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Received on 02 July, 2015; received in revised form, 21 August, 2015; accepted, 19 October, 2015; published 01 January, 2016
Therapeutic uses mentioned in Unani medicine: Leaves soaked in cold water whole night and are
It is used in females to treat different ailments used as gargle to treat toothache, gingivitis,
(Table2). Local application of pounded leaves is bleeding gums, halitosis and excessive salivation.
helpful in fissure in ano. 12 Local application of Oral use of decoction of leaves helpful in cold,
warm leaves is beneficial in resolving warme barid corrhyza and headache. Pillow stuffed with its
(cold swelling) and flatulance. 11, 12 Juice of green leaves is used to reduce headache. Oral use of
leaves dropped into eyes to improve the vision. pounded leaves is helpful in relapsing fever. Oral
Gargling with decoction of leaves is helpful to treat use of powdered fruit in the form of tablet reduces
mouth ulcers and throat pain. Sitz bath in its arthralgia. Powdered dry fruit is used orally to
decoction is helpful in warme maqaad (proctitis). reduce backache and headache. Juice of leaves is
Pounded leaves cooked in oil is applied locally to used locally to treat skin diseases and swellings.
treat putrefied ulcers and also to resolve hard Dried leaves are used in hukka which is beneficial
swellings. Seeds are used orally along with in cold and headache. Its root and leaves act as a
sikanjabeen to resolve hard swellings of spleen. diaphoretic and diaphoresis. Grind together its
Seeds soaked in vinegar are used as hot leaves along with garlic, rice and jaggery and used
fomentation in case of flatulence. 13 It cures cough orally to get wormicidal effect. 11
and boils. It is beneficial in leprosy, asthma and
rectal prolapse.
TABLE 2: THERAPEUTIC USES IN SPECIFIC FEMALES PROBLEMS
Diseases Uses
Dysmenorrhoea Oral use of powdered seeds helpful in reducing pain during menses. 11
Amenorrhoea Oral use of powdered seeds act as emmenogogue.11 Fumigation with its leaves and fruit along
with pudina sehrai act as emmenogogue.12
Oligomenorrhoea Oral use of powdered seeds helpful in regularising the menstrual cycle. 11
Infammatory condition of Sitz bath with decoction of leaves of Vitex negundo or boiled leaves can be applied locally to
uterus reduce inflammation.13
Infammatory condition of Sitz bath with decoction of leaves of Vitex negundo.13
ovaries
Augumentation of labour Application of pounded root over umbilical region or over the vulvae causes easy delivery of the
baby.11
Oligogalactorrhoea Powdered seeds are used orally in case of poor laction. 13
Use in Puerperium Tablet formed with pounded leaves in the dose of 3gm and cooked in ghee is used for one week
in puerperium with benefit.12
0.312 mg/ml to 1.25 mg/ml. The least MIC value significantly active. 27 The methanolic leafs extract
was recorded against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. of Vitex negundo and Adhatoda vasica were
23
The antibacterial activity of the leaves of Vitex analyzed for anti-typhoid activity against
negundo was tested against three bacteria Viz., Salmonella typhi. The leaves of both plants
Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli and inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi. The
Klebsiella Peumoniae, The fresh aqueous, heated antibacterial activity of both leaf extracts were
aqueous extract, chloroform and methanolic extract compared with gentamycin. The results show that
of leaves were used for screening their antibacterial leaf extracts of Vitex negundo and Adhatoda vasica
potential. The fresh and aqueous extracts of leaves confer anti-typhoid activity against Salmonella
in various dilutions were found to have typhi. 28
antibacterial activity against the three bacteria. 24
Antimicrobial properties of different parts of Vitex 4. Miticidal activity:
negundo were evaluated on bacterial strains viz, One study was designed to determine the miticidal
Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Bacillus subtilis effect of methanolic extract from Vitex negundo
ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC Lam. at the rate of 10 and 20% concentrations
12228, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13046, through topical application on scabies affected skin
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella of camel, buffalo, goat, dog and man. The
Pneumoniae NCIM 2719, Proteus vulgaris NCTC ivermectin was used as reference compound
8313, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and100% methyl alcohol as control group. The
Psuedomonas putida ATCC 12842, Salmonella topical application of the treatment groups on
typhimurium ATCC 23564. scabies affected buffalos gave 43, 73 ,81 and 0%,
on camels 46, 75, 84 and 0% on dogs 42, 77, 83
The most susceptible gram positive bacteria was and 0%, on goats 42, 69, 81 and 0% and on man
Bacillus cereus, while the most susceptible gram 61, 78, 84 and 0% protection, respectively, after 5 th
negative bacteria were Klebsiella pneumonia, weeks of application. 29
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida.
The extracts of root and bark have shown moderate 5. Anthelmintic activity:
antimicrobial activity when compared with flower Ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera and Vitex
and leaves. Among these bacteria Proteus vulgaris negundo were taken for anthelmintic activity
is resistant against all extracts of leaves and against Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma.
flowers. 25 Various concentrations of both extracts were tested
and results were expressed in terms of time for
3. Antifungal activity: paralysis and time for death of worms. Piperazine
In vitro antifungal activity of fruits of Vitexs citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as a reference standard
negundo Linn., was examined against 5 common and distilled water as a control group. Dose
fungal strains, Candida albicans, Candida dependent activity was observed in both plant
glabrata, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis extracts but Moringa oleifera shows more activity
and Fusarium solani. Ethanol extract of fruit seeds as compared to Vitex negundo.30
showed significant activity against Fusarium solani
and moderate response against Microsporum canis 6. Anti-HIV activity:
with no effect on Candida albicans. 26 Ethanolic One study was aimed to determine the activity of
extracts of the mature leaves of Piper betle L., ethanolic leaf extract of Vitex negundo L. against
leaves and roots of Vitex negundo L. and leaves of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) and to identify
Jasminum grandiflorum Laterial were prepared and and quantify the flavonoids present. The effects of
their anticandidal activity against standard cultures ethanolic (85%) leaf extract of Vitex negundo L. on
of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida RT activity in vitro were evaluated with
krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida recombinant HIV-1 enzyme, using a non-
tropicalis was investigated by the agar well radioactive HIV-RT colorimetric ELISA kit. The
diffusion bioassay. Extracts which gave a zone of plant Vitex negundo L. ethanolic leaf extract
inhibition of 3 mm radius were reckoned to be
exhibited the most notable activity of 92.8% concentrations 0.06, 0.1and 0.3 mgmL-1 at 10, 6
against HIV-1 RT at 200 g/ml concentration. 31 and 2hrs incubation period respectively in a dose
dependent manner (p<0.05). 34
7. Larvicidal activity:
Larvicidal activity of flavonoid extracts of different 9. Anti-oxidant activity:
parts of Vitex negundo (Linnaeus) and Antioxidant activity of Vitex negundo (VN) extract
Andrographis paniculata (Nees) have been studied was studied using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
against the late III or early IV instar larvae of (DPPH) and Ferric reducing or antioxidant power
Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi (Liston). (FRAP) assays. The antiproliferative activity of VN
Flavonoid extract of whole aerial part of A. extract against WRL68 and HepG2 was
paniculata was found to be inactive against the investigated based on methylthiazol tetrazolium
selected larvae of Ae. aegypti even at the (MTT) spectrophotometric assay. VN extract
concentration of 600 ppm, whereas it caused 70% showed 79.43% inhibition of DPPH stable radical
mortality in An. stephensi at the concentration of with IC50 13.31 0.18 g/ml. This inhibition was
200 ppm. Flavonoid extract of flower-buds too closed to butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT)
produced highest mortality (100%) at the 82.53% (IC5013.8 0.14) and gallic acid 89.51%
concentration of 600 ppm for the late III or early IV (IC50 3.1 0.08). 35
instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and at the concentration
of 200 ppm for the larvae of An. stephensi. GC-MS The antioxidant potential of six important Indian
analysis of the most active flavonoid extract from medicinal plants V. negundo, V. trifolia, T.
flower-buds of Vitex showed 81 peaks. Phenol bellerica, T. chebula, E. officinalis and A.
(26.83% area), naphthalene (4.95% area), 2,3- racemosus were evaluated. Extracts of all the six
dihydrobenzofuran (6.79% area), Phenol-2,4-Bis medicinal plants exhibited antioxidant potential but
(1,1-dimethyl) (4.49% area), flavones 4-OH,5- T. bellerica , T. chebula, E. officinalis proved more
OH,7-di-O-glucoside (0.25% area) and 5-hydroxy- active. The presence of antioxidant activity in the
3,6,7,3,4-pentamethoxy flavones (0.80% area) extracts showed that these plants have the potential
were present in major amount. 32 to be an alternate source of natural antioxidants.36
In another study antioxidant activity of the leaf
8. Antifilarial activity: extract of Vitex negundo was evaluated.
Antifilarial effect of ethyl acetate extract of Vitex Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH
negundo (Verbenaceae) leaves was evaluated method and the leaves of V. negundo showed 23.21
against Setaria cervi filarial parasite in vitro. In mg/100 of Ascorbic acid Equivalent Antioxidant
vitro screening was done by the method of motility Capacity (AEAC).37 The methanolic extracts of
inhibition and MTT reduction assay with Adhatoda vasica and Vitex negundo were analyzed
concentrations of 0.03 to 1.00mg/mL for 2 to 24 for antioxidant and reducing power potentiality.
hour incubation periods respectively. In motility Both plants showed strong antioxidant and
assay, complete inhibition of motility was observed reducing power ability. The strong antioxidant and
and in MTT reduction assay which gave >50% reducing power ability of the plant underlines their
reduction for concentrations 0.20, 0.50 and use as antioxidant supplement against diseases such
1.00mg/Ml at 10, 6, 2 hour incubation periods as typhoid during which antioxidant system fails;
respectively in a dose dependant manner (P<0.05). cardiovascular diseases which are caused due to
33
Antifilarial activity was assessed for Methanolic accumulation of Reactive oxygen species; ageing
extract of Vitex negundo L. Leaves against Setaria related diseases, Alzheimer, Prkinsons disease,
cervi filarial parasite. Activity was assessed by the Amytrophic lateral sclerosis, cataractogenesis and
method of motility inhibition and MTT reduction other diseases. 38
assay with concentrations 0.3-0.006 mgmL-1 for 2
to 24 hrs incubation period respectively, by The methanolic leafs extract of Vitex negundo and
comparing with control. In motility assay, complete Adhatoda vasica were analyzed for anti-typhoid
inhibition of motility was observed and in MTT activity against Salmonella typhi. The antioxidant
reduction assay which gave >50% reduction for activity was determined and compared with BHA
rats. The anti-inflammatory action was studied by incision wounds. The results of the wound healing
Plethysmometer method. It is observed that the study with respect to the incision and excision
ethanolic extract of Vitex negundo roots shows wound models in rats revealed statistically
considerable anti-inflammatory effect by using significant wound healing activity (p<0.05) when
carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The compared to control and standard, which was
higher dose groups of Vitex negundo root extract evidenced by faster epithelization, increase in the
(400 mg/kg) were revealed more activity than their tensile strength and hydroxyproline content. 49
corresponding lower dose. 45 The Vitex negundo
and Murraya Koenigii leaves were studied for anti- 17. DPPH scavenging activity:
inflammatory activity. One study was done to assess the total phenolic
compounds (TPC) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-
All animals were divided into five groups, six rats picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity in the
in each group. Group I was treated as toxicant flowers and leaves of Clitoria ternatea and Vitex
control to observe swelling, group II was treated negundo Linn. by using methanol and water
with Aspirin (10 mg/kg, p.o), group III and IV were extraction. leaves for both plants showed higher
treated with hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of amount of TPC compared to the flowers. Methanol
Vitex negundo and Murraya Koenigii at two doses extracted Vitex negundo Linn. showed higher
(100 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively. The anti- DPPH scavenging activity compared with Clitoria
inflammatory activity was studied by using ternatea. In contrast, DPPH scavenging activity for
carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. The study water extracted Clitoria ternatea showed higher
showed that hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Vitex value in compare with water extracted Vitex
negundo and Murraya Koenigii significantly reduce negundo Linn. 50
paw edema when compared with group I (Toxicant
control) rats and the result were dose dependent. 46 18. Improvement in learning and memory:
One study was done to demonstrate the
The extract of Vitex negundo at different improvement in learning and memory by
concentrations was incubated with egg albumin and hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo Linn.
bovine albumin in controlled experimental leaves (HEVN). Effects of HEVN were evaluated
conditions and subjected to determination of in normal as well as in scopolamine- induced
absorbance to assess the anti-inflammatory cognitive deficit mice paradigms using elevated
property. Diclofenac sodium was used as the plus maze (EPM) and object recognition test
reference drug. Findings exhibited a concentration (ORT). Administration of HEVN (250 and 500
dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 8 days significantly increased
denaturation by the Vitex negundo. The effect of inflexion ratio in EPM, discrimination index in
diclofenac sodium was found to be less when ORT, and decreased brain Acetyl-cholinesterase
compared with the Vitex negundo (1000 g/ml). 47 level (AchE) in both paradigms and prolonged the
Another study was done to evaluate the effect of onset of time of death in sodium nitrite induced
Vitex negundo L. in experimentally induced respiratory arrest in mice. 51
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The ethanolic
extract of leaves of Vitex negundo L. showed 19. Gastroprotective Role:
significant amelioration of experimentally induced The gastroprotective activity of aqueous extract of
colitis, which may be attributed to its anti- Vitex negundo (L) against the gastric mucosal
inflammatory and antioxidant property. 48 damage induced by aspirin was studied in albino
rats. Aspirin was administered intraperitoneally at a
16. Wound Healing Activity: dose of 80mg/kg body weight to induce ulcer and
An aqueous extract was examined for its wound the resultant elevated levels of lipid peroxide was
healing activity in the form of ointment in taken as an index of oxidative stress. The
experimental wound models in albino rats. The gastroprotective effect of V. negundo (L) was
studies included parameters like epithelization observed at an oral dose of 200mg/kg body weight
period, wound contraction, tensile strength of administered for 18 days before ulcer induction.52
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