Controls for heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) cover a typical control of unit ventilators was by pneumatic

atic controls and

broad range of products, functions, and sources of supply. We define included the following features: minimum outside air, discharge air,
control as the starting and stopping or regulation of heating, low-temperature lim, and thermostats with lower night settings
ventilating, and air conditioning. Our concern here is control devices activated by compressed supply pressure level. The increased usage
and systems to control larger commercial and industrial HVAC of air conditioning led more complex control sequences in larger
systems, not residential heating and cooling, except in a few cases systems to central monitoring and control.
where residential controls crossover into light commercial controls.
The development and use of computers and microprocessors has
The application of HVAC controls starts with an understanding of the
caused great changes in the HVAC controls industry. Minicomputers
building and HVAC systems, and the use of the spaces to be were installed on jobs to collect data to provide centralized control.
conditioned and controlled. The type of HVAC system determines theThen, microprocessors were used for remote data-gathering panels to
control sequence. Several types of control products such as gather data and provide direct digital control. Computers are now
pneumatic, electric, analog electronic, or electronic direct digital
used as on-site central controllers with operator interfaces and as
control (DDC) can then do the basic control sequence. computer assisted engineering (CAE) tools in the design of system
programs, databases, and documentation. Microprocessors are still
The way buildings are used determines the benefits you can obtain used in remote data gathering, yet also in small unit controllers and in
from additional controls. smart thermostats.

Background. At one time, draft dampers (followed by thermostat HVAC systems. HVAC systems are classified as either self-contained
control of the dampers) controlled heating. The use of mechanical unit packages or as central systems. Unit package describes a single
stokers for coal firing required another step in the use of control. unit that converts a primary energy source (electricity or gas) and
When oil burners were introduced, the concept of combustion safety provides final heating and cooling to the space to be conditioned.
control became necessary. This involved the sensing and proof-of- Examples of self-contained unit packages are rooftop HVAC systems,
flame in the proper time sequence of introducing draft, fuel, and air conditioning units for rooms, and air-to-air heat pumps.
ignition.
Central systems are a combination of central supply subsystem and
The use of steam and hot water radiators led to the concept of zone multiple end use subsystems. End-use subsystems can be fan
control and individual room control (IRC). Forms of zone control systems or terminal units. If the end use subsystems are fan systems,
included closed loop control using zone thermostats and open loop they can be single or multiple zone type. With central systems, the
control with outside conditions setting the rate of heat delivery to the primary conversion from fuel such as gas or electricity takes place in a
zone. Both of these forms of control were used to regulate the delivery central location, with some form of thermal energy distributed
of heat. The means of regulation included the following: Valves to throughout the building or facility.
control the flow of steam or hot water, controlling pumps to circulate
hot water, and controlling boiler operation. When IRC was used the There are many variations of combined central supply and end use
central supply was maintained and radiator valves were controlled by zone systems. The most frequently used combination is central hot
room thermostats. and chilled water distributed to multiple fan systems. The fan systems
use water-to-air heat exchangers called coils to provide hot and/or
The use of fans to deliver ventilation as well as heated air was cold air for the controlled spaces. Another combination central supply
controlled by dampers, which varied the source and volume of air. The and end use zone system is a central chiller and boiler for the
conversion of primary energy, as well as a central fan system to building needs. Supervisory control systems have many names; each
delivery hot and/or cold air. The multiple end use zone systems are used for a particular emphasis. Among the names their acronyms are
mixing boxes, usually called VAV boxes. The typical uses of central the following:
systems are in larger, multistoried buildings where access to outside
air is more restricted. Typically central systems have lower operating 1. BAS: Building automation system.
costs.
2. EMCS: Energy monitoring and control system.
Besides packaged unitary and central systems, there are a variety of
special-purpose systems. These include the following: 3. FMS: Facility management system.

1. Heat pump cycles on chillers that use rejected heat or tower 4. EMS: Energy management system.
cooling.
5. BAS: Building automation system. (The most generic of these
2. Thermal storage. terms.)

3. Cogeneration of electricity and heat. DDC (direct digital control), is sometimes used to describe
everything a computer or microprocessor-based control system does.
Basic control. Basic control regulates the amount of heating The original use of the term providing closed-loop control of local
or cooling necessary to meet the load in conditioned spaces. Minimum loops by a digital computer or microprocessor.
outside air needed for ventilation is provided whenever a space is
occupied. When outside air temperature is a suitable source for free We implement direct digital control in stand-alone panels in
cooling, it's controlled as needed at values greater than the minimum. intelligent data-gathering panels that are the remote panels building
automation system. Energy management programs originally in the
The approach in packaged unitary equipment is to control the central computer of a building automation system are now placed in
generation of heating or cooling by space thermostats. The approach remote data-gathering panels; or even in stand-alone DDC controllers.
in central systems is to control the delivery of heating and cooling by This has led people to use DDC to describe all microprocessor-based
the end use zones to match the load in the space. The supply is control systems' functions.
controlled to match the load imposed by all the zones. A typical
method of doing this is for room thermostats to control zones, and Energy management application programs are different than
discharge controllers to control central supplies. Discharge local loop control and are named for their specific function, such as
temperature controllers control the rate of primary conversion (chillers start or demand control. The considerations of which energy
or boilers), and pressure controls determine the delivery rate of the management application programs should be used rely upon the type
pumps or fans distributing the central supply. In many cases there are of building and HVAC system. For instance, optimum start-stop
multiple boilers and/or chillers and pumps, which are put on or off line programs are not appropriate for a hospital that has 24-hour
as necessary to provide proper capacity. Those online are modulated operation. Load reset of supply temperatures is appropriate for
as necessary to meet load needs. The controls to put units online and systems that supplying heating and cooling simultaneously, such as
off-line would normally be applied to meet the system needs. reheat systems or hot and cold deck mixing box systems.

Supervisory control. The role of supervisory control is to Optimizing. The concept of optimizing control is not only to
control the scheduling and interaction of all the subsystems to meet control space conditions, but also to do it in a manner that minimizes
the energy and costs when different forms of energy are available. An distributors and branches. Some of the newcomers, who started with
optimizing strategy is generally to improve the efficiency of primary electric and electronic controls, expanded into pneumatic controls
supply equipment or to reduce the losses of energy in end-use either by their own development or by association with foreign
systems. The sizing of equipment is to meet maximum loads, but the companies.
equipment is usually run at less than maximum load. This means that
the part load characteristics of the equipment determines the When computer-based supervisory control systems came to
efficiency in meeting a given load. market, some larger companies with computer-based products
entered the HVAC controls market; but eventually gave up. As
When there are multiple chillers or boilers, an optimizing international business developed and companies became
strategy would be to choose the most efficient equipment that has the multinational, some foreign-based controls companies expanded into
capacity to meet the load at any given time. Also, with some types of the U.S. markets directly or through associations with smaller U.S.
end use systems, energy wasted by bucking heating against cooling control companies. During the 1970s, some small companies evolved
can be minimized by resetting supply temperature levels to be no with limited product lines for energy management functions. When
more than is necessary to meet a given load condition. Another way DDC became accepted, some small companies developed
to optimize is to use the thermal storage of a building to make use of microprocessor- based DDC controllers and supervisory systems.
energy stored at low cost and used when needed. Moving heat from
one area of a building to another can be an optimizing opportunity as The full line control companies that started out as major
well. players currently remain as major players but with more competitors
that have limited systems. Some major HVAC systems manufacturers
These optimizing principles are used for specific types of HVAC. have acquired or developed control capabilities. They market
The variable in all of these circumstances is the amount of heating or packaged HVAC systems with controls and supervisory control
cooling load and the control action to make some change in the way a systems. Some companies provide products for specific applications.
load is supplied. This process has led to the use of the terms load The selection of a source of supply should consider the life cycle
reset and dynamic load control to describe this general approach to needs and costs as well as the track record of suppliers.
optimizing control. The selection of the most efficient combination of
chillers to supply a cooling load has been called optimized chiller Room thermostats. The mounting of room thermostats and
selection. room humidistats has been the subject of much discussion, and for
many years the industry standard has been for the thermostat to be
History of HVAC controls. Before World War II, the main mounted near the door of a room 5 ft from the floor. The problem is
suppliers HVAC controls in commercial buildings were companies that that if the room is full of children, the thermostat is not controlling the
promoted pneumatic controls. The predominant idea at that time was temperature where the occupants are.
that controls for commercial buildings were too complicated to sell
over the counter and had to be installed and supervised by the It's important to study the location of the room thermostat or
controls manufacturer. This concept included having branch offices humidistat as to the effect of conditions at the thermostat.
with installers and service people. Remember, the thermostat responds only to what is going on at its
location. If there is a ceiling diffuser blowing air at the location where
Electric control systems for commercial buildings were the thermostat is mounted, there is going to be cycling of the system.
modulating type controls. They were sold on a supervised basis. When
several other companies entered the commercial controls market with Sometimes installers and others are concerned about the way
electric and electronic controls, some of their distribution was through thermostats and humidistats are mounted on the wall; that is,
whether they should be mounted in a horizontal or a vertical position. signal of 9 psi the temperature being sensed is 55 DegrF. In this case,
Generally, aside from writing on the unit's face, either horizontal or the transmitter produces a signal of 8-15 psi as its sensed
vertical mounting is fine. There is, however, one important exception: temperature goes from a low of 30 DegrF to 80 DegrF. Transmitters
when the thermostat is electric and has a mercury bulb switch are not strictly sensors but are sometimes classified as such, since
contact. This type is common in residential and commercial buildings they are devices that do not do the controlling themselves.
and requires the thermostat to be mounted a certain way. Some of
these require the installer to use a level to mount it properly. Dampers. Automatic dampers have two classifications: The
parallel blade, and the opposed blade. The parallel blade types were
Room thermostats and humidistats are devices that control the first ones used.
automatic valves and dampers in a control system. These devices
have built in sensors as well as moving parts that control the device. The air that is being controlled can be considered an
An example is a pneumatic thermostat that has a bimetalic sensor incompressible fluid at pressures below 12 in. of water. Above that,
and a relay. Usually the complete package is under one cover on the compressibility should be considered. Gases (air) can bend so that the
wall, and all action takes place at the thermostat. There are, however, volume will not be affected, and may not be controlled at all. Air can
sensors that are mounted under the cover in the room that have no easily stratify in duct. Therefore, a damper can be considered a poor
actuators (relays) under the same cover. They usually transmit the control device at best. At the same time, dampers can be as good at
temperature information to another device at a remote location that control as valves, provided they are sized properly.
does the controlling with relays, and so on. Normally this principle is
used in electronic control systems involving a wire wound resistor Parallel versus opposed blade dampers. Parallel blade dampers
mounted under a cover that reads the temperature in the space and tend to bend the air during the first few degrees of rotation as they go
transmits that information to an electronic controller in an equipment from full open to closed, and thus do little controlling in the first 20%-
room. 30% of movement. They bend the streams, rather than modulate
them. But bending there are instances where this bending of air is
Often, there is confusion with the terms thermostat and sensor. useful, as when mixing air streams.
The concept of a sensor under a cover in the room is new and came
about because of the advent of electronic control systems. Room Opposed blade dampers are usually used where better control
sensors are used with other control systems and are sometimes called of the airstreams are desired and we want to prevent large amounts
transmitters. In the case of pneumatic controls, the transmitters use a of stratification in the ductwork. Some dampers are not used for
sensor and a special relay that transmits a pneumatic air signal control or to maintain comfort are used for safety. These are the fire
proportional to the medium being sensed. An example is a transmitter and smoke dampers.
under a room thermostat cover that transmits an air signal based
upon the temperature being sensed in the room. Fire and smoke dampers. Fire dampers are put in the ductwork
to stop the spread of fires, and to confine any fires to one area of a
The transmitter may look like a thermostat, but it does no system. As such, they need to be made of rugged material that can
controlling by itself: it depends upon a receiver controller in a different withstand heat. They are seldom pivoted in the middle like an
location to take the action on the controlled device. The dials of these automatic damper, although they can be similar. They are almost
devices are only used for calibration, and are not moved once they always held in the open position by a linkage system that can be
are. These transmitters come in standard ranges and send out an a fused and is designed to melt and close when the temperature
signal based on the medium being sensed. An example is a room reaches about 165 DegrF. The closure is accomplished by springs or
transmitter with a range of 30 DegrF to 80 DegrF that sends out a weights, and the dam must never be of the type that can be easily
opened during a fire situation. In all cases, the dampers must meet
the requirements of such organizations as the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) and Underwriters Laboratories (UL). The locations
of the dampers are clearly spelled out in most codes that apply to a
particular type of system.

Smoke dampers, on the other hand, are not required by all codes.
They are manufactured by vendors that supply automatic dampers,
and in some cases are used as both control and smoke dampers. With
these dampers, as with fire dampers, there are codes that apply, but
they usually are not as stringent as those for fire dampers. Smoke HVAC Control systems
dampers to stop the propagation of smoke and the resulting panic in
event of a fire. Generally, they are involved with the central control
and monitoring systems.

Manual Dampers. Manual dampers are an important part of the

overall system, in particular the ability to balance the system and
assist the control system to work better. They are used primarily to
balance constant volume systems correct amount of air is distributed
to the various places at the rate. They can be of the splitter type or
the usual closure type. Splitter dampers try to split the air and redirect
it to various sections ductwork. Balancing dampers try to apportion
the air to the different sections of ductwork so the correct amount
gets to the correct p all times.

Static control dampers. Static control dampers are different

from the usual control dam in that they maintain the static pressure in fig (1): HVAC control system elements
the duct work base the action from a static pressure controller. Since HVAC control system, from the simplest room thermostat to the most
static pressure is usually difficult to control in a system, static control complicated computerized control, has four basic elements (see
dampers need to be the best available for their applications. fig.1):
1. Sensors.
Damper motors. Damper motors are not motors in the true 2. Controllers.
sense of the word, but the term has been used and has stuck with the 3. Controlled devices.
industry. Damper motors are the devices (both pneumatic and
4. Source of energy.
electric) that operate the dampers in a system from the control signal
of a device. 1- Sensors
Sensor measures actual value of controlled variable such as
temperature, humidity or flow and provides information to the
controller.
 Type of Sensors 1. Resistance Temperature Devices (RTD).
Different types of sensors produce different types of signals as 2. Thermistors.
follows:
3. Thermocouples.

Analog sensors are used to monitor continuously changing Relative Humidity Sensors which include:
conditions. The analog sensor provides the controller with a varying 1. Resistance Relative Humidity Sensor.
signal such as 0 to 10V. 2. Capacitance Relative Humidity Sensor.
Digital sensors are used to provide two position open or 3. Temperature Condensation.
closed signal such as a pump that is on or off. The digital sensor 4. Condensation & Wetting.
provides the controller with a discrete signal such as open or closed
5. Quartz Crystal Relative Humidity Sensor.
contacts.
Pressure Sensors which include:
Classification of Sensors 1. Variable Resistance
Typical sensors used in electronic control systems are: 2. Capacitance
Flow Sensors which include:
1. Orifice.
2. Venturi Tube.
3. Flow Nozzles.
4. Vortex Shedding Sensors.
5. Positive Displacement Flow Sensors.
6. Turbine Based Flow Sensors.
Sensors
7. Magnetic Flow Sensors.
Resistance sensors are Resistance Temperature Devices
8. Ultrasonic Flow Sensors.
(RTDs)and are used in measuring temperature. Examples are BALCO
elements, Copper, Platinum, 10K Thermistors, and 30K Thermistors. Air Flow Measurements which include:

Voltage sensors could be used for temperature, humidity and 1. Hot Wire Anemometers.
pressure. Typical voltage input ranges are 0 to 5 Vdc (Volts direct 2. Pitot Static Tube.
current), 1 to 11 Vdc, and 0 to 10 Vdc. Liquid Level Measurements which include:
Current sensors could be used for temperature, humidity, 1. Hydrostatic Sensors.
and pressure. The typical current range is 4 to 20 mA (milliamps).
2. Ultrasonic Sensors.
Temperature Sensors which include: 3. Capacitance Sensors.
1. Bi-Metallic Strip.
2- Controllers
2. Sealed Bellows. Controller receives input from sensor, processes the input and
3. Bulb & Capillary Sensors. then produces intelligent output signal for controlled device.
Electronic Sensors which include:
Controller Types:
1. Temperature Controllers.
2. Relative Humidity Controllers.
3. Enthalpy Controllers.
4. Universal Controllers.
3- Controlled devices
Controlled device acts to modify controlled variable as directed
by controller.
Controlled Devices Types
1. Control Valves.
2. Heating and Cooling Coils.
3. Dampers.
4. Actuators.
5. Pumps & Fans.
4- Source of energy
Source of energy is needed to power the control system. Electric controlled devices provide ON / OFF or two-position
Control systems use either a pneumatic or electric power supply. control. In residential and small commercial applications, low voltage
electrical controls are most common. A transformer is used to reduce
the 115 volt alternating current (AC) to a nominal 24 volts. This
Aims of HVAC Control Systems:
voltage signal is controlled by thermostats, and can open gas solenoid
valves, energize oil burners or solenoid valves on the DX cooling,
HVAC Control Systems are used for the following benfits: control electric heat, operate two position valves and damper or turn
1. Lower energy cost. on-off fans and pumps.
2. Lower operations cost. A relay or contactor is used to switch line voltage equipment
3. Increase flexibility. with the low voltage control signal. An electronic control system can
4. Ensure quality building environment. be enhanced with visual displays that show system status and
operation.
Type of Control Systems
there are (5) different type of HVAC Control Systems as follows:
3- Pneumatic Systems
1- Direct Acting Systems
The simplest form of controller is direct-acting, comprising a
sensing element which transmits power to a valve through a capillary,
bellows and diaphragm. The measuring system derives its energy
from the process under control without amplification by any auxiliary
source of power which makes it simple and easy to use. The most
common example is the thermostatic radiator valve which adjusts the
valve by liquid expansion or vapor pressure.

2- Electric / Electronic Systems

 The most popular control system for large buildings historically
has been pneumatics which can provide both On-Off and modulating
control. Pneumatic actuators are described in terms of their spring
range.

Compressed air with an input pressure can be regulated by

thermostats and humidistat. By varying the discharge air pressure
from these devices, the signal can be used directly to open valves,
close dampers, and energize other equipment. The copper or plastic Direct Digital Control (DDC) is the most common deployed
control system today. The sensors and output devices (e.g., actuators,
tubing carry the control signals around the building, which is relatively
inexpensive. The pneumatic system is very durable, is safe in relays) used for electronic control systems are usually the same ones
hazardous areas where electrical sparks must be avoided, and most used on microprocessor-based systems. The distinction between
importantly, is capable of modulation, or operation at part load electronic control systems and microprocessor-based systems is in the
condition. While the 24-volt electrical control system could only handling of the input signals. In an electronic control system, the
energize a damper fully open or fully closed, a pneumatic control analog sensor signal is amplified, and then compared to a set point or
system can hold that damper at 25%, 40% or 80% open. This allows override signal through voltage or current comparison and control
more accurate matching of the supply with the load. circuits. In a microprocessor-based system, the sensor input is
converted to a digital form, where discrete instructions (algorithms)
Pneumatic controls use clean, dry & oil free compressed air, perform the process of comparison and control. Most subsystems,
both as the control signal medium and to drive the valve stem with from VAV boxes to boilers and chillers, now have an onboard DDC
the use of diaphragms system to optimize the performance of that unit. A communication
protocol known as BACNet is a standard protocol that allows control
units from different manufacturers to pass data to each other.
4- Microprocessor Systems
5- Mixed Systems

Combinations of controlled devices are possible. For example,

electronic controllers can modulate a pneumatic actuator. Also, serve as a standalone system for the local peer to peer controller
proportional electronic signals can be sent to a device called network only. Additionally, the BAS controllers themselves do not need
transducer, which converts these signals into proportional air pressure a computer to process the control functions as the controllers have
signals used by the pneumatic actuators. A sensor-transducer their own internal processors.. These microprocessors, communication
assembly is called a transmitter. network in addition to central controller constitute what is called
a direct digital control DDC system.
The definitions for Transducer and Transmitter will be as
follows: What is DDC?

Transducer changes the sensor signal to an electrical signal It is a control system that uses a computer or many computers
(e.g. a pressure into a voltage) linked together via a network that controls the infrastructure of a
building. DDC control consists of microprocessor-based controllers
Transmitter is the electronic circuitry to enable a suitable with the control logic performed by software. Most systems distribute
strength voltage proportional to the sensed parameter to be sent to a the software to remote controllers to eliminate the need for
controller. continuous communication capability. The computer is primarily used
to monitor the status of the system, store back-up copies of the
Supervisory control (building automation) system programs and record alarming and trending functions. Complex
strategies and energy management functions are readily available at
The role of supervisory control is to control the scheduling and the lowest level in the system architecture. The central diagnostic
interaction of all the subsystems inside a building to meet building capabilities are also a significant asset.
needs with appropriate operator input.
The DDC is actually a distributed control system with several
Supervisory control systems have many names; each used for distributed control components which are as follows:
a particular emphasis. Among the names and their acronyms are the
following: 1- Controllers

1. BMS: Building management system Microprocessor based controllers in DDC system may be
divided to two types; Central (system) Controller and Dedicated Unit
2. EMCS: Energy monitoring and control system (Zone) Controllers as follows:

3. FMS: Facility management system A- The central controller

4. EMS: Energy management system

5. BAS: Building automation system (The most generic of these

terms)

BAS is where mechanical and electrical systems and

equipment are joined with microprocessors that communicate with
each other and possibly to a computer. This computer and controllers
in the building automation system can be networked to the internet or
 functional control for a terminal or a piece of HVAC&R equipment. Unit
controllers are often connected in a separate network and supported
by a system controller.

2- I/O Points
The information presented upon a BMS is derived from
monitoring the status of inputs and outputs. Input points provide
information to the controls system, e.g. temperatures, pressures etc.
Output points are the control signals to equipment. Each input or
output
(Termed an I/O point) provides an electronic interface between
the BMS computer equipment and the wires in the building.
Inputs and outputs can be either:
controller 1. Digital, i.e. on or off, such as the signal to turn a system on
Modern building management systems consist of a central and off at the beginning and end of a day; or
computer, which normally has a screen that an experienced operator 2. Analogue, i.e. continuously variable over a range, such as a
can use to interpret and alter performance. This is linked to controllers temperature signal.
by a network, which operates as a two-way channel for information Special modules are required to provide the I/O points and
and commands throughout the system. Local controllers and sensors each system has a limitation on the total number of points that can be
are connected to this data-bus and do the work of controlling connected. Naturally the more points a system is capable of
individual systems. monitoring or controlling, the higher the system costs. Analogue
In some systems, there may not be any screen, but just box points are also usually more expensive than digital points.
with a small LCD readout. The I/O is arranged in blocks to suit a computer addressing
Such systems normally have the capability of providing a full method so they are usually purchased as
screen readout. However, without such a screen they are very difficult standard I/O modules containing 4, 8, 16 or 32 points. Separate
for the inexperienced operator to work with and represent a barrier modules are usually required for the dedicated type of I/O i.e. input,
between the building manager, the energy manager, or any external output, analogue, digital, range or voltage level etc. When new points
consultant and the control system. are required a complete module may have to be installed.

B- Dedicated Unit Controllers 3- Network

The network is a communications system that connects the

central controller to the local controllers. Some systems use 'open'
communication protocols, which allow controllers of many
manufacturers to talk to each other. These systems are generally
preferable to systems that are manufacturer-specific.

Dedicated Unit Controllers Introduction to DDC system design

Also called a terminal controller, it usually has limited capacity
to execute factory-loaded computer programs and to provide There are six steps of DDC system design as follows:
1- Draw a System schematic

3- Write Point list

A System schematic Diagram is a schematic drawing of the

arrangement of the entire system to be controlled including all
interacting components. The location of all control system inputs and
outputs associated with the HVAC system should be included on this
diagram.

2- Write Control point designations.

Each physical point on the project as well as key virtual points

should be identified on a points list. The list should include important
parameters such as sensor accuracy requirements, alarm limits, and
trending requirements.

4- Draw DDC system architecture.

 the sequence of operation describes the required HVAC control
process in detail including all operational and interlock requirements.

5- Write Sequence of operation

6- Write Specifications

The performance and installation requirements for the sensors,
actuators, final control elements, controllers, workstations and other
components that comprise the control system are detailed in the
specifications. Control damper and control valve schedules are an
important component of these specifications.
The application of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
(HVAC) controls starts with an understanding of the building and the
use of the spaces to be conditioned and controlled. All control systems
operate in accordance with few basic principles but before we discuss
these, lets address few fundamentals of the HVAC system first.
Why Automatic Controls?
The capacity of the HVAC system is typically designed for the
extreme conditions. Most operation is part load/off design as variables
such as solar loads, occupancy, ambient temperatures, equipment &
lighting loads etc keep on changing through out the day. Deviation
from design shall result in drastic swings or imbalance since design
capacity is greater than the actual load in most operating scenarios.
Without control system, the system will become unstable and HVAC
would overheat or overcool spaces.
.