yearly.

The Ramoji Film City

The Ramoji Film City in India is located in Hyderabad. At 2000 acres, it is the largest
integrated film city in the world. [1] It holds the Guinness World Records for being the largest film
studio complex in the world and measures 674 ha. 2000 acres)

Early development

The Telugu film industry was originated with silent films in 1912, with the production
and release of Bhisma Pratighna in 1921. The film was directed by Raghupathi Venkaiah
Naidu and his son R. S. Prakash. On the other hand, Yaragudipati Varada Rao and, R. S. Prakash
Rao have established a long-lasting precedent of focusing exclusively on religious
themes; Nandanar, Gajendra Moksham, and Matsyavatar, three of their most noted productions,
centred on religious figures, parables, and morals. In 1935, Andhra Cine Tone was built
in Visakhapatnam byGottumukkala Jagannadha Raju. He introduced digital theater sound with
the 1935 film Jagadamba.

The first Telugu film with audible dialogue, Bhakta Prahlada, was produced by H.M.
Reddy, who directed the first South Indian talkie Kalidas (1931). Bhakta Prahlada was
completed on 15 September 1931, which henceforth became known as "Telugu Film Day" to
commemorate its completion. Popularly known as talkies, films with sound quickly grew in
number and popularity.

SANDALWOOD-KANNADA FILM INDUSTRY

Kannada cinema, colloquially referred to as Chandanavana or Sandalwood, is a part

of Indian cinema, where motion pictures are produced in the Kannada language. As of 2013, the
Kannada film industry based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, produces more than 100 films each year.
Kannada films are released in a total of 950 single screen theatres in Karnataka and a few of
them are also released in the United States, Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom and other
countries.

Kannada cinema

Number of 950 Single-screens in

screens Karnataka

Main Vajreshwari Combines

distributors Jayanna Combines
Yograj Creations

Produced feature films (2016)

Total 143

Gross box office (2016)

 National films India: 450
crore(US$67 million)

The first government institute in India to start technical courses related to films was
established in 1941 named as occupational institute then named as S. J. Polytechnic
in Bengaluru. In September 1996, two specialized courses, Cinematography and Sound &
Television were separated and the Government Film and Television Institute was started
at Hesaraghatta, under the World Bank Assisted Project for Technician Development in
India. The industry is known for Kannada language literary works, being translated into motion
pictures. Some of the works which received global acclaim include B. V. Karanth's Chomana
Dudi (1975), Girish Karnad'sKaadu (1973), Pattabhirama Reddy's Samskara (1970) (based on a
novel by U. R. Ananthamurthy), which won Bronze Leopard at Locarno International Film
Festival, and Girish Kasaravalli's Ghatashraddha (1977) which won the Ducats Award at the
Manneham Film Festival Germany.

In 1934, the first Kannada talkie, Sati Sulochana, appeared in theatres, followed
by Bhakta Dhruva (aka Dhruva Kumar).

Rajkumar became a singer during this period working solely in Kannada film industry.
His wife Parvathamma Rajkumar founded Film production and distribution company. Rajkumar
and Vishnuvardhan are considered the two pillars of Kannada Cinema.

MARATHI FILM INDUSTRY

Marathi cinema refers to Indian films produced in Marathi, the language of the state
of Maharashtra, India. Based in old Mumbai, it is the oldest and one of the pioneer film
industries of India.
 The first Marathi film to be released in India was Shree Pundalik by Dadasaheb Torne on
18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Mumbai and a Marathi crew who were performing
Marathi and Sanskrit Sangeet natikas (musicals) and plays in Marathi at that period.

The first Marathi talkie film, Ayodhyecha Raja, was released in 1932, just one year
after Alam Ara the first Hindi talkie. Although the industry is much smaller than the large market
driven Hindi cinema based in Mumbai, Marathi cinema is tax free, and is experiencing growth in
recent years. Raja Harishchandra, directed byDadasaheb Phalke, was a Marathi film, now known
as India's first full-length feature, released in 1913. The Dadasaheb Phalke Awardis India's
highest award in cinema given annually by the Government of India for lifetime contribution
to Indian cinema.

Number of Approx 500 in Maharashtra state of

screens India.

History Main Mumbai Film Company

distributors Essel Vision Productions
Silent movies period
Everest Entertainment

Marathi Produced feature films (2016) cinema is the oldest

form of Indian cinema. The first
Total 181
Marathi movie released in India
was Shree Gross box office (2016)
Pundalik by Dadasa heb Torne on 18
National films India: 200 crore(US$30 million)
May 1912 at Coronation
Cinematograph, Mumbai.

Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the first pioneer and founder of cinema in pre-
Independence India. He brought the revolution of moving images to India with his first
indigenously made film Raja Harishchandra in 1913, which is considered by IFFI and NIFD as
part of Marathi cinema as it was made by a Marathi dialogues while shooting and fully Marathi
crew. Kolhapur in Western Maharashtra was another centre of active film production in the
twenties.

In 1919 Baburao Mistry popularly known as Baburao Painter formed the Maharashtra
Film Company with the blessings of the Maharaja of Kolhapur and released the first significant
historical Sairandhari(1920) with Balasheb Pawar, Kamala Devi and Zunzarrao Pawar in stellar
roles. Because of his special interest in sets, costumes, design and painting, he chose episodes
from Maratha history for interpreting in the new medium and specialised in the historical
genre. Baburao Painter made many silent movies till 1930. However, after a few more silent
films, the Maharashtra Film Company pulled down its shutters with the advent of sound.
Baburao was not particularly keen on the talkies for he believed that they would destroy the
visual culture so painfully evolved over the years.

After advent of sound

As cinema grew in Union of India, major production houses rose and one of them was
again a company owned wholly by Maharashtrians, the Prabhat Film Company. Prabhat's Sant
Tukaram was the first Indian work to win the Best Film Award at the Venice film festival in
1937. In 1954 at the very first edition of the National Awards, Shyamchi Aai another Marathi
film, won the first President's Gold Medal for Cinema. It was directed by Acharya P K Atre, and
it was an adaptation of the eponymous novel by Sane Guruji.

The Golden era

Marathi cinema was in its full bloom by this time with the advent of greats like V.
Shantaram, Master Vinayak, Bhalji Pendharkar, Acharya Atre, followed by Raja Paranjpe,
Jyotiram,sonal and mumtaz, Dinkar D Patil, G. D. Madgulkar, Sudhir Phadke. The 1960s saw
the emergence of directors like Anant Mane who made Marathi films based on the folk art
form Tamasha. Then came directors like Datta Dharmadhikari and Raj Dutt who made traditional
family dramas. The early 70s saw the advent of Dada Kondke who captured the audiences with
his sense of humour. He went on to create satirical, pun-ridden films often including social and
political commentary, many of which became cult classics. By this time Marathi cinema was
caught in either the Tamasha genre or tragedies revolving around traditional family dramas on
one side and the comedies of Dada Kondke.

Reasons for the decline of Marathi cinema

While the theatre of Maharashtra earned recognition at the national level, the cinema
failed to make a mark. A major reason was the proximity to the production centre of Hindi
cinema (Bollywood), which encroached on the identity of Marathi cinema. Other reasons include
the shortage of cinema halls for distribution due to poor marketing, lack of money magnets, a
vibrant theatre scene and the emergence of private television. It also lacked the powerful lobby at
the national level unlike Bengali and South Indian cinema because state congress (ruling party
over 40 years) encouraged Hindi cinema for profit mainly; the regional film industrial advantage
being soaked up by Bollywood.

Marathi New Wave

In past few years, the Marathi cinema industry has produced many films that are not only
critically acclaimed but commercially successful as well. It has brought fresh ideas, untouched
subjects and deeper human sensitivity on the celluloid.

Acclaimed director Dr Jabbar Patel explains the reasons behind the change, "The kind of
Marathi cinema that is being made today is very fresh and different. This is thanks to directors
and writers getting exposed to world cinema via television, film festivals etc. They are coming
up with new storylines and innovative concepts."

Actor Mrinal Kulkarni remarks, "There is a lot of content and variety in Marathi films. A
lot of bold subjects have been handled well by them. They carry a lot of substance." But, she
adds, "We need to start watching a lot more Marathi films. Until we see the films ourselves, we
will never be able to appreciate them when they are sent to the Oscars."
 With outstanding contribution and efforts from different producers and directors of the
Mumbai film industry, Marathi cinema relatively outshined other Indian film industries such as
Bollywood in the first quarter of 2010 in box office collections and critical appreciation.