Pharmacology - The art of Medicine becomes more scientific

- Study of chemicals that interact with living organisms through chemical : Age of Enlightenment
processes, these may be chemicals administered to achieve a therapeutic effect : 19th Century
on a px or its toxic effects to the parasites within the host : Bloodletting
- Gk words: Pharmakon(drug, medicine, poison)
Logus (study of) Advances of the 18th Century:
Drugs - Due o progress in chemistry pharmacists
- Are substances when administered may change, alter or modify the fxns of
organs Francois Magendie
Effects: - Facts and facts alone are the basis of science
Local/limited - French physiologist
- Only to site of administration - Experimented on animals to serve as testing ground to determine the drug action
- E.g. Topical drugs
: Eye drops (Naphazoline) : Listerine Claude Bernard
: Betadine : Salonpas - Works in Magendies laboratory
Systemic - Investigated the plant extract curare and proposed a site of action for this agent
- Absorbed and distributed by blood to the other parts of the body - Pioneered the use of blinding studies
- E.g. Nicotine patch ** 2 kinds of blinding studies
a. Single blind
*Applied/ administered b. Double blind
- Medicines ** Placebo
: Medicines are drugs when administered ma cause therapeutic effect - More psychological than physiology
: For prevention/ treatment of disease
Rudolph Buchheim
4 Phases of Oral Drugs - Establish the first laboratory devoted to experimental pharmacology on the
a. Pharmaceutical/ Dissolution basement of his home in Dorpat
- Redxn of drugs in solid form into smaller particles and their dissolution into liquid - Known as the Cradle of Pharmacology
to facilitate absorption
- Solid to liquid state Oswald Schmiedeberg
- Founder of Modern Pharmacology
b. Pharmacokinetics - Set up an institute in Strasbourg, France (Germany at that time) which became
- A.D.M.E. mecca for students who were interested in pharmacological problems
- Absorption: small intestine
- Distribution: by blood and lymphatic system 18th to early 20th century
- Metabolism: liver - Advance in chemistry and further developments in physiology laid the foundation
- Excretion: kidney for understanding how drugs work at the organ and tissue levels
- Rational therapeutics
c. Pharmacodynamics - New concepts and new techniques were introduces further increasing the
- Actions of chemicals in organisms understanding of drug action on drug receptors
- What does the drug do to your body - Last 3 decades showed rapid growth of information on molecular basis of drug
action
d. Pharmacotherapeutic - Pharmacogenomics
- Approaches to treating diseases... : Relation of individuals makeup to his or her response to specific drugs
d.1. Drug therapy : Study of genetic variations that cause difference in drug response among
: Uses drugs for treatment individuals or populations
d.2. Diet therapy : Drugs will adjust to genetic variation
: Diet restrictions (DM, renal dse, cancer px) * Genetic Engineering
d.3. Physiotherapy
: Use natural forces DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DRUGS
: Light, water, heat
: E.g. acupuncture, massage therapist 1. Preclinical research and developmental stage
d.4. Psychological therapy - Discovery and purification of the drug
: Identification of stressors and devise a plan to minimize them - Uses animal testing to determine therapeutic value
: E.g. Humanistic therapy, Cognitive therapy - 18 months on average to as long as 3 years
- Investigator submits an Investigational New Drug (IND) application to FDA
HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY - Describe all studies on the safety and testing planned on humans

Primitive men gathered: by observing nature, noticing animals while ill and by personal 2. Clinical Testing stage
experiences after consuming certain herbs and berries as remedies - Testing in human stage
- 3 phases:
Written records from China, Egypt and India, lists traditions and remedies of many types but
mostly are harmful Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
China Pen Tsao Determine pharmacologic Determine success rate To ensure statistical
Egypt Ebers papyrus properties for its intended use significance
India Sushruta Treatment population for
4-6 weeks
Evil spirits, hateful demons and vengeful Gods struck people with disease 20-100 100-200 5000
Pedanius Dioscorides 3. New drug application reviews
- Greek Materia Medica - When drug is deemed safe and effective, this is applied for to request approval to
- Pharmacopoeia of herbs and medicines that can be derived from them market, a new drug for human use
- Physician of the Roman army - Several months

Invisible arrows shot by Greek God Apollo caused pain 4. Post marketing surveillance
- People sleep in temples to dream away illness and offer sacrifices - Ongoing review of adverse effects of the new drug and periodic inspections of
Asclepius manufacturing facilities and products
- Son of Apollo - Identification of other patient populations where the drug may be useful, refine
- Serpent (snake) on a staff (stick) emblem dosage recommendations and exploring possible drug interactions
- Snake is believed to have regenerative power and is sacred to Apollo and
Asclepius In summary
Snake 1. Research on its pharmacologic properties
- Ambiguous 2. Experimentation
: Dual nature of the work of a physical, who deals with life and death, sickness 3. Identify adverse effects/ toxic effect and Identify a plan to minimize them
and health
: The one who hurts you will be the one to heal you
- Reflect ambiguity of the use drugs which can help or harm, as reflected in the
meaning of the term pharmakon, which means drug, medicine and poison in
ancient Greek

Greek Medicine

Hippocrates
- Father of medicine
- First to attempt o separate medicine from religion and superstition
Galen
- Surgeon to gladiators
Fall of Romeo
- Dark ages of Medicine
- Age of Faith
- People believed they can treat dse through prayer, divine intervention and
magical powers COMPONENTS OF A DRUG PROFILE
Emergence of Medicine from the Dark Ages
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1. Name - The cost of medications is of worldwide concern, particularly among groups such
- Brand name as elderly (less productive, financially retired, dependent) and AIDS px
(unexpected situation)
2. Classification
- Includes prototype Chemotherapy
- e.g. Benzodiazepine (classification), diazepam (prototype) - It is a branch of therapeutics which is concerned with the effects of drugs upon
microorganisms and parasites, living or multiplying in a living organism.
3. MOA - It also includes the drugs used in malignancy
- Mechanism of Action
Pharmacognosy
4. Pharmacokinetics - Science of identification of drugs
- Is the drug fully absorbed or will it be effective in different routes of administration - Recognition
- e.g. Ranitidine - Applied science that deals with biological, biochemical and economic features of
: H2 Blocker natural crude drugs and their active constituents
: Peptic ulcer/ hyperacidity - Pharmakon medicine, drug, poison
: Oral <100% - Gignosco to acquire knowledge of
: IV administration = 100%
Poison
5. Indications - Substances that can cause a harmful, dangerous, and fatal symptoms in an
- What is the drug for individual

6. Contraindications *Natural crude drugs : From plants

- Factors where drug should not be given
MAJOR AREAS OF STUDY IN PHARMACOLOGY
7. Side effect
- Adverse effects while in use a. Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Aimed to understand the action of drug in individual organisms particularly in
8. Interaction humans and domestic animals.
a. Drug drug interaction - It is beneficial and toxic effect is main concern
- Fe Vitamin C
: Vit. C causes increase absorption of Iron b. Environmental Toxicology
- Action of chemical on the environment and its survival to other organisms and its
b. Drug food interaction species
- Warfarin Cranberry juice
: Cranberry juice increase action of Warfarin DRUGS
: Therefore, bleeding
I. Any article intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of
- Tetracycline Milk diseases in humans and animals
: Ca++ from milk + tetracycline = prevents gut absorption a. Prevention
- Drugs offering protection for a person from acquiring the disease or condition or
c. Drug herb interaction the causative agent
- Loperamide Green tea (caffeine) : Vaccines Hepatitis
: Antibiotics Ciprofloxacin anthrax Doxycycline leptospirosis
d. Drug environment interaction : Antimalarials Chloroquine, Mefloquine, quina-quina
- Genes of individuals : Fluoride therapy NaF
: Montelukast
e. Drug laboratory interaction
b. Diagnosis
9. Route of administration - Drugs used t identify or determine the agent or the disease itself
Oral Rectal : Edrophonium for Myasthenia gravis (involuntary relaxation)
: Safest : Anti-hemorrhoids : Florbetapir for Alzheimer to diagnose not to treat
Epicutaneous Inhalation : Sodium iodide-i-131 radioactive substance for diagnosis of thyroid fxn
: Tropical drugs : Respiratory tract
Subcutaneous Intramuscular c. Cure
: Insulin : Beneath the dermis - Eradicate or end entirely the disease by eliminating both the causative agent and
Intramuscular Intravascular the signs and symptoms it imparts thus achieving restoration of the healthy state
: 90o vaccines : Veins - E.g. any antibiotic
Intradermal : Cox-2 inhibits prostaglandin inflammation body pain
: Dermis
d. Treatment
10. Dosage - Management of diseases signs and symptoms
- Paracetamol - E.g. Paracetamol and Etoricoxib
: For kids 250 mg : Analgesics relieves pain
: For Adults 500 mg : Antipyretic reduces fever

11. How it is supplied e. Mitigation

- To moderate or lessen the condition
12. Special considerations - Slowing down of the disease progress
- Storage equipments - E.g. Anti-virals
- Labelling requirements : Chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis, fibrosis, cancer, scarring of liver (irreversible)
: No sunlight
: Tight container II. Any article other than food intended to affect the strx or any fxn of the human body or
animals, Limited to:
DEFINITION OF TERMS a. Increasing or decreasing secretions
- Thyrotropin alpha : increases T3 and T4
Pharmacology b. Dilates or constricts
- Study of substances that interact with living system through chemical processes - Miotic constrict pupils
- Manner of interaction : Binding to regulatory molecules - Mydriatic dilate pupils
: Activating or inhibiting normal body processes c. Increases or decreases contractions
- Digoxin Cardiotonic : increase contracting mechanism of heart
Medical Pharmacology d. Alteration of strx or fxn only
- Science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease
- Purpose... III. Any article intended for use as a components of any articles specified in clauses (I) and (II)
: Administration of chemicals to achieve beneficial therapeutic effect not including devices or their components, parts or accessories
: Toxic effects on regulatory processes of parasites infecting the patient - Dropper (eye drops)
- Nebulizer (asthma)
Toxicology - Pessary (as the device for vagina)
- Branch of pharmacology that deals with undesirable effects of chemicals on living
systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems IV. Herbal and/or traditional drugs which are articles of plant or animal origin used in folk
medicine
Environmental toxicology
- Effects of chemicals on all organisms and their survival in groups as species Scientific name Use
- Science of poisons which includes detection and measurement of poisons as Lagundi Lamiaceae Cough
well as treatment of poisoning Guava (bayabas) Psidium guajava Antiseptic
Oregano Origanum vulgare Cough
Pharmacoepidemiology Bitter gourd (ampalaya) Momordica charantia Diabetes
- Study of effect of drugs on populations
Peppermint Yerba buena Prevents nausea
- Pharmacology + epidemiology (study of distribution in a population)
Garlic (bawang) Allium sativum Anti-inflammation
- E.g. Where other population the drug can be useful
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
Pharmacoeconomics
- Study of cost effectiveness of drug treatment
a. Chemical name
- Chemical name and code name
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 - Not useful except for pharmaceutical firms : Secretory product of plants
- Used by chemist and researchers
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
b. Non-proprietary name
- Scientifically and internationally accepted and recognized name 1. Therapeutic or Clinical indication
- Generic name 1a. Antihypertensives
- Gives the biochemistry of drugs - Losartan and Metoprolol
- Not capitalized, used in formularies 1b. Antiemetics
- Controls nausea and vomiting
c. Proprietary name 1c. Diuretics
- Aka brand name - Induces urination
- Created by manufacturers for commercial and marketing purposes 1d. Antacids
- Capitalized with trademark symbol - For hyperacidity
- E.g. Advil 1e. Antibiotics
- Inhibits growth of microorganisms
d. Official name
- Generic name as listed in the official compendia of United States Pharmacopoeia 2. Physical or chemical action
(USP) and the National Formulary (NF) 2a. Beta adrenergic blockers
2b. Calcium channel blockers
Example for Drug nomenclature 2c. Anticholinergics

Chemical name 2-(diethylamino)-2-6-acetooxylid monohydrochloride monohydrate 3. Target on the body systems

Non-proprietary Lidocaine HCl 3a. Drugs affecting the CNS
Proprietary name XylocaineTM 3b. Drugs affecting the cardiovascular system
Official name Lidocaine HCl, USP 3c. Drugs affecting the Gastrointestinal System

Chemical name N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide 4. Prototype drugs

Non-proprietary Acetaminophen - Most commonly used drug in its class
Proprietary name TylenolTM - Diazepam : prototype of benzodiazepine
Official name Acetaminophen, USP : For anxiety, sedative, hypnotic agent
- Phenoquin : prototype of analgesics causes liver damage
SOURCES OF DRUGS : It changed to Acetaminophen

a. Plant sources 5. Prescription drugs

: Morphine (CNS) : Digoxin - Over the counter drugs, non-prescription
: Quinine : atropine
: reserpine : vinca alkaloids 6. Health orphan drug
: paclitaxel - Used to treat rare health condition
- Drug manufacturers are reluctant to develop these kinds of drugs
b. Animal sources - Unable to recover the cost of research due to limited use
: insulin : thyroid extract - Gov. provides research grants, developmental assistance and special tax credits
: heparin : gonadotropins
: antitoxic sera (snake) 7. Illegal or recreational drugs
- Drugs used for non therapeutic purposes
c. Minerals - Non-FDA approved
: Liquid paraffin : Magnesium sulphate
: Magnesium trisilicate : Ferrous sulphate GOAL OF THERAPEUTICS
: Kaolin - A desired beneficial effect
- Improve health
d. Microorganisms - Minimize adverse effect
: Penicillin : Streptomycin - Reduce toxicity

e. Synthetic
: analgesics : hypnotics Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics
: anticancer drugs : antimicrobials Dose concentration Concentration effect
How rapidly drug appears on a target organ Magnitude of the effect at a particular
f. Genetic engineering How long does the drug stay in the target concentration
: Human insulin : growth hormone organ
g. Hybridoma technique **PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ASTHMA
: Monoclonal antibodies
Stimuli Dendritic cell T cells (Th CD$, Tc CD8) Eo, Baso, Mast Prodxn prostaglandin
h. Alkaloids and leukotrienes inflammation asthma symptoms (brochioconstriction)
: water soluble salts : water insoluble salts
: nitrogenous compounds
DRUGS ARE MODIFIED/ USED FOR DOSE ADJUSTMENT BY...
i. Glycosides
: Ether-like combination of sugar with other organic acids a. Maturation of organ
: Acid hydrolysis separates sugar from non sugar moiety - Neonates
: Undeveloped liver
j. Oils : No to CHLORAMPHENICOL
: Glycerides of oleic, palmitic or stearic acids : No enzyme for glucuronidation to metabolize it
: Fixed oils peanuts, coconut oil and castor oil : Results to Aplastic anemia, BM suppression, Gray baby syndrome
: Volatile oils peppermint oil, ginger, eucalyptus oil
b. Different dosage
k. Resins - Pedia, adults and obstetric px
: Oxidized or polymerized volatile oils
c. Pathologic factors
l. Oleoresins - Heart failure affects distribution
: Mixture of volatile oils and resins
- Renal failure affects excretion and elimination
m. Gums

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