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 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
1.2 NEED
1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 DIAGRID STRUCTURE
2.2 BUNDLED TUBE

METHODOLOGY
3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
3.2 TUBE STRUCTURES
3.3 FRAMED TUBE
3.4 TRUSS TUBE
3.5 BUNDLED TUBE
3.6 NON LINEAR DIRECT INTEGRATION TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS IN SAP 2000

3.7 SUMMARY

CASE STUDY
4.1: BUILDING DESCRIPTION
4.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF THE BUILDING
4.3 GENERAL DATA COLLECTIONS
4.4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF THE BUILDING
4.5 GENERAL DATA COLLECTIONS
4.6 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF THE BUILDING
4.7 GENERAL DATA COLLECTIONS
4.8 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF THE BUILDING
4.9 GENERAL DATA COLLECTIONS
4.10 Pre-Processing Steps in SAP
4.11 ANALYSIS METHODS
4.11.1 Equivalent Static Method
4.12 NON-LINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
4.13 NON-LINEAR DIRECT-INTEGRATION TIME HISTORY LOAD CASES

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 BASE ISOLATION OF FIVE STOREY SYMMETRIC BUILDING
5.2 BASE ISOLATION OF TEN STOREY SYMMETRIC BUILDING
5.3 BASE ISOLATION OF FIFTEEN STOREY SYMMETRIC BUILDING
5.4 BASE ISOLATION OF TWENTY STOREY SYMMETRIC BUILDING

CONCLUSIONS
6.1GENERAL
6.2CONCLUSIONS
6.3 SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

REFERENCES
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 LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER:3
Figure 3.1 General Non-Linear Force-Deformation Relationships
Figure 3.2Illustrates the P- effect in the framed structure.
Figure 3.3: Function of Base Isolation system.
Figure 3.4: Illustrates the lengthening of time period due to Base-Isolation system.
Figure 3.5: Illustrates the function of base isolator system subjected to seismic forces

Figure 3.6Illustrates the Lead Rubber Bearing and the corresponding force-deformation graph

Figure 3.7Construction of New Zealand Rubber Bearing System.

CHAPTER:4
Figure 4.1: Plan Views of Buildings
Figure 4.2: Isometric Views of Models 1 & 2.
Figure 4.3: Isometric views of Models 3 & 4.
Figure 4.4: Elevation and Isometric view of model-1
Figure 4.5: Elevation and Isometric view of model-2
Figure 4.6: Elevation and Isometric Views of Model-3
Figure 4.7: Elevation and Isometric Views of Model-4
Figure. 4.8: Geometry of the structure and also the sections assigned.
Figure 4.9: Wall loads according to the data presented in the table.
Figure 4.10: super Dead load (FFL) 1.25kN/m^2 according to the data presented in the table

Figure 4.11: Live load of 2KN/m^2 according to the data presented in the table
Figure 4.12: Illustrates the Equivalent static gravity & lateral loads Applied on the Structure.

Figure 4.13: Illustrates the lateral static Load Eqx.

Figure 4.14: Modal load case set to calculate the mode shapes.
Figure 4.15: Load cases set to perform the linear static analysis
Figure 4.16: Bhuj-N-E component earthquake ground acceleration record
Figure 4.17: Bhuj-N-Wcomponent earthquake ground acceleration record.
Figure 4.18: Illustrates the non-linear direct integration time history (th-x) load case using Bhuj-N-E
time history function.
Figure 4.19:Illustrates the Rayleigh damping which is also called as mass and stiffness proportional
damping
Figure 4.20: Illustrates the Non-Linear Direct Integration Time History (th-y) load case using Bhuj-N-W
time history function.
Figure 4.21: Performance levels according to hinge states.
Fig 4.22 FH-1 Frame non-linear hinge property for beams
Fig 4.23 FH-2 Frame non-linear hinge property for columns
Fig 4.24 Illustrates the non-linear modal time history load case (th-x).
Fig 4.25 Illustrates rubber bearing Base Isolator properties in the functional local axes.

Figure 4.26: Illustrates the rubber bearing base isolator material properties like effective stiffness,
stiffness, yield strength and post-yield stiffness ratio for five storey building.

Figure 4.27: Illustrates the Rubber Bearing base isolator material properties as effective stiffness,
stiffness, yield strength and post-yield stiffness ratio for twenty storey building.

Figure 4.28: Illustrates the Base Isolation provided to the structure to control the seismic response of the
structure.

CHAPTER:5
Figure 5.1: Comparison of storey drifts of the FIVE storey symmetrical building with and without base
isolation.
Figure 5.2: Comparison of storey displacement of the FIVE storey symmetrical building with and without
base isolation.
Figure 5.3: Base shear for five storey building without base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.4: Base shear for five storey building with base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.5: Comparison of Base-shear of the five storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.6: base moment for five storey symmetric building. Without base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.7: base moment for five storey symmetric building with base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.8: Comparison of base moment of the five storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.9: Comparison of time period of the five storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.10: Comparison of deformed shapes for five storey symmetric building without and with base
isolation.
Figure 5.11: Comparison of storey drifts of the TEN storey symmetrical building with and without base
isolation.
Figure 5.12: Comparison of storey displacement of the TEN storey symmetrical building with and without
base isolation.
Figure 5.13: Base shear for TEN storey building without base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.14: Base shear for TEN storey building with base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.15: Comparison of Base-shear of the TEN storey building with and without base isolation
Figure 5.16: base moment for TEN storey symmetric building. Without base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.17: base moment for TEN storey symmetric building. With base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.18: Comparison of base moment of the TEN storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.19: Comparison of time period of the TEN storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.20: Comparison of deformed shapes for TEN storey symmetric building without and with base
isolation.
Figure 5.21: Comparison of storey drifts of the FIFTEEN storey symmetrical building with and without
base isolation.
Figure 5.22: Comparison of storey displacement of the FIFTEEN storey symmetrical building with and
without base isolation.
Figure 5.23: Base shear for FIFTEEN storey building without base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.24: Base shear for FIFTEEN storey building with base isolation for load case th-x
Figure 5.25: Comparison of Base-shear of the FIFTEEN storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.26: base moment for FIFTEEN storey symmetric building. Without base isolation for load case
th-x
Figure 5.27: base moment for FIFTEEN storey symmetric building.With base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.28: Comparison of base moment of the FIFTEEN storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.29: Comparison of time period of the FIFTEEN storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.30: Comparison of deformed shapes for FIFTEEN storey symmetric building without and with
base isolation.
Figure 5.31: Comparison of storey drifts of the TWENTY storey symmetrical building with and without
base isolation
Figure 5.32: Comparison of storey displacement of the TWENTY storey symmetrical building with and
without base isolation.
5.33: Base shear for TWENTY storey building without base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.34: Base shear for TWENTY storey building with base isolation for load case th-x

Figure 5.35: Comparison of Base-shear of the TWENTY storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.36: base moment for TWENTY storey symmetric building. Without base isolation for load case
th-x
Figure 5.37: base moment for TWENTY storey symmetric building. With base isolation for load case th-x
Figure 5.38: Comparison of base moment of the TWENTY storey building with and without base
isolation
Figure 5.39: Comparison of time period of the TWENTY storey building with and without base isolation

Figure 5.40: Comparison of deformed shapes for TWENTY storey symmetric building without and with
base isolation.
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 LIST OF TABLES
UNIT:3
1 Table 3.1 Damping ratios of different materials 21
Table 3.2 Details about code provisions of IS 1893-2002 (Part-1) about the
2 seismic weight. 27
3 Table 3.3 Formulae for Calculating Responses 40

UNIT:4

1 Table 4.1 Assumed Preliminary data required for the Analysis of the frame 43

2 Table 4.2 General data collection and condition assessment of building 49