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HomeStructuralEngineeringHowtoDesignaTransferFloor
Building Colddrawnsteelwire
Construction Increaseresistancetohightemperaturesanddecreasedeformations.
FloorTypes Gotofibrometals.ae
BuildingJoints StepsinDesigningaTransferFloor
StoneMasonry WhatistheLoadingonaTransferFloor?
Dampnessin
Design of reinforced concrete transfer floors, although routinely
Buildings Advertisements performedbystructuraldesignengineers,isaverychallengingtask.
Building Thetransferfloorsarecommonlyusedinmultistoreybuildings,and
1 CivilEngineeringPDFBooks
ConstructionJobs they are major structural elements carrying a number of floors.
Hydraulic Normallytheentirebuilding,10to15levels,iscarriedbyatransfer
2 CivilEngineeringSoftware slabs.
Structures
Structural The major problem is the evaluation of the loading on the transfer
3 StructuralSteelDesign
Engineering slab, especially the columns and walls terminating at the transfer
Typesof level.Whenacolumnterminatesonatransferbeam,itwillcarrya
4 StructuralDesignSoftware smallerloadsincethebeamsupportingthecolumnisactingasan
Structures
elastic spring. The smaller the beam depth, the smaller the axial
MinimumSteel load in the transfer column. In this case the load is distributed to
Reinforcement 5 FreeeBookDownloads
other columns which are continuous to the footing level. In an
RCCStructure extreme case if we remove the support below the transfer column,
Components the axial load will be reduced to zero, i.e. the column will be
"hanging"onthefloorsabovetakingnoload.
PostTensioningin
Slabs
Prestressingin Theotherchallengeisconsideringthemethodofconstruction.Inany3Dframestaticanalysisweassumethatthe
entire load is applied on the complete structure simultaneously. While in
Concrete
realitytheloadisgraduallyappliedonseveralfloorsastheyareconstructed.
SteelStructures For instance, if we imagine that the entire structure is propped and all the
Structural props are removed after the concrete is fully set, the static analysis will
Analysis capturethestructuralbehavioradequately.Butifthepropsateachfloorare
removed before the floor above is constructed, the static analysis will not
Indeterminate
provideaccurateresults.
StructureAnalysis
BeamAnalysis Ontheotherhand,byusingtheTributaryAreamethodweassumethatthe
Tool entireloadisappliedonthetransferslab,ignoringthestructurefromabove.
This approach will produce the largest possible loading at the transfer column, at the expense of loading to the
TrussAnalysis continuous columns. This approach is considered more conservative, however we may say that it is more
Methods conservativeforthemidspans,atthetransfercolumnsitwillunderestimatetheloadingatanotherlocationsuchas
SFD&BMDof continuouscolumns,sincethetotalloadonthefloormustremainthesame.
Beams
Basicallythemodelingapproachordesignassumptionswillinfluencetheevaluationoftheloadingonthetransfer
BeamAnalysis slab,andultimatelyitwillinfluencetheentiredesignofthestructuralsystem.
Formulas
BridgeEngineering
Adsby Google FoundationDesign BeamDesign SlabDesign
Designing
Neither of these two approaches can be considered superior or more precise, nor more or less conservative.
Instead, we suggest that a very good understanding of the influence of the modeling assumptions and all input
parametersonthefinalresultsisessentialinordertoanalyzeanddesignatransferslab.
Strategy1:EvaluationoftheTransferFloorLoadingbyTributaryAreaMethod
TraditionallywemayevaluatetheloadingonthetransferfloorbyTributaryAreaapproach,ignoringtheflexibilityof
thetransferslabs,anditsinfluenceontheloaddistribution.Also,thetransferslabsmaybeanalyzedindependently,
separatedfromtherestofthestructureandignoringtheflexibilityofthesupportingcolumnsandtheirinfluenceon
thebendingmomentinthetransferbeamsandslab.
Civil
1 Engineering
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Engineering
PDFBooks
Civil
2 Engineering
Software
Structural
3 SteelDesign
ThebendingmomentresultsinthetransferbeamareshowninFig.5.Wecanobservethatthesmallerpointloadof
348kNwillgeneraterelativelysmallbendingmomentsinthebeam.
Colddrawnsteelwire
Increaseresistancetohightemperaturesanddecreasedeformations.
Gotofibrometals.ae
Strategy3:"VeryStiff"TransferSlab
Wecanmakethetransferslabandthebeams"verystiff"byassigningadifferentmaterialproperty,say100times
greatermodulusofelasticity.Thiswillmakethetransferfloormuchstifferincomparisontotherestofthestructure
anditwill"enforce"anevendistributionofthecolumnreactions.(Fig.6)
The introduction of a "Very Stiff" beam will have a similar effect on the reactions as the Tributary Area method.
However this will also have an effect on the bending moments in the beam. (Fig 7). The moment magnitude will
increase, and more importantly we may observe
that the negative moment at the column on the
rightis"lost".Thisisduetotheelasticshortening
(squashing) of the columns below, the columns
supportingthetransferslabs.
Strategy4:"VeryStiff"TransferBeamand
PreventedAxialShorteningofColumns
Below
Inadditiontothe"VeryStiff"beamwecanintroduceanincreasedaxialstiffnessofallcolumns,whichincludesthe
columns below the transfer slab. In R/C BUILDING software there is a global switch that will increase the axial
stiffnessofallcolumnsby100or10,000times.Inthisexamplewewillincreasetheaxialstiffnessofthecolumnsby
10,000times.Itisimportanttonotethatwedonotincreasethecolumnsbendingstiffness,sothecolumnbelowwill
notinfluencethebendingofthetransferbeam.
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Inthiscasethereactions(columnloads)willstillbeidentical(Fig.8)
Now we can say that we have "forced" the column reactions on the transfer slabs to be uniform, i.e. to mimic the
TributaryAreamethod,andwehaveincreasedthebendingmomentsinthetransferbeam,asitisworkingbyitself,
i.e.asitisanalyzedasatwospancontinuousbeamignoringtherestofthestructure.
The increased axial stiffness of the columns will affect the lateral stability analysis. It will provide unrealistically
smallerlateraldeflections.Whentheaxialstiffnessofthecolumnsisincreased,themodelcannotbeusedinlateral
stabilityassessment.
EndNotesandRecommendations
The above example illustrates how we can "force" a structural model to behave in a certain manner by assigning
increasedstiffnesstoselectedelementgroups.Theincreaseofthebendingstiffnessofthetransferbeam/slabby
100 times, and the axial stiffness of the column by 10,000 shows that we can obtain similar results as the hand
calculations,usingTributaryAreamethodsandasimpletwospanbeam.
We must note that this drastic increase of the stiffness of selected element groups "distorts" the structural model,
and might result in an unrealistic and unpredictable distribution on the internal forces, and has to be used very
cautiously. Our suggestion is to use middle ground. This can be achieved by assigning a small increase of the
transfer beam/slabs bending stiffness by using a factor of 4 for the modulus of elasticity, and no axial stiffness
increaseofthecolumns.TheresultsareshowninFig.10below.
This approach distributes the column loads on the transfer floor more evenly, but not identical as in the Tributary
AreaMethod.Themidspanbeammoment(belowthetransfercolumn)isalsokeptrelativelylarge.Thisapproach
willprobablyyieldsaferbuteconomicaldesignsofthetransferfloors.
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