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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
Hin php
Cc Lut, Php
B lut L lut c lin quan
Cc Ngh nh
N 06/CP c lin quan
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
trng, c bit l ngh nh 06/CP ca Chnh ph ngy 20/1/1995 qui nh chi tit mt s iu
ca B lut Lao ng v ATL, VSL.
Ngh nh 06/CP gm 7 chng 24 iu:
Chng I. i tng v phm vi p dng.
Chng II. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng.
Chng III. Tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.
Chng IV. Quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng lao ng, ngi lao ng.
Chng V. Trch nhim ca c quan nh nc.
Chng VI. Trch nhim ca t chc cng on.
Chng VII. iu khon thi hnh.
Trong ngh nh, vn ATL, VSL c nu kh c th v c bn, n c t
trong tng th ca vn lao ng vi nhng kha cnh khc ca lao ng, c nu ln mt
cch cht ch v hon thin hn so vi nhng vn bn trc .
Ngy 27/12/2002 chnh ph ban hnh ngh nh s 110/2002/N-CP v vic sa i,
b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 06?CP ( ban hnh ngy 20/01/1995) quy nh chi tit mt
s iu ca B lut lao ng v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng.
Ngoi ra cn mt s ngh nh khc vi mt s ni dung c lin quan n ATVSL nh:
- Ngh nh 195/CP (31/12/1994) ca Chnh ph qui nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh
mt s iu ca B lut Lao ng v thi gi lm vic, thi gi ngh ngi.
- Ngh nh 38/CP (25/6/1996) ca Chnh ph qui nh x pht hnh chnh v hnh vi vi
phm php lut lao ng trong c nhng qui nh lin quan n hnh vi vi phm v
ATVSL.
- Ngh nh 46/CP (6/8/1996) ca Chnh ph qui nh x pht hnh chnh trong lnh vc
qun l Nh nc v y t, trong c mt s quy nh lin quan n hnh vi vi phm v VSL.
2.1.3. Cc Ch th, Thng t c lin quan n ATVSL
a. Cc ch th:
Cn c vo cc iu trong chng IX B lut Lao ng, Ngh nh 06/CP v tnh hnh
thc t, Th tng ban hnh cc ch th nhng thi im thch hp, ch o vic y mnh
cng tc ATVSL, phng chng chy n...
Trong s cc ch th c ban hnh trong thi gian thc hin B lut Lao ng, c 2 ch
th quan trng c tc dng trong mt thi gian tng i di, l:
- Ch th s 237/TTg (19/4/1996) ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng cc bin
php thc hin cng tc PCCC. Ch th nu r nguyn nhn xy ra nhiu v chy, gy thit
hi nghim trng l do vic qun l v t chc thc hin cng tc PCCC ca cc cp, ngnh c
s v cng dn cha tt.
- Ch th s 13/1998/CT-TTg (26/3/1998) ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng ch
o v t chc thc hin cng tc BHL trong tnh hnh mi. y l mt ch th rt quan trng
c tc dng tng cng v nng cao hiu lc qun l nh nc, vai tr, trch nhim ca mi t
chc, c nhn trong vic bo m ATVSL, phng chng chy n, duy tr v ci thin iu
kin lm vic, bo m sc khe v an ton cho ngi lao ng trong nhng nm cui ca th
k XX v trong thi gian u ca th k XXI.
b. Cc Thng t:
C nhiu thng t lin quan n ATVSL, nhng y ch nu ln nhng thng t
cp ti cc vn thuc ngha v v quyn ca ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng:
- Thng t lin tch s 14/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN (31/10/1998) hng
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
dn vic t chc thc hin cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip, c s sn xut kinh doanh vi
nhng ni dung c bn sau:
+ Quy nh v t chc b my v phn nh trch nhim v BHL doanh nghip.
+ Xy dng k hoch BHL.
+ Nhim v v quyn hn v BHL ca Cng on doanh nghip.
+ Thng k, bo co v s kt tng kt v BHL.
- Thng t s 10/1998/TT-LTBXH ( 28/5/1998) hng dn thc hin ch trang b
phng tin bo v c nhn.
- Thng t s 08/TT-LTBXH ( 11/4/95) hng dn cng tc hun luyn v ATVSL.
- Thng t s 13/TT-BYT (24/10/1996) hng dn thc hin qun l v sinh lao ng,
qun l sc kho ca ngi lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.
- Thng t lin tch s 08/1998/TTLT-BYT-BLTBXH ( 20/4/98) hng dn thc hin
cc quy nh v bnh ngh nghip.
- Thng t lin tch s 03/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN ( 26/3/1998) hng
dn khai bo v iu tra tai nn lao ng.
- Thng t lin tch s 10/1999/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT hng dn thc hin ch bi
dng bng hin vt i vi ngi lao ng lm vic trong iu kin c yu t nguy him, c
hi.
- Thng t s 23/LTBXH ( 18/11/96) hng dn thc hin ch thng k bo co nh
k tai nn lao ng.
2.2. Nhng ni dung v ATVSL trong b lut lao ng
Nhng ni dung ny c quy nh ch yu trong Chng IX v " An ton lao ng, v
sinh lao ng " ca B lut Lao ng v c quy nh chi tit trong Ngh nh 06/CP ngy
20/1/1995 ca Chnh ph.
2.2.1. i tng v phm vi p dng chng IX B lut Lao ng v ngh nh 06/CP:
(c quy nh trong iu 2, 3, 4 chng I B lut Lao ng v c c th ha trong
iu 1 Ngh nh 06/CP)
i tng v phm vi c p dng cc qui nh v ATL, VSL bao gm: Mi t
chc, c nhn s dng lao ng, mi cng chc, vin chc, mi ngi lao ng k c ngi hc
ngh, th vic trong cc lnh vc, cc thnh phn kinh t, trong lc lng v trang v cc doanh
nghip, t chc, c quan nc ngoi, t chc quc t ng trn lnh th Vit Nam.
2.2.2. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng:
c th hin trong tng phn hoc ton b cc iu 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104
ca B lut lao ng v c c th ha trong chng II ca N06/CP t iu 2 n iu 8 bao
gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
- Trong xy dng, m rng, ci to cc cng trnh, s dng, bo qun, lu gi cc loi my,
thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v ATL, VSL, cc ch u t, ngi s
dng lao ng phi lp lun chng v cc bin php m bo ATL, VSL. Lun chng phi
c y ni dung vi cc bin php phng nga, x l v phi c c quan thanh tra
ATVSL chp thun. Phi c th ho cc yu cu, ni dung, bin php m bo ATVSL theo
lun chng c duyt khi thc hin.
- Vic thc hin tiu chun ATL, VSL l bt buc. Ngi s dng lao ng phi xy
dng qui trnh m bo ATVSL cho tng loi my, thit b, vt t v ni quy ni lm vic.
- Vic nhp khu cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim nght v ATL,
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
vic thc hin k hoch BHL v cc bin php m bo an ton, sc khe ngi lao ng
trong sn xut. xut cc bin php khc phc thiu st, tn ti.
2.3. Nhng vn khc c lin quan n cng tc BHL trong
b lut lao ng
2.3.1. Thi gi lm vic v thi gi ngh ngi
Vn ny c quy nh trong cc iu 68, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81 chng XII B lut Lao
ng, c quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh trong ngh nh 195/CP ngy 31/12/1994 v
thng t s 07/LTBXH ngy 11/4/1995.
a/ Thi gi lm vic:
- Thi gian lm vic khng qu 8 gi trong mt ngy hoc 40 gi trong mt tun. Ngi s
dng lao ng c quyn quy nh thi gi lm vic theo ngy hoc tun v ngy ngh hng tun
ph hp vi iu kin sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip nhng khng c tri vi quy
nh trn v phi thng bo trc cho ngi lao ng bit.
- Thi gi lm vic hng ngy c rt ngn t mt n hai gi i vi nhng ngi lm cc
cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him theo danh mc do B LTBXH ban hnh
km theo quyt nh s 1453/LTBXH-Q ngy 13/10/1995, s 915/LTBXH-Q ngy
30/7/1996 v s 1629/LTBXH ngy 26/12/1996.
- Ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng c th tho thun lm thm gi, nhng khng
c qu 4 gi/ngy v 200 gi/nm. i vi cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him
ngi lao ng khng c lm thm qu 3 gi/ ngy v 9 gi / tun.
- Thi gi tnh lm vic ban m c quy nh nh sau:
+ T 22 n 6 gi sng cho khu vc t Tha Thin - Hu tr ra pha Bc.
+ T 21 n 5 gi sng cho khu vc t Nng tr vo pha Nam.
b/ Thi gian ngh ngi
- Ngi lao ng lm vic 8 gi lin tc th c ngh t nht na gi, tnh vo gi lm vic.
- Ngi lm vic ca m c ngh gia ca t nht 45 pht, tnh vo gi lm vic.
- Ngi lm vic theo ca c ngh t nht 12 gi trc khi chuyn sang ca khc.
- Mi tun ngi lao ng c ngh t nht mt ngy ( 24 gi lin tc) c th vo ngy ch
nht hoc mt ngy c nh khc trong tun.
- Ngi lao ng c ngh lm vic, hng nguyn lng nhng ngy l sau y: Tt
dng lch:1 ngy, tt m lch: 4 ngy, ngy chin thng(30/4 Dng lch): 1 ngy, ngy Quc
t lao ng(1/5 Dng lch): 1 ngy, ngy Quc khnh(2/9): 1 ngy. Nu nhng ngy ngh ni
trn trng vo ngy ngh hng tun th ngi lao ng c ngh b vo ngy tip theo.
- Ngi lao ng c 12 thng lm vic ti mt doanh nghip hoc vi mt ngi s dng lao
ng th c ngh php hng nm, hng nguyn lng theo quy nh sau y:
+ 12 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm cng vic trong iu kin bnh thng.
+ 14 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm vic nng nhc, c hi, nguy him hoc
nhng ni c iu kin sng khc nghit v i vi ngi di 18 tui.
+ 16 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him.
- Ngi lao ng c ngh v vic ring m vn hng nguyn lng trong nhng trng
hp sau: Kt hn ngh 3 ngy, con kt hn ngh mt ngy, b m (c bn v v bn chng) cht,
v hoc chng cht, con cht ngh 3 ngy.
2.3.2. Quy nh v an ton - v sinh lao ng
a/ Lp lun chng an ton - v sinh lao ng:
- Vic xy dng mi hoc m rng, ci to c s sn xut, s dng, bo qun, lu gi v
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
tng tr cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v ATL, VSL, phi
c lun chng v cc bin php m bo ATL, VSL i vi ni lm vic ca ngi lao ng
v mi trng xung quanh theo quy nh ca php lut.
- Vic sn xut, s dng, bo qun, vn chuyn cc loi my, thit b, vt t, nng lng,
in, ho cht, vic thay i cng ngh, nhp khu cng ngh mi phi c thc hin theo tiu
chun ATL, VSL. Phi c khai bo, ng k v xin cp giy php vi c quan thanh tra
nh nc v ATL,VSL.
b/ Bi thng tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip:
- Ngi s dng lao ng phi chu ton b chi ph y t t khi s cu, cp cu n khi iu
tr xong cho ngi b tai nn lao ng hoc bnh ngh nghip. Ngi lao ng c hng ch
bo him x hi v tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip.
- Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nhim bi thng t nht bng 30 thng lng cho ngi
lao ng b suy gim kh nng lao ng t 81% tr ln hoc cho thn nhn ngi cht do tai
nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip m khng do li ca ngi lao ng. Trng hp do li ca
ngi lao ng, th cng c tr cp mt khon tin t nht bng 12 thng lng.
2.3.3. Bo h lao ng i vi lao ng n, lao ng v thnh nin, lao ng tn tt
a/ i vi lao ng n:
Lao ng n c nhng c th so vi lao ng nam, ngoi lao ng cn c chc nng
sinh , nui con. iu 113 ca B lut Lao ng, iu 11 ca ngh nh 23/CP (18/4/19960),
thng t s 03/TTLB-LTBXH-BYT (28/11/1994) quy nh cc iu kin lao ng c hi v
cc cng vic khng c s dng lao ng n. Ni dung chnh ca cc iu v vn bn trn
nh sau:
- Ngi s dng lao ng khng c s dng ngi lao ng n lm nhng cng vic nng
nhc, nguy him hoc tip xc vi cc cht c hi c nh hng xu ti chc nng sinh v
nui con.
- Doanh nghip ang s dng lao ng n lm cc cng vic ni trn phi c k hoch o
to ngh, chuyn dn ngi lao ng n sang cng vic khc ph hp, tng cng cc bin
php bo v sc khe, ci thin iu kin lao ng hoc gim bt thi gi lm vic.
Ngoi ra cn mt s vn bn hng dn ni dung thc hin ch i vi lao ng n :
- Nghim cm ngi s dng lao ng c hnh vi phn bit i x vi ph n, xc phm
danh d v nhn phm ph n. Phi thc hin nguyn tc bnh ng nam n v tuyn dng, s
dng, nng bc lng v tr cng lao ng.
- Ngi lao ng n c ngh trc v sau khi sinh con l 6 thng. Khng c s dng lao
ng n c thai t thng th 7 hoc ang nui con di 12 thng lm thm gi, lm vic ban
m v i cng tc xa. Trong thi gian nui con di 12 thng c ngh mi ngy 60 pht.
- Ni c s dng lao ng n phi c ch thay qun o, bung tm v bung v sinh n.
- Trong thi gian ngh vic i khm thai, do sy thai, ngh chm sc con di 7 tui
m au, ngi lao ng c hng tr cp bo him x hi.
b/ i vi lao ng cha thnh nin:
Nhng vn BHL i vi lao ng cha thnh nin ( ngi lao ng di 18 tui)
c quy nh trong cc iu121, 122 ca B lut Lao ng v thng t s 09/TTLT-LTBXH-
BYT ngy 13/4/1995 bao gm mt s ni dung chnh sau:
- Ngi s dng lao ng ch c s dng lao cha thnh nin vo nhng cng vic ph
hp vi sc khe m bo cho s pht trin th lc, tr lc, nhn cch v c trch nhim quan
tm chm sc ngi lao ng cha thnh nin v cc mt lao ng, tin lng, sc khe, hc
tp trong qu trnh lao ng. Cm s dng ngi lao ng cha thnh nin lm nhng cng vic
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
e. Bin php y t bo v sc khe:Bao gm cc cng tc kim tra sc khe ngi lao ng,
khm tuyn khng chn ngi mc bnh no vo lm nhng v tr bt li v sc khe.
Theo di sc khe ngi lao ng thng xuyn v lin tc. Tin hnh gim nh kh nng lao
ng v hng dn tp luyn phc hi li kh nng lao ng cho nhng ngi lao ng b tai
nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip hoc bnh mn tnh.... Thng xuyn kim tra VSATL, cung
cp y nc ung, thc n m bo cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm.
3.2. Vi kh hu trong sn xut
3.2.1. Khi nim v nh ngha
Vi kh hu l trng thi l hc ca khng kh trong khong khng gian thu hp gm cc
yu t nhit , m, bc x nhit v vn tc chuyn ng khng kh. iu kin vi kh hu
trong sn xut ph thuc vo tnh cht ca qu trnh cng ngh v kh hu a phng.
V mt v sinh, vi kh hu c nh hng n sc kho, bnh tt ca cng nhn. Lm vic
lu trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh v m c th mc bnh thp khp, vim ng h hp trn,
vim phi v lm cho bnh lao nng thm. Vi kh hu lnh v kh lm cho ri lon vn mch
thm trm trng, gy kh nim mc, nt n da. Vi kh hu nng m lm gim kh nng bay hi
m hi, gy ra ri lon thng bng nhit, lm cho mt mi xut hin sm, n cn to iu kin
cho vi sinh vt pht trin, gy cc bnh ngoi da.
Tu theo tnh cht to nhit ca qu trnh sn xut ngi ta chia ra 3 loi vi kh hu sau:
- Vi kh hu tng i n nh: nhit to ra khong 20 kcal/m3.h ( trong xng c kh,
dt ...).
- Vi kh hu nng: nhit to ra nhiu hn 20 kcal/m3.h ( trong xng c, rn, cn, luyn
kim ...).
- Vi kh hu lnh: nhit to ra di 20 kcal/m3.h ( trong xng ln men ri bia, nh p
lnh, ch bin v bo qun thc phm ...).
3.2.2. Cc yu t vi kh hu
a/ Nhit khng kh:
Nhit l yu t quan trng trong sn xut, ph thuc vo cc qu trnh sn xut v
ngun pht nhit: l nung, ngn la, nng lng in, c bin thnh nhit, phn ng ho hc
sinh nhit, bc x nhit ca mt tri. nhit do ngi lao ng sinh ra.... Nhng ngun nhit ny
c th lm cho nhit khng kh ln n 500 600C.
Khi nhit tng c th ngi c cc hin tng: tng s mt mi, gim kh nng lao
ng, tim p nhanh, huyt p tng, gim hot ng cc c quan tiu ho, tng s phn b mu
da, tng s bi tit m hi. iu l v sinh quy nh nhit ti a cho php ni lm vic
ca cng nhn v ma h l 300 v khng c vt qu nhit cho php t 3050C. Ni sn
xut nng nh xng rn, xng c, xng cn, xng luyn thp... nhit khng qu 40oC.
Lao ng nhit lnh d gy bnh thp khp, vim ng h hp, vim ph qun, kh nim
mc gy cm lnh...
b/ m :
m tuyt i l lng hi nc c trong khng kh biu th bng gam trong mt mt
khi khng kh hoc bng sc trng hi nc tnh bng mm ct thy ngn.
m cc i l lng hi nc bo ho c trong khng kh mt nhit nht nh.
m tng i l t l phn trm gia m tuyt i mt thi im no so vi
m cc i ng vi cng nhit .
V mt v sinh ngi ta thng s dng m tng i biu th mc m cao hay
thp. m l nhn t ngoi cnh nh hng n sc khe ca cng nhn. iu l v sinh quy
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
Vng nhit
thp Vng
nhit
a/ iu nhit ho hc:
iu ho nhit ho hc l qu trnh bin i sinh nhit do s xy ho cc cht dinh
dng. Bin i chuyn ho thay i theo nhit khng kh bn ngoi v trng thi lao ng
hay ngh ngi ca c th. Qu trnh chuyn ho tng khi nhit bn ngoi thp v lao ng
nng, ngc li qu trnh gim khi nhit mi trng cao v c th trng thi ngh ngi.
b/ iu nhit l hc:
iu nhit l hc l tt c cc qu trnh bin i thi nhit ca c th gm truyn nhit,
i lu, bc x v bay hi m hi v.v...Thi nhit bng truyn nhit l hnh thc mt nhit ca
c th khi nhit ca khng kh v cc vt th m ta tip xc c nhit thp hn nhit
da. Khi da c nhit cao hn nhit mi trng s xy ra qu trnh truyn nhit ngc li.
3.2.4. nh hng ca vi kh hu i vi c th ngi
a/ nh hng ca vi kh hu nng:
* Bin i v sinh l:
Nhit da c bit l da trn rt nhy cm i vi nhit khng kh bn ngoi. Bin
i v cm gic ca da trn nh sau: 28 290C cm gic lnh;
29 30 C
0
cm gic mt;
30 31 C
0
cm gic d chu;
31,5 32,5 C
0
cm gic nng;
32,5 33,5 C
0
cm gic rt nng;
0
> 33,5 C cm gic cc nng.
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
Thn nhit ( di li) nu thy tng thm 0,310C l c th c s tch nhit. Thn
nhit 38,50C c coi l nhit bo ng, c nguy him, sinh chng say nng.
* Chuyn ho nc:
C th ngi hng ngy c s cn bng gia lng nc n ung vo v thi ra. Lng
nc cn cung cp hng ngy cho c th khong 2,53lt v thi ra qua thn t 11,5 lt, 0,2 lt
qua phn, lng cn li theo m hi v hi th ra ngoi.
Trong iu kin lm vic nng bc, c th phi tit m hi h nhit , lng nc c
th b mt ti 57lt trong mt ca lm vic v lm cho c th gim st 0,44 kg th trng. Khi
thot m hi c th mt i mt lng mui n khong 20 gam v mt s mui khong gm cc
ion K, Na, I, Fe, cc vi tamin C, B1, B2 , PP... Do mt nc nhiu nn t trng mu tng ln, tim
phi lm vic nhiu thi lng nhit tha ca c th. Khi ra m hi nc bi tit qua thn
gim ch cn li 1015 % so vi lc bnh thng lm cho chc nng hot ng ca thn b nh
hng. Trong nc tiu xut hin ambumin v hng cu. Lc ny nu ung nhiu nc, dch v
s b long ra nn mt cm gic thm n, n khng ngon, kh nng dit trng ca dch v gim
st lm ng rut d b vim nhim, chc nng thn kinh b nh hng lm gim s ch ,
gim phn x dn ti d b tai nn lao ng.
Trong iu kin vi kh hu nng, cc bnh thng tng ln gp i so vi lc bnh
thng. Ri lon bnh l do vi kh hu nng thng gp l chng say nng v chng co gt, lm
cho con ngi b chng mt, au u, bun nn v au tht lng. Thn nhit c th ln cao ti
39 400C, mch nhanh, nhp th nhanh. Trng hp nng c th b chong, mch nh, th
nng.
b/ nh hng ca vi kh hu lnh:
Lnh lm cho c th mt nhit nhiu, nhp tim, nhp th gim v tiu th xy tng. Lnh
lm cc c co li gy hin tng ni da g, cc mch mu co tht sinh cm gic t cng chn
tay, vn ng kh khn.
Trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh thng xut hin mt s bnh vim dy thn kinh, vim
khp, vim ph qun, hen v mt s bnh mn tnh khc do mu lu thng km v sc khng
ca c th gim.
c/ nh hng ca bc x nhit:
Trong cc phn xng gia cng nng, cc dng bc x ch yu do cc tia hng ngoi c
bc sng n 10 m, khi hp th tia ny to ra nhit. Bc x nhit ph thuc vo di bc
sng, cng dng bc x, thi gian chiu x, din tch b mt b chiu, vng b chiu, gin
on hay lin tc, gc chiu, lung bc x v qun o.
Cc tia hng ngoi trong vng nh sng thy c v cc tia hng ngoi c bc sng
n 1,5 m c kh nng thm su vo c th, t b da hp th. V vy khi lm vic di nng c
th b chng say nng do cc tia hng ngoi c th xuyn qua hp s nung nng mng no v
cc t chc. Nhng tia c bc sng ngn khong 3 m gy bng da mnh nht. Ngoi ra tia
hng ngoi cn gy ra bnh gim th lc, c nhn mt...
Tia t ngoi c 3 loi: Loi A c bc sng t 400 315 nm. Loi B c bc sng t
315 280 nm. Loi C c bc sng nh hn 280 nm. Tia t ngoi loi A xut hin nhit
cao hn, thng c trong tia la hn, n dy tc, n hunh quang. Tia t ngoi B thng xut
hin trong n thu ngn, l h quang...Tia t ngoi gy cc bnh v mt nh ph hu gic
mc, gim th lc, bng da, ung th da...Tia Laser hin nay c dng nhiu trong cng nghip,
trong nghin cu khoa hc... cng gy bng da, bng vng mc...
-28-
Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
-29-
Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
Ir
I= trong Ir l cng m cch ngun im mt khong r.
4 . r 2
Tai chng ta tip nhn m nh dao ng ca p sut m. p sut m t l vi bin i
cng m nhng trong khi cng m I bin i n ln th p sut m bin i n ln.
nh gi cm gic nghe, ch nhng c trng vt l ca m l cha v tai chng ta
phn bit cm gic nghe khng theo s tng tuyt i ca cng m (hay p sut m) m
theo s tng tng i ca n. Cng v th ngi ta khng nh gi cng m v p sut m
theo n v tuyt i m theo n v tng i v dng thang logarit thay cho thang thp phn
thu hp phm vi tr s o. Khi ta c mc cng m o bng xiben ( k hiu dB):
I
LI = 10 lg (dB).
I0
Trong : I - Cng m
I0 - Cng m ngng nghe c hay cn gi l mc khng.
Mc khng I0 l mc cng m ti thiu m tai ngi cm nhn c, tuy nhin
ngng nghe c thay i theo tn s.
Tng t ta c mc p sut m:
P
LP = 20 lg (dB) Trong P0 l ngng quy c 2.10-5 N/m2.
P0
Mc cng sut m:
W
LW = 10 lg (dB) Trong W0 l ngng khng hay ngng quy c W0 =10-12.
W0
Nh vy khi m thanh c p lc bng 2.10-5 N/m2 hay cng I0 = 10-12 w/m2 th c
mc m bng 0 dB.
Vn tc lan truyn sng m c (m/s) c mi quan h vi tn s m f (Hz), bc sng m
, bin y qua cng thc:
c = .f (m/s).
Vn tc lan truyn sng m ph thuc vo cc tnh cht v mt mi trng. V d
nhit 00C vn tc sng m trong khng kh l 330 m/s, trong nc l 1440 m/s, trong thp,
nhm, thu tinh l 5000 m/s, trong ng 3500 m/s, trong cao su 4050 m/s.
Dao ng m m tai nghe c c tn s t 16 Hz n 20 kHz. Gii hn ny mi ngi
khng ging nhau, tu theo la tui v c quan thnh gic.
Dao ng m c tn s di 16 Hz gi l h m tai ngi khng nghe c v dao ng
m c tn s trn 20 kHz gi l siu m (tai ngi cng khng nghe c).
Ngi ta nhn thy rng nhy cm ca tai tng dn khi tn s m tng ln cn mc p
sut m v mc to thc t c tr s nh nhau trong phm vi tn s t 500 2000 Hz
b. Cc loi ting n:
Trong thc t ty theo quan im phn loi ngi ta phn ra nhiu loi ting n khc
nhau:
* Ting n theo thng k: l loi ting n do t hp hn lon cc m khc nhau v
cng v tn s trong phm vi t 5002000 Hz.
* Ting n c m sc: l loi ting n c m c trng.
* Ting n theo c tnh: y l loi ting n do c trng to ting n gy ra trong
c phn ra ngun to ting n bao gm cc loi sau:
-30-
Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
-31-
Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
a. nh hng ca ting n:
Ting n tc ng trc ht n h thn kinh trung ng, sau n h thng tim mch,
nhiu c quan khc v cui cng l n c quan thnh gic.
Ting n lm ri lon h thng thn kinh, ngay c khi khng ng k ( 50 70 dB) ting
n cng to ra mt ti trng ng k ln h thng thn kinh c bit i vi nhng ngi lao
ng tr c. i vi m tn s 2000 4000 Hz, tc dng mt mi s bt u t 80 dB, i vi
m 5000 6000 Hz th bt u t 60 dB.
Ting n cn gy ra nhng thay i trong h thng tim mch km theo s ri lon trng
lc bnh thng ca mch mu v ri lon nhp tim. Nhng ngi lm vic lu trong mi trng
n thng b au d dy v cao huyt p.
Khi chu tc ng ca ca ting n, nhy cm thnh gic gim xung, ngng nghe
tng ln. Lm vic lu trong mi trng n th sau khi thi lm vic phi mt mt thi gian di
thnh gic mi tr li bnh thng. Nu tc dng ting n lp li nhiu ln, hin tng mt mi
thnh gic kh c kh nng hi phc hon ton v trng thi bnh thng v sau thi gian di s
pht trin thnh bnh nng tai hoc ic. Ting n ln hn cng 70 dB th khng cn nghe
ting ni ca ngi vi nhau na v mi s thng tin bng m thanh ca con ngi tr thnh v
hiu. Nhng c th khc nhau th tc hi ca ting n cng khc nhau. Con ngi c kh nng
thch nghi vi iu kin lm vic c ting n nhng mc thch nghi ny ch gii hn trong
khong nht nh.
b. nh hng ca rung ng:
Tn s nhng rung ng m ta m ta cm nhn c nm trong khong 12- 8000 Hz.
Cng ging nh ting n, nh hng ca rung ng trc ht n h thn kinh trung ng v
sau n cc b phn khc.
Theo hnh thc tc ng, ngi ta chia rung ng thnh hai loi: rung ng chung v
rung ng cc b. Rung ng chung gy ra dao ng cho ton c th, cn rung ng cc b ch
lm cho tng b phn c th dao ng.
Rung ng gy ri loi chc nng tuyn gip trng, tuyn sinh dc nam, n. Rung ng
lm cho h thng thn kinh s b ri lon, con ngi nhanh chng cm thy mt mi. Rung
ng cng gy ra vim khp, vi ha cc khp
3.3.3. Cc bin php phng chng ting n v rung ng
Cng tc chng ting n v rung ng cn phi c nghin cu t m t khi lp quy
hoch tng th mt bng nh my ti khi xy dng cc xng sn xut, thit k quy trnh cng
ngh v trong qu trnh sn xut.
Cc bin php c bn chng ting n v rung ng bao gm:
a.Bin php chung:
Khi lp tng mt bng nh my cn nghin cu cc bin php quy hoch xy dng
chng ting n v rung ng hn ch s lan truyn ting n ngay trong phm vi nh my
hoc lan truyn ra ngoi nh my.
Gia cc khu nh v nh sn xut, gia cc khu nh sn xut c ting n cn c
khong cch ti thiu v trng cc di cy xanh bo v ting n khng vt mc cho php.
B tr mt bng nh my cn ch ti hng gi ma chnh trong nm nht l vo ma
h. Cc xng gy n nn b tr cui hng gi v khng nn tp trung vo mt ni.
Cn thit phi xy cc bung lm vic cch m vi ngun to n, xy tng chn m,
hoc iu khin t xa cc thit b qu n
b. Gim ting n v rung ng ti ni pht sinh:
-32-
Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
-33-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
1 2 4
3 1
- 33-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
- 34-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
* Li lc bng vi, li thp, giy, vt liu rng bng khu s, khu kim loi...: Trong
thit b lc bi loi ny cc lc qun tnh, lc trng trng v c lc khuych tn u pht huy
tc dng.
Hin nay c rt nhiu thit b lc bi trong cng nghip vi nhiu nguyn l khc nhau
nhng c th chia thnh 2 loi: Loi kh v loi t. Trong cng nghip khi mt loi thit b
khng p ng c yu cu th ngi ta c th t hp nhiu loi thit b lc bi trong cng mt
h thng.
3.5. Thng gi trong cng nghip
3.5.1. Mc ch ca thng gi cng nghip:
Mi trng khng kh c tnh cht quyt nh i vi vic to ra cm gic d chu,
khng b ngt ngt, khng b nng bc hay qu lnh.
Trong cc nh my, x nghip sn xut cng nghip ngun ta c hi ch yu do cc
thit b v qu trnh cng ngh to ra. Mi trng lm vic lun b nhim bi cc hi m, bi
bn, cc cht kh do h hp thi ra v bi tit ca con ngi: CO2, NH3, hi nc...Ngoi ra cn
cc cht kh khc do qu trnh sn xut sinh ra nh CO, NO2, cc hi axt, baz...
Thng gi trong cc x nghip nh my sn xut c 2 nhim v chnh sau:
- Thng gi chng nng: Thng gi chng nng nhm mc ch a khng kh mt , kh
ro vo nh v y khng kh nng m ra ngoi to iu kin vi kh hu ti u. Ti nhng v tr
thao tc vi cng cao, nhng ch lm vic gn ngun bc x c nhit cao ngi ta b tr
nhng h thng qut vi vn tc gi ln ( 2-5m/s) lm mt khng kh.
- Thng gi kh bi v hi c: nhng ni c ta bi hoc hi kh c hi, cn b tr h
thng ht khng kh b nhim thi ra ngoi, ng thi a khng kh sch t bn ngoi vo
b li phn khng kh b thi i. Trc khi thi c th cn phi lc hoc kh ht cc cht c
hi trong khng kh trnh nhim kh quyn xung quanh.
3.5.2. Cc bin php thng gi
Da vo nguyn nhn to gi v trao i khng kh, c th chia bin php thng gi
thnh thng gi t nhin v thng gi nhn to. Da vo phm vi tc dng ca h thng thng
gi c th chia thnh thng gi chung v thng gi cc b.
a/ Thng gi t nhin:
Thng gi t nhin l trng hp thng gi m s lu thng khng kh t bn ngoi vo
nh v t trong nh thot ra ngoi thc hin c nh nhng yu t t nhin nh nhit tha v
gi t nhin.
Da vo nguyn l khng kh nng trong nh i ln cn khng kh ngui xung quanh i
vo thay th, ngi ta thit k v b tr hp l cc ca vo v gi ra, cc ca c cu to l chp
khp m c, lm l hng dng v thay i din tch ca... thay i c ng i ca gi
cng nh hiu chnh c lu lng gi vo, ra...
b/ Thng gi nhn to:
Thng gi nhn to l thng gi c s dng my qut chy bng ng c in lm
khng kh vn chuyn t ch ny n ch khc. Trong thc t thng dng h thng thng gi
thi vo v h thng thng gi ht ra. C 2 phng php thng gi nhn to:
* Thng gi chung:
L h thng thng gi thi vo hoc ht ra c phm vi tc dng trong ton b khng gian
ca phn xng. N phi c kh nng kh nhit tha v cc cht c hi to ra trong phn
xng a nhit v nng c hi xung di mc cho php. C th s dng thng gi
chung theo nguyn tc thng gi t nhin hoc theo nguyn tc thng gi nhn to.
- 35-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
* Thng gi cc b:
L h thng thng gi c phm vi tc dng trong tng vng hp ring bit ca phn
xng. H thng ny c th ch thi vo cc b hoc ht ra cc b.
- H thng thi cc b: Thng s dng h thng hoa sen khng kh v thng c b
tr thi khng kh sch v mt vo nhng v tr thao tc c nh ca cng nhn, m ti to
nhiu kh hi c hi v nhiu nhit ( v d nh cc ca l nung, l c, xng rn...).
- H thng ht cc b: Dng ht cc cht c hi ngay ti ngun sn sinh ra chng v
thi ra ngoi, khng cho lan to ra cc vng chung quanh trong phn xng. y l bin php
thng gi tch cc v trit nht kh c hi ( v d cc t ha nghim, b phn ht bi
mi, b phn ht bi trong my d khun c...).
3.5.3. Lc sch kh thi trong cng nghip
Trong cc x nghip nh my sn xut v d cc nh my sn xut ha cht, cc nh my
luyn kim v.v.. thi ra mt lng kh v hi c hi i vi sc kho con ngi v ng thc
vt. V vy m bo mi trng trong sch, cc kh thi cng nghip trc khi thi ra bu kh
quyn cn c lc ti nhng nng cho php.
C cc phng php lm sch kh thi sau:
- Phng php ngng t: ch p dng khi p sut hi ring phn trong hn hp kh cao,
nh khi cn thng cc thit b, thng van an ton. Trc khi thi hi kh ra ngoi cn cho I
qua thit b lm lnh. Phng php ny khng kinh t nn t c s dng.
- Phng php t chy c xc tc: to thnh CO2 v H2O c th t chy tt c cc
cht hu c, tr kh thi ca nh my tng hp hu c, ch bin du m v.v...
- Phng php hp ph: thng dng silicagen hp th kh v hi c. Cng c th
dng than hot tnh cc loi lm sch cc cht hu c rt c. Phng php hp ph c s
dng rng ri v cht hp ph thng dng l nc, sn phm hp th khng gy nguy him nn
c th thi ra theo cng rnh. Nhng sn phm c tnh cht c hi, nguy him cn phi tch ra,
cht hp ph s lm hi liu ti sinh.
lc sch bi trong cc phn xng ngi ta thng dng cc h thng thit b dng
a thp, li, m, xiclo hoc phn ly tnh in
3.6. Chiu sng trong sn xut
Trong sn xut, chiu sng cng nh hng nhiu ti nng sut lao ng. nh sng chnh
l nhn t ngoi cnh rt quan trng i vi sc kho v kh nng lm vic ca cng nhn.
Trong sinh hot v lao ng con mt i hi phi c chiu sng thch hp. Chiu sng thch
hp s trnh mt mi th gic, trnh tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.
3.6.1. Mt s khi nim v nh sng, n v o nh sng v sinh l mt ngi
a/ Cc khi nim v nh sng:
*nh sng thy c: l nhng bc x photon c bc sng trong khong 380 m n
760 m ng vi cc di mu tm, lam, xanh, lc, vng, da cam, hng, ...Bc x in tc
bc sng xc nh trongmin thy c, khi tc dng vo vo mt ngi s to mt cm gic
mu sc xc nh.V d bc x c bc sng = 380 m 450m mt ngi cm gic mu tm
nhng khi = 620 m 760 m con ngi cm gic mu .
nhy ca mt ngi khng ging nhau vi nhng bc x c bc sng khc nhau.
Mt chng ta nhy vi bc x n sc mu vng lc = 555 m.
nh gi sng t ca cc loi bc x khc nhau, ngi ta ly sng tng i
ca bc x vng lc lm chun so snh.
- 36-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
* Quang thng (): l phn cng sut bc x c kh nng gy ra cm gic sng cho th
gic ca con ngi. Quang thng c s dng nh gi kh nng pht sng ca vt.
Nu gi cng sut bc x nh sng n sc ca vt l F, th quang thng do chm tia
n sc gy ra l: = C.F.V
Trong : V - sng t tng i ca nh sng n sc .
C - hng s ph thuc vo n v o, nu quang thng c o bng lumen (lm), cng
sut bc x F o bng watt th hng s C = 638.
Vi chm tia sng a sc khng lin tc th: = C F V = 683 F V (lm)
i i i i
i i
2 2
Vi chm tia sng a sc lin tc th: =C
1
FV d = 638 FV d ( lm)
1
Quang thng ca n dy tc nung 100 w khong 1600 lm, cn n dy tc nung loi
60 w khong 850 lm.
* Cng sng (I):
Quang thng ca mt ngun sng ni chung phn b khng u theo cc phng do
c trng cho kh nng pht sng theo cc phng khc nhau ca ngun ngi ta dng i
lng cng sng I.
Cng sng theo phng n l mt quang thng bc x phn b theo phng n .
Cng sng In l t s gia lng quang
thng bc x d trn vi phn gc khi d theo
phng n ( H III.6): d
s
d
In = . d
d
n v o cng sng l candela (cd).
Candela l cng sng o theo phng vng Hnh III.6: Cch xc nh
gc vi tia sng ca mt phng bc x ton phn cng nh sng In
2
c din tch 1/600 000 m , bc x nh mt vt bc
x ton phn( nhit 2046 0K) tc l nhit ng c ca platin di p sut 101.325
N/m2.
1lumen
1candela=
1stearadian
Cng sng ca mt vi ngun sng nh sau:
Nn trung bnh: I 1 cd
n dy tc 60W: I 68 cd
n dy tc 100W: I 128 cd
n dy tc 500W: I 700 cd
n dy tc 1500 : I 2500 cd
* ri (E):
ri l i lng nh gi sng ca mt b mt c chiu sng.
ri ti mt im M trn b mt c chiu sng l mt quang thng ca lung nh
sng ti im . ri EM ti im M l t s gia lng quang thng chiu n d trn vi
phn din tch dS c chiu sng ti im :
d
EM = . n v o l lux ( lx)
dS
- 37-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
1lumen
1lux = .
1m 2
Sau y l ri trong mt s trng hp thng gp:
+ Nng gia tra: 100.000 lux.
+ Tri nhiu my: 1.000 lux.
+ c sch: 30 lux
+ lm vic tinh vi: 500 lux.
+ li xe: 0,5 lux.
+ m trng trn: 0,25 lux
nh sng yu cu va phi, khng qu sng lm lo mt, gy u c cng thng; hoc
qu ti, khng sng, nhn khng r cng d gy tai nn. Nhu cu nh sng i vi mt s
trng hp c th nh sau: Phng c sch: 200 lux; xng dt: 300 lux; ni sa cha ng h:
400 lux
* chi (B):
chi nhn theo phng n l t s
dln
gia cng pht ra theo phng no trn
din tch hnh chiu ca mt sng xung mt
phng thng gc vi phng n ( H III.7):
dI n
Bn = .
dS cos N
1candela
n v o chi l nt: nt =
1m 2
Hnh III.7: Cch xc nh chi Bn
chi ca mt vi vt:
+ i chi nh nht mt ngi c th nhn bit: 10-6 nt.
+ Mt tri gia tra: 2.109 nt.
+ Dy tc ca bng n: 106 nt.
+ n neon: 103 nt.
b/ Quan h gia chiu sng v s nhn ca mt:
S nhn r ca mt lin h trc tip vi nhng yu t sinh l ca mt, v vy cn phn
bit th gic ban ngy v th gic hong hn (ban m).
* Th gic ban ngy: Th gic ban ngy lin h vi s kch thch ca t bo hu sc. Khi
ri E ln (vi E 10 lux- tng ng nh sng ban ngy) th t bo hu sc cho cm
gic mu sc v phn bit chi tit ca vt quan st. Nh vy khi ri E 10 lux th th gic
ban ngy lm vic.
* Th gic ban m( cn gi l th gic hong hn): Th gic ban m lin h vi s kch
thch ca t bo v sc. Khi ri E 0,01 lux ( tng ng nh sng hong hn) th t bo
v sc lm vic.
Thng thng 2 th gic ng thi tc dng vi mc khc nhau, nhng khi E 0,01
lux th ch c t bo v sc lm vic. Khi E = 0,01lux 10 lux th c 2 t bo cng lm vic.
* Qu trnh thch nghi:
Khi chuyn t ri ln qua ri nh, t bo v sc khng th t ngay hot ng
cc i m cn c thi gian quen dn, thch nghi v ngc li t trng nhn ti sang trng
- 38-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
nhn sng, mt cn thi gian nht nh, thi gian gi chung l thi gian thch nghi.
Thc nghim nhn thy thi gian khong 15 20 pht mt thch nghi nhn thy r t
trng sng sang trng ti, v ngc li khong 8 10 pht.
* Tc phn gii v kh nng phn gii ca mt:
Qu trnh nhn bit mt vt ca mt khng xy ra ngay lp tc m phi qua mt thi gian
no . Thi gian ny cng nh th tc phn gii ca mt cng ln. Tc phn gii ph
thuc vo chi v ri sng trn vt quan st. Tc phn gii tng nhanh t ri bng 0
lux n 1200 lux sau tng khng ng k.
Ngi ta nh gi kh nng phn gii ca mt bng gc nhn ti thiu ng m mt c th
nhn thy c vt. Mt c kh nng phn gii trung bnh ngha l c kh nng nhn bit c
hai vt nh nht di gc nhn ng = 1 trong iu kin chiu sng tt.
c/ tng phn gia vt quan st v nn:
T l chi gia vt quan st v nn ch mc khc nhau v cng sng gia vt
quan st v nn ca n.
T l ny biu th bng h s tng phn K:
Bv Bn B
K= =
Bn Bn
Trong : Bn - chi ca nn.
Bv - chi ca vt.
Biu thc ny cho thy rng mt vt sng t trn nn ti, gi tr K > 0 v bin thin t
0 n + . Ngc li mt vt ti t trn nn sng gi tr K<0 v bin thin t 0 n -1.
Gi tr K nh nht m mt c th phn bit c vt quan st gi l phn bit nh
nht ( Kmin) cn gi l ngng tng phn (Kmin = 0,01).
Nghch o ca Kmin gi l nhy tng phn Smin n c trng cho nhy ca mt
khi quan st:
1 1
S= =
K min B
Bb min
nhy tng phn ph thuc vo mt vi mc kh ln ngoi, ph thuc vo
chi ca nn v ph thuc vo kch thc vt quan st( tc l gc nhn ). Gc nhn cng b th
nhy tng phn cng gim.
3.6.2. K thut chiu sng
a. Hnh thc chiu sng: Trong i sng cng nh trong sn xut, ngi ta thng dng hai
ngun sng: nh sng t nhin v nh sng in.
* Chiu sng t nhin:
Tia sng mt tri xuyn qua kh quyn mt phn b kh quyn tn x v hp th, mt
phn truyn thng n mt t.
nh sng mt tri khi chiu xung mt t i xuyn qua lp kh quyn b cc ht trong
tng khng kh hp th nn cc tia truyn thng (trc x) mt mt b yu i, mt khc b cc ht
khuych tn sinh ra ng sng tn x lm cho bu tri sng ln.
nh sng mt tri v bu tri sinh ra l nh sng c sn, thch hp v c tc dng tt v
mt sinh l i vi con ngi, song khng n nh v ph thuc vo thi tit v iu kin b
tr... ri do nh sng tn x ca bu tri gy ra trn mt t v ma h t n 60 000 70
000 lux, v ma ng cng t ti 8 000 lux.
- 39-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
Bc x trc tip l nhng tia truyn thng xung mt t to nn ri trc x Etx. Trong
vm tri thng xuyn c nhng ht l lng trong kh quyn lm khuych tn v tn x nh
sng mt tri to nn ngun nh sng khuych tn vi ri Ekt. Ngoi ra c s phn x ca
mt t v cc b mt xung quanh to nn ri do phn x Ep.
Nh vy mt ni quang ng v mt im bt k no ngoi nh, ri s l:
Eng = Etx + Ekt + Ep
ri Eng thay i thng xuyn theo tng gi, tng ngy, tng thng, tng nm v cn
theo v tr a l tng vng, theo thi tit kh hu v th nh sng trong phng cng thay i
theo. tin cho tnh ton chiu sng t nhin, ngi ta ly i lng khng phi l ri hay
chi trn mt phng lao ng m l mt i lng quy c gi l h s chiu sng t nhin
vit tt l HSCSTN.
Ta c HSCSTN ti mt im M trong phng l t s gia ri ti mt im ( EM)
vi ri sng ngoi nh (Eng) trong cng mt thi im tnh theo t s phn trm:
EM
HSCSTNem = 100%
Eng
eM .E ng
vi EM =
100
H thng ca chiu sng trong nh cng nghip dng chiu sng t nhin bng ca s,
ca tri (ca mi) hoc ca s ca tri hn hp. Ca s chiu sng thng dng l loi ca s
mt tng, ca s nhiu tng, ca s lin tc hoc gin on. Ca tri chiu sng l loi ca tri
hnh ch nht, hnh M, hnh thang, hnh chm cu, hnh rng ca v.v...
Ca s bn cnh c nh gi bng HSCSTN ti thiu emin. Ca s ca tri, ca s tng
caoc nh gi bng HSCSTN trung bnh ( Etb).
Thit k chiu sng t nhin cho phng phi ty thuc vo c im v tnh cht ca n,
vo yu cu thng gi, thot nhit vi nhng gii php che ma nng chn hnh thc ca
chiu sng thch hp.
Vi iu kin kh hu nc ta, kinh nghim cho thy thch hp nht l kiu mi hnh
rng ca. Trn hnh III.8 gii thiu ca chiu sng mi kiu rng ca
Bc Bc
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
+ n chng chy n.
* Theo mc ch chiu sng:
+ n chiu sng trong nh.
+ n chiu sng ngoi nh.
+ n chiu sng ni c bit.
b/ Thit k v tnh ton chiu sng in:
* Thit k chiu sng in: Thit k chiu sng in phi m bo iu kin sng cho
ngi lao ng tt nht, hp l nht m li kinh t nht. C ba phng thc chiu sng c bn:
+ Phng thc chiu sng chung: trong ton phng c mt h thng chiu sng t trn
xung gy ra mt chi khng gian nht nh v mt ri nht nh trn ton b cc mt
phng lao ng.
+ Phng thc chiu sng cc b: chia khng gian ln ca phng ra nhiu khng gian
nh, mi khng gian nh c mt ch chiu sng khc nhau.
+ Phng thc chiu sng hn hp: va chiu sng chung va kt hp vi chiu sng
cc b.
* Tnh ton chiu sng in: Tnh ton chiu sng in ch yu l tnh cng sut
in cn thit chiu sng theo tiu chun ca nh nc quy nh.
Trong k thut chiu sng, thng s dng hai phng php l phng php cng sut
n v v phng php h s s dng:
+ Phng php cng sut n v: l phng php da vo tnh cht lao ng v cc
thng s ca n chiu sng, xc nh cng sut cn thit cho mt n v din tch 1m2 ca
gian nh:
w EKZ
W( )=
m 2
Trong : E - ri nh nht theo tiu chun nh nc( lux)
K - h s d tr ca n ph thuc vo c im ca gian phng ( nhiu hay
t bi) thng K= 1,5 1,7
Etb
Z= l t s ri trung bnh v ri nh nht Z= 11,25
Em
- Hiu sut pht quang ca n (lm/w)
- H s chiu sng hu ch ca n, ph thuc vo loi n chiu sng.
T cng sut n v w, tnh c cng sut ca c phng P vi N l s n:
P SW
P= = , ( w)
S N
Phng php cng sut n v n gin, dng tnh ton s b nh thit k, kim
nghim kt qu cc phng php tnh khc v so snh tnh kinh t ca h thng chiu sng
nhng phng php ny km chnh xc.
+ Phng php h s s dng : c dng tnh ton cho chiu sng chung.
Trc khi i vo tnh ton c th cn xc nh cch b tr n. B tr i xng n theo
kiu treo thnh hng dc hoc hng ngang ca gian nh th nh sng u nhng tn in. Sau
xc nh L/Hc, trong L l khong cch treo n, Hc l cao treo n. Da vo t s
L/Hc, Nu b tr hnh ch nht th L/Hc ly t 1,42, hnh thoi ly t 1,72,5. Tnh Hc theo
cng thc: Hc = H-Hc-Hp trong H l chiu cao t sn ti trn, Hc chiu cao t n ti trn
cn Hp l chiu cao t sn n b mt lm vic. Da vo kt qu tnh Hc v t s L/Hc suy ra L.
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
S
Xc nh ch s phng i: i = vi a, b l chiu rng v chiu di.
H c (a + b) )
Cn c vo i xc nh h s s dng :
Vi i 0,8 th = 0,05 0,36
i 2 th = 0,080,47
Cui cng xc nh tr s quang thng ca ngn n n v t tr s tm c xc nh
cng sut cho mt ngn n:
E.S .K .Z
n = , ( Lm) Trong : E- ri theo tiu chun nh nc quy nh( lux).
n.
S - Din tch cn c chiu sng, m2
K- h s d tr.
Z - T s gia ri etb v emin ly t 1,5-1,25
n - S n chiu sng cho gian phng.
3.7. nh hng ca cc iu kin lao ng khc
T th lm vic khng thun li: khi ngi gh thp m tay phi vi cao hn, ni lm
vic cht hp to nn th ng khng thun li, lm vic t th lun ng, lun vn ngi
v mt pha no , ...
V tr lm vic kh khn: trn cao, di nc, trong nhng hm su, khng gian lm
vic cht hp, v tr lm vic gn ni nguy him nn b khng ch tm vi, khng ch cc
chuyn ng,...
Cc dng sn xut c bit: v d tip xc vi cc my truyn nhn tin lun chu nh
hng ca sng in t, lm vic lu bn my vi tnh, tip xc vi cc loi keo dn c bit,
lm vic nhng ni c in cao th, c sng v tuyn v.v...
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
khong cch gia cc hng thit b phi cha li qua li rng t nht 2,5 m.
Thit k phn xng nn cao ro, sch s, sng sa, b tr h thng thng gi, thot hi
tt, li dng c nh sng t nhin tt nht. Phi c cch m, cch rung ng, cch nhit tt.
Cc kt cu v xy dng ca phn xng phi bn chc v mt chu lc.
Ca ra vo ca cc phn xng phi b tr rng v thun tin phn tn cng nhn
nhanh nht phng khi xy ra cc tai nn chy, n v cc s c nguy him khc.
Trong vic b tr hng trc ca gian nh, phi trnh chi nng, tt nht l b tr ng
trc nh theo hng ng-Ty. thng gi c tt th ng trc nh nn b tr mt gc 450
vi hng gi chnh trong nm ca vng t xng.
Cc phn xng c n qu 90dB phi ring hoc c lp cch m. Cc thit b k
thut sinh hi c hi c bit phi b tr ngoi nh sn xut.
Hnh lang, ng hm cho ngi qua li phi b tr ngn nht, trnh cc li r ngot,
cc bc ln xung trnh va chm bt ng hoc bc ht gy tai nn.
4.2.3. Cp thot nc v lm sch nc thi.
Nc sau khi khi s dng trong sn xut, nc thi sinh hot, nc ma ri trn mt t
thng b nhim bn, cha nhiu tp cht hu c, v c v vi trng, do phi c thi ra khi
x nghip, ng thi phi lm sch nc thi trc khi thi ra sng m bo v sinh cho
ngun nc v sc kho cho nhn dn.
4.3. k thut an ton trong c kh v luyn kim
4.3.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong C kh v Luyn kim
a/ nh ngha v nhng mi nguy him trong C kh v Luyn kim:
Mi nguy him trong C kh v Luyn kim l nhng ni pht sinh nguy him do hnh dng,
kch thc, chuyn ng ca cc phng tin lm vic, phng tin tr gip, phng tin vn
chuyn cng nh chi tit b tn thng trong qu trnh lao ng nh kp cht, ct xuyn thng,
thng, va p, bn t kim loigy ra s c tn thng cc mc khc nhau.
Trn hnh IV.1 gii thiu cc vng nguy him ca cc my mc c th gy ra tai nn lao ng.
b/ Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong gia cng ngui-lp rp-sa cha:
Do cc dng c cm tay (ca st, da, c) va chm vo ngi lao ng hoc ngi
lao ng dng u cc dng c cm tay( ba long cn, cha kho khng ng c, ming cha
bin dng khng cn song song nhau)
Do cc my mc, thit b n gin (my p c nh, my khoan bn, mi my...) c
kt cu khng m bo bn, thiu ng b, thiu cc c cu an ton.
Do g kp chi tit khng cn thn, khng ng k thut, b tr cc bn ngui khng
ng quy cch k thut.
Do mi b v vng ra, chm vo mi, vt mi bn t vo
Do ng tc v t th thao tc khng ng .
Do thao tc cc my t, dp khng ng quy trnh, quy phm v ATL...
c/ Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong gia cng ct gt:
Trong my cng c, my tin chim t l cao (40%) v my tin c s dng kh
ph bin v vy nguyn nhn gy chn thng i vi my tin l do tc cao, phoi ra nhiu
v lin tc, phoi ra thnh dy di, qun v vng ra xung quanh, phoi c nhit cao, phoi vn
c th bn vo ngi ng pha i din ngi ang gia cng.
Khi khoan, mi khoan lp khng cht c th vng ra, bn g kp phi khng cht lm
cho vt gia cng b vng ra.
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
sinh l ngi lao ng, to cm gic d chu khi lm vic, d phn bit khi dng ...
Cc b phn my phi d quan st, kim tra, lp rp v sa cha, bo dng...Phi ch
b tr trng tm ca my cho chun, gi vng vng... m bo cho my lm vic n nh.
Phi thit k cc c cu bao che, c cu t ngt, c cu phanh, hm. Phi c cc c cu
an ton nh n hiu, pht tn hiu m thanh (ci, chung reo...) hay cc ng h bo cc ch s
trong phm vi an ton. Cc c cu phi b tr thun li cho thao tc, trnh nhm ln khi s
dng
b/ K thut an ton khi lp rp, sa cha v th my:
Khi lp rp sa cha my cn thit phi m bo cc ni dung sau:
m bo an ton khi di chuyn, tho lp v c ch kim tra sau khi lp rp.
Vic sa cha bo dng nh k hoc t xut phi bo cho c cng bit. Ch nhng
cng nhn c in, c qua hun luyn mi sa cha, iu chnh my mc thit b.
Trc khi sa cha, iu chnh phi ngt ngun in, tho ai truyn khi puli v treo
bng Cm m my trn b phn m my.
Khi sa cha, tho d hoc lp t thit b, tuyt i khng c dng cc v ko, ct,
tng nh neo, kch ko... phng qu ti i vi cc kt cu kin trc gy tai nn sp mi,
ct, tng...
Sa cha nhng my cao qu 2m phi c gin gio, c sn lm vic, cu thang leo ln
xung v tay vn chc chn.
Khi s dng cc dng c cm tay bng kh nn phi ch kim tra cc u ni, khng
r kh, cc ch ni phi chc chn, cc van ng m phi d dng. Cm s dng cc dng c
kh nn lm vic ch khng ti. Khi sa cha, iu chnh xong, phi kim tra li ton b
cc thit b an ton che chn ri mi c th my. D khuyt tt nu cn thit sau khi lp
rp hay sa cha xong.
Th my khi kim tra lp t my: bao gm chy th khng ti, chy non ti, chy qu
ti an ton. Khng s dng qu cng sut my, ch vn hnh ng hng dn vn hnh v
yu cu ca quy trnh cng ngh.
phng cng nhn b v tnh chm cc nt iu khin in yu cu cc nt iu
khin phi lp t thp hn mp hp bo v v phi ghi r chc nng Hm, M ; Tt ...
c/ K thut an ton khi gia cng ngui:
Bn ngui phi ph hp vi kch thc quy nh: chiu rng khu lm vic mt pha
khng c nh hn 750 mm v khi lm vic hai pha phi > 1300mm. Chiu cao bn ngui
850950 mm. i vi bn ngui lm vic hai pha, chnh gia bn phi c li chn vi kch
thc quy nh cho chiu cao khng thp hn 800 mm v mt li khng ln hn 3x3 mm. Khi
bn ngui lm vic mt pha phi trnh hng phoi bn v pha ch lm vic ca cc cng nhn
khc. Cc t lp trn bn ngui phi chc chn, khong cch gia hai t trn mt bn khng
c nh hn 1000 mm.
Khi mi cc mi khoan, dao tinphi mi theo ng nhng gc k thut quy nh.
Vic mi cc dng c ny ch c nhng cng nhn c qua hun luyn mi c php lm.
Thit b phi c t trn nn c cng vng chu c ti trng ca bn thn
thit b v lc ng do thit b khi lm vic sinh ra.
Ch lm vic ca cng nhn cn c gi, t, ngn bn, cha dng c v phi c ch
xp phi liu v thnh phm. Cc bn, gi, t phi b tr gn v khng tr ngi n cc ng
vn chuyn trong ni b phn xng.
d/ K thut an ton khi gia cng p lc:
Cn cc loi ba tay, ba t phi lm bng g, th dc, kh, do, khng c mt v vt
- 52-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
trong thi gian 3 pht, ng knh 150 475 trong 5 pht v > 500 trong 7 pht. Nu
khng bit tc quay cho php ca th phi th vi tc ln hn 60% tc lm vic
trong 10 pht.
mi phi c bo qun ni kh ro. Khng c trong mi trng c axit v
c cht n mn khc. Cm khng c xp chng ln nhau hoc chng cc vt nng khc
ln trnh rn nt. Cc loi mi dng cht kt dnh bng magi, nu thi hn bo qun
qu mt nm th khng c s dng na v cht kt dnh khng bo m na.
Khi lp vo trc chnh, mi phi c kp u gia hai mt bch bng nhau. Gia
v mt bch kp phi n mt lp vt liu n hi. Khi lp v iu chnh cm dng ba thp
g mi. Khe h gia trc v l phi m bo trong khong t 2 5% ng knh l
phng trc gin n nhit trong qu trnh lm vic. Cn phi cn bng tnh hoc cn bng
ng.
Khi ng knh mi gim v khong cch gia v bch kp nh hn 3 mm th phi
thay mi. mi khi lm vic phi c bao che chn, khe h gia v mt bn phi nm
trong khong t 10 15mm, vt liu che chn khng c qu mng v phi lm theo tiu
chun quy nh (Bng IV.1), gc m ca v che chn chn sao cho nh nht trnh gy tai
nn.
Cng nhn ng my khng c ng pha khng c bao che chn. Khi mi th, mi
nhn bng phng php kh th yu cu phi c my ht bi.
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
tng, cch tng ti thiu 0,5 m hoc cch mp ng vn chuyn ti thiu 1m.
Phi bao che cc c cu bnh rng, thanh rng, c cu dch chuynTrong khi my
ang chy tuyt i khng g lp iu chnh vt gia cng.
4.4. K thut an ton in
4.4.1. Mt s khi nim c bn v an ton in.
a/Tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi:
Dng in i qua c th con ngi gy nn phn ng sinh l phc tp nh lm hu hoi
b phn thn kinh iu khin cc gic quan bn trong ca ngi, lm t lit c tht, sng mng
phi, hu hoi c quan h hp v tun hon mu.
Mt trong nhng yu t chnh gy tai nn cho ngi l dng in ( ph thuc in p m
ngi chm phi) v ng i ca dng in qua c th ngi vo t.
Dng in c th tc ng vo c th ngi qua mt mch in kn hoc bng tc ng
bn ngoi nh phng in h quang.
Tc hi v hu qu ca dng in gy nn ph thc vo ln v loi dng in, in tr
ca ngi, ng i ca dng in qua c th ngi, thi gian tc dng v tnh trng sc khe
ca ngi.
Cho n nay vn c nhiu kin khc nhau v tr s ca dng in c th gy cht
ngi. Trng hp ni chung, dng in c th lm cht ngi c tr s khong 100 mA. Tuy
nhin vn c trng hp tr s dng in ch khong 510 mA lm cht ngi tu thuc iu
kin ni xy ra tai nn v trng thi sc kho ca nn nhn.
Nguyn nhn cht ngi, do dng in phn ln lm hy hoi kh nng lm vic ca cc
c quan ca ngi hoc lm ngng th hoc do s thay i nhng hin tng sinh ha trong c
th ngi. Trng hp b bng trm trng cng gy nguy him cht ngi.
Hin nay c nhiu quan im gii thch v qu trnh tn thng do in. T lu ngi ta
cho rng khi c dng in i qua s to nn hin tng phn tch mu v cc cht nc khc
lm tm t cc t chc huyt cu v lm y huyt qun. Nhiu nh sinh l hc v bc s li
cho rng do dng in lm cho s co gin ca tim b ri lon khng lu thng mu c trong
c th. Ngy nay mt s nh khoa hc gii thch nguyn nhn l do dng in gy nn hin
tng phn x do qu trnh kch thch v lm nh tr hot ng ca c quan no b, iu c
ngha l s hy hoi chc nng lm vic ca c quan h hp.
* in tr ca ngi:
Thn th ngi gm c da tht xng, thn kinh, mu... to thnh. Lp da c in tr ln
nht m in tr ca da li do in tr ca lp sng trn da (dy khong 0,050,2 mm) quyt
nh. Xng v da c in tr tng i ln cn tht v mu c in tr b. in tr ca ngi
rt khng n nh v khng ch ph thuc vo trng thi sc kho ca c th tng lc m cn
ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh, iu kin tn thng...
in tr ca ngi c th thay i t vi chc K n 600 . in tr ngi ph thuc
nhiu vo chiu dy lp sng da, trng thi thn kinh ca ngi. Nu mt lp sng trn da th
in tr ngi s gim xung ng k. Khi c dng in i qua ngi, in tr ngi s gim
xung do da b t nng, m hi thot ra Th nghim cho thy: vi dng in 0,1mA in tr
ngi Rng = 500.000 , vi dng in 10 mA in tr ngi Rng = 8.000 .
Mt khc nu da ngi b d mnh trn cc cc in, in tr da cng gim i. Vi in
p b 50 60 V c th xem in tr t l nghch vi din tch tip xc.
in tr ngi gim t l vi thi gian tc dng ca dng in v da b t nng v c s
thay i v in phn.
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
g1 g2
g Ung
gng g1 g = g1 + gng + g
1 1
a/ b/ c/
- 62-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
3
3 2
U 2 U 1
1 In
0
I
U I In.rd
rd r0
Id.r0 r0
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
Phm vi bo v l khong khng gian di kim hay dy thu st m khi cng trnh c
b tr trong s c xc sut st nh rt nh.
Nu cng trnh c cao l hx th ngi ta phi lm ct thu st c cao h, trn c
lp kim thu st v dy ni t dn dng in st xung t.
Khi bo v cng trnh bng mt kim thu st, phm vi bo v ca n l mt hnh nn c
ng sinh b gy khc cao 2h/3( h l cao ca kim). Bn knh bo v ca kim rx
cao hx c xc nh nh sau ( H IV.4):
1,6.(h hx )
rx = .p
hx
1+
h
y: p l h s ph thuc cao
- khi h 30 m th p=1
5,5
- khi h=30m 100m th: p =
h
Thc t cho thy nn dng nhiu ct c cao khng ln bo v thay cho cho mt ct
c cao qu ln.
0,2h
ha
h
2/3h
hx
0
0,75 rx
1,5h
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
in.
Qua kinh nghim cho thy, tt c cc trng hp xy ra tai nn in git th nguyn nhn
chnh hu nh khng phi l do thit b khng hon chnh, cng khng phi do phng tin bo
v an ton cha m bo m chnh l do vn hnh sai quy nh, trnh vn hnh km, sc
khe khng m bo. V vy vn hnh an ton cng nh thit b m bo an ton, cn
phi phn cng trc y , thng xuyn kim tra, sa cha thit b theo k hoch nh, khi
sa cha phi theo ng quy trnh vn hnh, phi tuyn chn cn b k thut v m cc lp
hun luyn v chuyn mn, cc kt qu kim tra cn phi ghi chp vo s trc v xut cc
kin cng nh ln k hoch sa cha.
Th t khng ng trong khi ng, ngt mch in cng l nguyn nhn ca s c
nghim trng v tai nn nghim trng cho ngi vn hnh. V vy cn vn hnh cc thit b
in theo ng quy trnh vi s ni dy in ca cc ng dy bao gm tnh trng thc t
ca cc thit b in v nhng im c ni t. Khi tip xc vi mng in, cn tro cao, trong
phng kn t nht phi c 2 ngi, mt ngi thc hin cng vic cn mt ngi theo di v
kim tra v l ngi lnh o ch huy ton b cng vic. Cc thao tc phi c tin hnh theo
mnh lnh, tr cc trng hp xy ra tai nn mi c quyn t ng thao tc ri bo co sau.
b/ Cc bin php k thut an ton in:
phng nga, hn ch tc hi do tai nn in, cn p dng cc bin php k thut an
ton in sau y:
* Cc bin php ch ng phng xut hin tnh trng nguy him c th gy tai nn:
- m bo tt cch in ca thit b in: Trc khi s dng cc thit b in cn kim
tra cch in gia cc pha vi nhau, gia pha v v. Tr s in tr cch in cho php ph
thuc vo in p ca mng in.
- m bo khong cch an ton, bao che, ro chn cc b phn mang in: nhng ni
c in, in th nguy him phng ngi v tnh i vo v tip xc vo, cn phi c bao
bc bo v, hng ro bo v bng li, c hnh lang bo v ng dy in cao p trn khng
(gii hn bi hai mt ng song song vi ng dy), c khong cch n dy ngoi cng khi
khng c gi.
- S dng in p thp, my bin p cch ly.
- S dng tn hiu, bin bo, kha lin ng
* Cc bin php ngn nga, hn ch tai nn in:
- Thc hin ni khng bo v, v thc hin ni t bo v, cn bng th: phng
in r ra cc b phn khc, tn dng in vo trong t v gi mc in th thp trn cc
vt ta ni khng bo v, ni t an ton v cn bng th. Ni t nhm bo v cho ngi khi
chm phi v cc thit b in trong trng hp cch in ca thit b b h
- S dng my ct an ton.
- S dng cc phng tin bo v,dng c phng h: Khi ng m cu dao bng phn
phi in phi i ng cch in. Cc cn gt cu dao phi lm bng vt liu cch in v kh
ro. Tay t hoc c nhiu m hi cm khng c ng m cu dao bng phn phi in. Ch
ng ca cng nhn thao tc cng c phi c bc g thong v chc chn
c/ Cp cu ngi b in git:
Nguyn nhn chnh lm cht ngi v in git do hin tng kch thch l chnh ch
khng phi do b chn thng. V vy khi b tai nn in, vic tin hnh s cu nhanh chng,
kp thi v ng phng php l nhng yu t quyt nh cu sng nn nhn. Th nghim v
thc t cho thy rng t lc b in git n mt pht sau nu c cu cha ngay th 90%
trng hp cu sng c, 6 pht sau mi c ch c th cu sng 10%, nu t 10 pht
- 67-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
mi cp cu th rt t trng hp cu sng c.
Khi s cu ngi b nn cn thc hin hai bc c bn: Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun
in sau lm h hp nhn to.
* Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in:
Ty thuc vo cp in p ca mng li in m nn nhn b git, cn phi c nhng
bin php khc nhau tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in.
Nn nhn chn vo in h p, cn nhanh chng ct ngun in ( ti cc v tr cu dao,
p t mt, cu ch). Nu khng th ct nhanh ngun in c th dng cc vt cch in kh
(so, gy tre, g kh) gt dy in ra khi nn nhn. Nu nn nhn nm cht vo dy in,
cn phi ng trn cc vt cch in ( b g, tm cch in) ko nn nhn ra hoc i ng
cch in hoc dng gng tay cch in g nn nhn ra. Trong trng hp cn thit c th
dng km cch in, dao hoc ru c cn g kh ct hoc cht t dy in.
i vi nn nhn b chm hoc b phng in t thit b c in p cao th khng th n
cu ngay trc tip m cn phi i ng, dng gy, so cch in tch ngi b nn ra khi
phm vi c in. ng thi bo cho ngi qun l n ct in trn ng dy. Nu ngi b
nn ang lm vic ng dy trn cao, dng dy dn ni t lm ngn mch ng dy( cn
tin hnh ni t trc sau nm dy ln lm ngn mch ng dy) ng thi c bin php
nn nhn khi ri ng.
* Lm h hp nhn to v xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc:
Ngay sau khi tch c ngi b nn ra khi b phn mang in, t nn nhn ch
thong mt, ci cc phn qun o b thn( nh cc c, tht lng), lau sch mu, nc bt v
cc cht bn sau tin hnh lm h hp nhn to v xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc theo trnh t
sau:
- Lm h hp nhn to:
+ t nn nhn nm nga, k gy bng vt mm u nga v pha sau.
+ Kim tra kh qun nn nhn c thng sut hay khng v ly cc d vt ra. Nu hm b
co cng phi m ming bng cch tay p vp pha di ca gc hm di, t ngn ci vo
mp hm y hm di ra.
+ Ko nga mt nn nhn v pha sau sao cho cm v c trn mt ng thng m bo
cho khng kh vo c d dng. y hm di v pha trc phng li ri xung ng
thanh qun.
+ M ming v bt mi nn nhn, ngi cp cu ht hi v thi mnh vo ming nn
nhn( nn dng khu trang hoc khn sch t ln ming nn nhn). Nu khng th thi vo
ming c th c th bt kn ming v thi vo mi nn nhn.
+ Lp li thao tc trn nhiu ln, c kt hp vi thao tc xoa bp tim. Vic thi kh cn
lm nhp nhng v lin tc 1012 ln/pht vi ngi ln, 20 ln/pht vi tr em.
- Xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc:
+ Nu c hai ngi cp cu th mt ngi thi ngt cn mt ngi xoa bp tim. Ngi
xoa bp tim t hai tay chng ln nhau v t 1/3 phn di xng c ca nn nhn, n
khong 46 ln th dng li 2 giy ngi th nht thi khng kh vo phi nn nhn. Khi n
p mnh lng ngc xung 46 cm, sau gi tay li khong 1/3 giy ri mi ri tay khi lng
ngc cho tr v v tr c.
+ Nu ch c mt ngi cp cu th c sau hai ba ln thi ngt, n vo lng ngc nn
nhn nh trn t 46 ln.
Cc thao tc phi c lm lin tc cho n khi nn nhn xut hin du hiu sng tr li,
h h hp c th t ng hot ng n nh. kim tra nhp tim, nn ngng xoa bp khong
- 68-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
23 giy. Sau khi thy sc mt tr li hng ho, ng t co gin, tim phi bt u hot ng
nh cn tip tc cp cu khong 510 pht na tip sc thm cho nn nhn. Sau cn
kp thi chuyn ngay nn nhn ti bnh vin. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn vn phi tip tc tin
hnh cng vic cp cu lin tc.
4.5. K thut an ton i vi cc thit b nng chuyn
4.5.1. Nhng khi nim c bn
a/ Phn loi thit b nng:
Thit b nng l nhng thit b dng nng h ti. Theo TCVN 4244-86 v quy phm
an ton th thit b nng h bao gm nhng thit b sau: My trc, xe ti chy trn ng ray
trn cao, pa lng in, th cng, ti in, ti th cng, my nng.
- My trc: l nhng thit b nng hot ng theo chu k dng nng, chuyn ti( c
gi bng mc hoc cc b phn mang ti khc nhau) trong khng gian. C nhiu loi my trc
khc nhau nh: My trc kiu cn, my trc kiu cu, my trc kiu ng cp.
- Xe ti chy trn ng ray trn cao.
- Pa lng: l thit b nng c treo vo kt cu c nh hoc treo vo xe con. Pa lng dn
ng bng in gi l Palng in, Palng c dn ng bng tay gi l Palng th cng.
- Ti: l thit b nng dng nng h v ko ti.
- My nng: l my c b phn mang ti c nng h theo khung dn hng. My nng
dng nng nhng vt c khi lng ln, cng knh nn d gy nguy him.
b/ Cc thng s c bn v n nh ca thit b nng:
* Cc thng s c bn ca thit b nng: l nhng thng s xc nh c tnh v kch thc,
ng hc v ng lc hc cng nh tnh cht lm vic ca thit b nng.
Bao gm cc thng s sau:
- Trng ti Q: l trng lng cho php ln nht ca ti c tnh ton trong iu kin
lm vic c th.
- M men ti: l tch s gia trng ti v tm vi tng ng v ch c cc my trc kiu
cn.
- Tm vi: l khong cch t trc quay ca phn quay ca my trc n trc quay ca
mc ti.
- di ca cn: l khong cch gia cc c cn lc v c rng rc u cn
- cao nng mc: l khong cch tnh t mc ng thit b nng xung tm ca mc.
- su h mc: l khong cch tnh t ng mc thit b nng xung tm ca mc.
- Vn tc nng ( h ): l vn tc di chuyn ti theo phng thng ng.
- Vn tc quay: l s vng quay trong mt pht ca phn quay.
* n nh ca thit b nng:
n nh l kh nng m bo cn bng v chng lt ca thit b nng. Mc n
nh ca thit b nng c xc nh bi biu thc ca t s gia cc m men chng lt v lt:
M cl
K= Trong K l h s n nh, Mcl l m mem chng lt v Ml l m men lt.
Ml
Mc n nhca cn trc lun lun thay thay i ty theo v tr ca cn, tm vi, ti
trng, mt bng t cu trc.
n nh ca cn trc phi bo m trong mi trng hp v mi iu kin. m
bo cc yu cu trn, cn trc thng c trang b cc thit b n nh nh: n trng, i trng
cn, i trng cn trc, chn chng ph, chng buc
Nguyn nhn ca s mt n nh l qu ti tm vi tng ng, do chn chng khng
- 69-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
c hoc k kch khng hp l, mt bng lm vic dc qua mc, phanh t ngt khi nng, khng
s dng kp ray
c/ Nhng s c, tai nn thng xy ra ca thit b nng:
Trong qu trnh nng h, cc thit b nng thng gy nn cc s c sau:
- Ri ti trng: Do nng qu ti lm t cp nng ti, nng cn, mc buc ti. Do cng
nhn li khi nng hoc lc quay cn ti b vng vo cc vt xung quanh. Do phanh ca c cu
nng b hng, m phanh mn qu mc quy nh, m men phanh qu b, dy cp b mn hoc b
t, mi ni cp khng m bo
- Sp cn: l s c thng xy ra v gy cht ngi do ni cp khng ng k thut,
kha cp mt, hng phanh, cu qu ti tm vi xa nht lm t cp.
- cu: l do vng t mt bng lm vic khng n nh (t ln, gc nghing qu quy
nh), cu qu ti hoc vng vo cc vt xung quanh, dng cu nh cy hay kt cu chn
su
- Tai nn v in: do thit b in chm v, cn cu chm vo mng in, hay b phng
in h quang, thit b ln dy cp mang in
4.5.2: Cc bin php k thut an ton:
a/ Yu cu an ton i vi mt s chi tit, c cu quan trng ca thit b nng:
* Cp: cp l chi tit quan trng trong my trc. V vy khi chn cp cn ch :
- Cp s dng phi c kh nng chu lc ph hp vi lc tc dng ln cp.
- Cp phi c cu to ph hp vi tnh nng s dng.
- Cp phi c chiu di cn thit. i vi cp dng buc th phi m bo gc to
thnh gia cc nhnh cp khng ln hn 900. i vi cp s dng cc c cu nng, h ti th
cp phi c di sao cho khi ti hoc cn v tr thp nht th trn tang cun cp vn cn li
mt s vng d tr cn thit ph thuc vo cch c nh u cp.
- Sau mt thi gian s dng, cp s b mn do ma st, r, gy, t cc si do b cun vo
tang v qua rng rc, hin tng pht trin dn n khi qu tI b t. Ngoi ra si cp cn
b tht nt, b ketdo cn phi kim tra tnh trng dy cp thng xuyn cn thit loi b
khi thy khng m bo an ton.
* Xch: Xch dng trong my nng thng l loi xch l v xch hn. Khi chn xch c kh
nng ph hp vi lc tc dng ln dy. Khi mt xch mn qu 10% kch thc ban u th
phi thay xch.
* Tang v rng rc:
Tang dng cun cp hay cun xch. Cn phi bo m ng ng knh yu cu v c
cu to ph hp vi yu cu lm vic. Khi b rn nt cn phi thay th.
Rng rc dng thay i hng chuyn ng ca cp hay xch lm li v lc hay tc
. Rng rc cng cn phi m bo ng knh puli theo yu cu, c cu to ph hp vi ch
lm vic. Khi b rn, hay mn su qu 0,5mm ng knh cp cn phi thay th.
* Phanh: c s dng tt c cc loi my trc v hu ht cc c cu ca chng. Tc dng
ca phanh l dng ngng chuyn ng ca mt c cu no hoc thay i tc ca n.
Theo nguyn tc hot ng, phanh c chia ra hai loi: Phanh thng ng v phanh
thng m. Theo cu to, phanh c chia thnh cc loi nh: phanh m, phanh ai, phanh a,
phanh cn.
Mp
Khi chn phanh cn phi tnh ton theo yu cu: K p Trong : Mp l m men do
Mt
- 70-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
phanh sinh ra, Mt l m men trc truyn ng, Kp l h s d tr ca phanh (ph thuc dng
truyn ng v ch lm vic ca my).
Cn phi loi b phanh trong cc trng hp sau: Khi m phanh mn khng u, m
phanh m khng u, m mn ti inh vt gi m phanh, bnh phanh b mn su qu 1mm,
phanh c vt rn nt, h ca m phanh v bnh phanh ln hn 0,5 mm khi ng knh bnh
phanh 150200mm v ln hn1-2mm khi ng knh bnh phanh 300mm, bnh phanh b mn
t 30% tr ln, dy ca m phanh mn qu 50%.
b/ Nhng yu cu v an ton khi lp t, vn hnh v sa cha thit b nng:
* Yu cu v an ton khi lp t:
Yu cu chung:
- Phi lp t thit b nng v tr trnh c s cn thit phi ko l ti trc khi nng
v c th nng ti cao hn chng ngi vt 0,5m.
- Nu l thit b nng dng nam chm in mang ti, th cm t chung lm vic trn
nh, trn cc cng trnh thit b.
- i vi cu trc, khong cch t phn cao nht ca cu trc v phn thp nht cc kt
cu trn phi ln hn 1800mm. Khong cch t mt t, mt sn thao tc n phn thp nht
ca cu trc phi ln hn 200mm. Khong cch theo phng nm ngang t im bin ca my
n cc dm xng hay chi tit ca kt cu xng khng nh hn 60mm.
- Khong cch theo phng nm ngang t my trc di chuyn theo phng ng ray
n cc kt cu xung quanh, cao < 2m phi >700mm, cao>2m phi >400mm
- Nhng my trc ng lm vic cnh nhau, t cch xa nhau mt khong cch ln hn
tng tm vi ln nht ca chng v bo m khi lm vic khng va p vo nhau.
- Nhng my trc lp gn ho h phi m bo khong cch t im ta gn nht ca
my trc n ming ho phi ln hn gi tr trn bng IV.4:
Bng IV.4: Khong cch ti thiu t im ta gn nht ca my trc n ming h, h:
Chiu su Khong cch theo loi cht t ( m)
( m) t ct v t mn Pha ct Pha st st t rng
1 1,5 1,25 1,0 1,0 1,0
2 3,0 2,4 2,0 1,5 2,0
3 4,0 3,6 3,25 1,75 2,5
4 5,0 4,4 4,0 3,0 3,0
5 6,0 5,3 4,75 3,5 3,5
Yu cu khi vn hnh:
- Trc khi vn hnh, cn phi kim tra k tnh trng k thut ca cc c cu v chi tit
quan trng. Nu pht hin c h hng phi khc phc xong mi a vo s dng.
- Pht tn hiu cho nhng ngi xung quanh bit trc khi cho c cu hot ng.
- Ti c nng khng c ln hn trng ti ca thit b nng. Ti phi c gi chc
chn, khng b ri, trt trong qu trnh nng chuyn ti.
- Cm ngi ng trn ti khi nng chuyn hoc dng ngi cn bng ti.
- Ti phi nng cao hn cc chng ngi vt t nht 500mm.
- Cm a ti qua u ngi.
- Khng c va nng ti, va quay hoc di chuyn thit b nng, khi nh my ch to
khng quy nh trong h s k thut.
- 71-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
- 72-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
- Lp h s k thut tng thit b nng nh l lch thit b nng( theo mu quy nh),
thuyt minh hng dn k thut lp t, bo qun, v s dng
- T chc bo dng v sa cha nh k
- T chc khm nghim thit b nng.
b/ Thanh tra vic qun l, s dng thit b nng: Bao gm cc cng vic sau:
* Nghe bo co:
- nm c s lng, chng loi thit b nng.
- Tnh hnh ng k, khm nghim thit b nng.
- Tnh trng k thut ca thit b nng
- Tnh hnh bo dng v sa cha nh k.
- Tnh hnh o to v hun luyn cng nhn.
- Tnh hnh s c v tai nn thit b nng.
* Kim tra h s ti liu:
- Cc vn bn v phn cng trch nhim.
- Cc h s k thut ( l lch, bin bn khm nghim, ti liu hng dn k thut v lp
t, bo dng s dng).
- S giao ca.
- Ti liu v hun luyn cng nhn.
- S lit k cc b phn mang ti.
- Cc bin bn nghim thu.
* Kim tra thc t hin trng
- V tr lp t thit b nng.
- Tnh trng k thut.
- Trnh th.
- Cc bin php an ton.
4.6. K thut an ton i vi cc thit b chu p lc
4.6.1. Mt s khi nim c bn v thit b chu p lc.
* Thit b chu p lc: l nhng thit b dng tin hnh cc qu trnh nhit hc, ho
hc, sinh hc cng nh dng bo qun, vn chuyn...cc mi cht trng thi c p sut nh
kh nn, kh ho lng v cc cht lng khc. Thit b p lc gm nhiu loi khc nhau v c tn
gi ring ( V d: ni hi, my nn kh, my lnh, chai, bnh iu ch C2H2, thng cha, bnh
hp)
* Ni hi: l thit b chu p lc dng thu nhn hi c p sut ln hn p sut kh
quyn phc v cc mc ch khc nhau ngoi bn thn n nh nng lng c to ra do t
nhin liu trong cc bung t.
* Phn loi cc loi thit b chu p lc: theo quan im an ton ngi ta phn cc thit
b p lc thnh cc loi: h p, trung p, cao p v siu p.
Vic phn loi theo p sut cn ty thuc vo mi cht khc nhau v d: i vi bnh
iu ch C2H2 th h p l thit b c p sut nh hn 0,1t, trung p t 0,1 n 1,5t, cao p t
1,5t tr ln nhng vi bnh cha xy th h p c p sut ti 16 t, trung p c p sut t 16
n 64 t cn cao p c p sut trn 64t.
4.6.2. Nhng yu t nguy him c trng ca thit b p lc
* Nguy c n: do thit b chu p lc lun cha p sut ln hn p sut kh quyn nn
lun c xu hng cn bng p sut km theo s gii phng nng lng khi iu kin thun li
- 73-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
- 74-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
quy nh trong cc tiu chun quy phm, sau khi ng k phi c ghi vo s theo di.
- Khng c php a vo vn hnh cc ni hi v thit b chu p lc cha c ng
kim.
- Ni hi v thit b chu p lc phi c kim tra nh k theo quy nh( bnh p lc 3
nm khm nghim ton b 1 ln, 1 nm th p lc 1 ln). Thanh tra an ton lao ng c quyn
nh ch s hot ng ca ni hi v thit b chu p lc khi pht hin thy nhng trc trc, h
hng, hnh vi vi phmc th gy s c v tai nn lao ng.
b/ Yu cu thit k, ch to, lp t v sa cha:
* Yu cu i vi cng tc thit k:
- Vic thit k, chn kt cu ca thit b phi xut pht t c tnh ca mi cht cng tc,
ca qu trnh hot ng thit b.
- Kt cu ca thit b phi m bo cng vng, n nh, thao tc thun tin, tin
cy, tho lp v kim tra d dng.
- Kt cu, kch thc ca thit b phi m bo bn c hc, ha hc v nhit hc.
* Yu cu v ch to, lp t v sa cha:
- Vic ch to v sa cha ni hi v thit b chu p lc ch c php tin hnh
nhng ni c y cc iu kin v con ngi, my mc, thit b gia cng, cng ngh v iu
kin kim tra th nghim m bo nh cc quy nh trong tiu chun, quy phm v phi c
cp c thm quyn cho php.
- Ch to v sa cha phi m bo dung sai cho php, th hn phi c bng hn p lc
mi c tin hnh hn, phi kim tra nh gi mi hn theo cc tiu chun, quy phm.
- Khi lp t cc thit b cn phi m bo kch thc khong cch gia cc thit b vi
nhau, gia cc thit b vi tng xy v cc kt cu khc ca nh xng.
c/ Yu cu i vi dng c kim tra o lng v c cu an ton:
Vic trang b cc dng c kim tra, o lng l bt buc i vi ni hi v thit b chu
p lc gip ngi vn hnh theo di cc thng s lm vic ca thit b nhm loi tr nhng
thay i c kh nng gy s c thit b.
Cc dng c o lng v kim tra gm cc loi nh: dng c o p sut, o chn
khng, o nhit , o mc, o bin dng v kim tra cc tc ng ca p sut v nhit
Cc c cu an tonc rt nhiu loi v hot ng theo nhiu nguyn l khc nhau v vy
khi chn phi p ng vi yu cu v cht lng ca c cu an ton, khng c s dng cc c
cu an ton khi cha kim nh, cha c kp chv khi lp phi theo ng quy trnh quy phm
k thut lp t ca cc c cu an ton.
4.7. Phng chng nhim c trong sn xut
4.7.1. c tnh chung ca ho cht c.
Cht c cng nghip l nhng cht dng trong sn xut, khi xm nhp vo c th d
ch mt lng nh cng gy nn tnh trng bnh l. Bnh do cht c gy ra trong sn xut gi
l nhim c ngh nghip. Khi c tnh cht c vt qu gii hn cho php, sc khng ca
c th yu c cht s gy ra nhim c ngh nghip.
Cc ho cht c c trong mi trng lm vic c th xm nhp vo c th qua ng
h hp, tiu ho v qua vic tip xc vi da. Cc loi ho cht c th gy c hi: CO, C2H2,
MnO, ZnO2, hi sn, hi xit Cr khi m, hi cc axit...
Tnh c hi ca cc ho cht ph thuc vo cc loi ho cht, nng , thi gian tn ti
trong mi trng m ngi lao ng tip xc vi n.
Cc cht c cng d tan vo nc th cng c v chng d thm vo cc t chc thn
- 75-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
- 76-
Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng
+ Nhim c mn tnh: gy vim da mt, vim mng kt hp, vim mi kch thch, thng
vch ngn mi, vim da th chm, vy sng v xm da, gy bnh ng mch vnh, thiu mu,
kh thi ca t hoc gan to, x gan, ung th gan v ung th da
* Ccbon xit (CO):
Ccbon xit l kh khng mu, khng mi, khng kch thch, t trng 0,967 c to ra
do chy khng hon ton ( c trong l cao, cc phn xng c, rn, nhit luyn v c trong
ng c t trong).
CO gy ngt th ha hc khi ht phi n, hoc lm cho ngi b au u, tai, dng
nh s gy au u tai dai dng, st cn, mt mi, chng mt, bun nn, khi b trng c
nng c th b ngt xu ngay, c th cht.
* Crm v hp cht ca Crm:
Gy lot da, lot mc mi, thng vch ngn mi, kch thch h hp gy ho, co tht ph qun
v ung th phi
* Man gan v hp cht ca n:
Gy ri lon tm thn v vn ng, ni kh v dng i tht thng, thao cung v chng
Parkinson, ri lon thn kinh thc vt, gy bnh vim phi, vim gan, vim thn.
* Benzen (C6H6):
Benzen c trong cc dung mi ho tan du, m, sn, keo dn, trong k ngh nhum, dc
phm, nc hoa, trong xng t...Benzen vo trong c th ch yu bng ng h hp v gy
ra chng thiu mu nng, chy mu rng li, khi b nhim nng c th b suy ty, nhim trng
huyt, gim hng cu v bch cu, nhim c cp c th gy cho h thn kinh trung ng b
kch thch qu mc.
* Xianua (CN):
Xianua( gc CN) xut hin di dng hp cht nh: NaCN, KCN khi thm ccbon v ni t.
y l cht rt c. Nu ht phi hi NaCN liu lng 0,06 g c th b cht ngt. Nu ng c
Xianua th xut hin cc chng rt c, chy nc bt, au u tc ngc, i rt, a chy...Khi b
ng c Xianua phi a i cp cu ngay.
* Axit cromic (H2CrO4):
Loi ny thng khi m crm cho cc trang sc, m bo v cc chi tit my. Hi axit
crmic lm rch nim mc, gy vim ph qun, vim da
* Hi xit nit ( NO2 ):
Chng c nhiu trong cc ng khi cc l phn x, trong khu nhit luyn thm than, trong
kh x ca ng c Diezel v trong khi hn in. Hi NO2 lm mt, rt mt, gy vim ph
qun, t lit thn kinh, hn m
Khi hn in c th cc cc hi c v bi c nh: FeO, Fe2O3, SiO2, MnO, CrO3, ZnO,
CuO
4.7.3. Cc bin php phng trnh
a/ Bin php chung phng v k thut:
- Hn ch hoc thay th cc ha cht c hi.
- T ng ho qu trnh sn xut ho cht.
- Cc ho cht phi bo qun trong thng kn, phi c nhn r rng.
- Ch cng tc phng chy cha chy.
- Cm thc n, thc ung v ht thuc gn khu vc sn xut.
- T chc hp l ho qu trnh sn xut: b tr ring cc b phn to ra hi c, t
cui chiu gi. Phi thit k h thng thng gi ht hi kh c ti ch
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bnh phn ng ging nhau, nhit nung nng T0 ban u ca ba bnh ging nhau, nhng p
sut P trong ba bnh khc nhau theo th t tng dn: P1<P2<P3
Quan st ba bnh phn ng trn, ngi ta nhn thy: bnh c p sut P1, qu trnh chy
khng xy ra, bnh c p sut P2 chy xy ra v bnh c p sut P3 s chy xy ra rt d
dng.
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H BHL DN
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khc phc kp thi nguy c trn, ng thi bo co vi ngi s dng lao ng.
- c s dng con du ring theo mu quy nh ca ngnh y t giao dch trong
chuyn mn nghip v.
6.1.6. Mng li an ton v sinh vin:
Mng li an ton v sinh vin l hnh thc hot ng v BHL ca ngi lao ng
c thnh lp theo tha thun gia ngi SDL v BCH Cng on doanh nghip nhm bo
m quyn, li ch hp php, chnh ng ca ngi lao ng v ngi SDL.
a/ T chc mng li:
Tt c cc doanh nghip u phi t chc mng li ATVS vin. Mi t sn xut phi b
tr t nht mt ATVS vin. Tt c ATVS vin trong cc t to thnh mng li ATVS vin ca
doanh nghip.
ATVS vin do t bu ra, l NL trc tip, c tay ngh cao, am hiu tnh hnh sn xut v
ATVS trong t, c nhit tnh v gng mu v BHL. m bo tnh khch quan v hiu qu
cao trong hot ng, ATVS vin khng c l t trng sn xut.
Ngi SDL phi hp vi BCH Cng on c s ra quyt nh cng nhn ATVS vin v
thng bo cng khai mi NL bit.
T chc Cng on qun l hot ng hot ng ca mng li ATVS vin.
ATVS vin c ch sinh hot, c bi dng nghip v v c ng vin v mt vt
cht v tinh thn hot ng c hiu qu.
b/ Nhim v v quyn hn ca ATVS vin:
- n c, kim tra gim st mi ngi trong t chp hnh nghim chnh cc quy nh
v ATVS trong sn xut, bo qun cc thit b an ton, s dng trang thit b bo v c nhn,
nhc nh t trng sn xut chp hnh cc ch BHL, hng dn bin php lm an ton i
vi cng nhn mi tuyn dng hoc mi chuyn n lm vic t.
- Tham gia gp vi t trng sn xut trong vic xut cc ni dung ca k hoch
BHL c lin quan n t hoc phn xng.
- Kin ngh vi t trng hoc cp trn thc hin y cc ch BHL, bin php
ATVS L v khc phc kp thi nhng hin tng thiu ATVS ca my mc thit b ni lm
vic.
6.1.7: Khi cc phng, ban chc nng:
Cc phng, ban trong doanh nghip ni chung u c giao nhim v c lin quan n
cng tc BHL ca doanh nghip. Cc phng, ban chc nng c trch nhim sau:
a/ PhngT chc lao ng:
- Phi hp vi cc phn xng v cc b phn c lin quan t chc v hun luyn lc
lng phng chng tai nn, s c trong sn xut ph hp vi c im ca doanh nghip.
- Phi hp vi b phn BHL v cc phn xng sn xut t chc thc hin cc ch
BHL, o to, nng cao tay ngh kt hp vi hun luyn v ATVSL, trang b phng tin
bo v c nhn, thi gian lm vic, ngh ngi, bi dng hin vt, bi thng tai nn lao ng,
bo him x hi
- Bo m vic cung cp y , kp thi nhn cng thc hin tt cc ni dung, bin
php ra trong k hoch BHL.
b/ Phng k thut:
- Nghin cu ci tin trang tht b, hp l ha sn xut v cc bin php v k thut an
ton, k thut v sinh a vo k hoach BHL v hng dn gim st vic thc hin cc
bin php ny.
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- Bin son, sa i, b sung v hon thin cc quy trnh, cc bin php lm vic an ton
i vi cc my mc, thit b, ha cht v tng cng vic, cc phng n ng cu khn cp khi
c s c, bin son ti liu ging dy v ATVSL v phi hp vi b phn BHL t chc hun
luyn cho NL.
- Tham gia kim tra nh k v ATVSL v tham gia iu tra tai nn lao ng.
- Phi hp vi b phn BHL theo di vic qun l, ng k, kim nh v xin cp giy
php s dng cc my mc, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim nght v ATVSL v
ch th nghim i vi cc loi thit b an ton, trang b bo v c nhn theo quy nh.
c/ Phng k hoch, phng vt t v phng ti v:
- Tham gia vo vic lp k hoch BHL, tng hp cc yu cu v nguyn vt liu, nhn
lc v cung cp kinh ph trong k hoch BHL vo k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh
nghip v t chc thc hin.
- Cung cp kinh ph mua sm, bo qun cp pht y , kp thi, ng cht lng
nhng vt liu, dng c, trang b, phng tin BHL, phng tin khc phc s c sn xut c
cht lng theo ng k hoch.
d/ Phng bo v:
Phng bo v ngoi chc nng tham gia cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip, c th c
giao nhim v t chc v qun l lc lng cha chy ca doanh nghip nn nhim v ca
phng bo v l:
- T chc lc lng cha chy vi s lng v cht lng m bo.
- Trang b y cc phng tin, thit b, dng c cha chy.
- Hun luyn nghip v cha chy cho lc lng phng chy cha chy.
- Phi hp vi cng an phng chng cha chy a phng xy dng cc tnh hung
chy v phng n cha chy ca doanh nghip.
6.2. Ni dung cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip
6.2.1. K hoch bo h lao ng:
c thc hin theo Thng t lin tch s 14 gia B LTBXH, B Y t v Tng Lin
on lao ng Vit Nam ngy 31/10/1998.
a/ ngha ca k hoch BHL:
K hoach BHL l mt vn php l ca doanh nghip nhm ch ng phng nga, ngn
chn tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip hoc nhng tc ng xu n sc khe ngi lao ng
K hoch BHL l ngha v u tin ca ngi SDL v BHL c quy nh trong
iu 13 chng IV Ngh nh 06/CP.
Da vo k hoch BHL ngi ta c th nh gi c thc trch nhim, tnh chp
hnh php lut cng nh s quan tm c th n cng tc BHL ca ngi SDL. Ch khi c
k hoch BHL th cng tc BHL ca doanh nghip mi c thc hin tt.
b/ Ni dung ca k hoch BHL:
K hoch BHL gm 5 ni dung chnh sau:
- Cc bin php v k thut an ton v phng chng chy n.
- Cc bin php v k thut VSL v ci thin iu kin lm vic.
- Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn cho NL lm cng vic nguy him c hi.
- Chm sc sc khe ngi lao ng, phng nga bnh ngh nghip.
- Tuyn truyn, gio dc, hun luyn v BHL.
c/ Yu cu ca k hoach BHL:
- K hoch BHL phi m bo ATVSL, p ng yu cu sn xut kinh doanh ca
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6.2.3. Qun l v sinh lao ng, sc kho ngi lao ng, bnh ngh nghip:
a/ Qun l v sinh lao ng:
- Ngi s dng lao ng phi c kin thc v VSL, bnh ngh nghip v cc bin
php phng chng tc hi ca mi trng lao ng, phi t chc cho ngi lao ng hc tp cc
kin thc .
- Phi kim tra cc yu t c hi trong mi trng lao ng t nht mi nm mt ln v
c bin php x l kp thi. C h s lu tr v theo di kt qu o theo quy nh.
- Phi c lun chng v cc bin php bo m ATVSL i vi cc cng trnh xy
dng mi hoc ci tao, cc my mc thit b, vt t c yu cu nghim ngt v VSL, lun
chng phi do thanh tra v sinh xt duyt.
b/ Qun l sc kho ngi lao ng, bnh ngh nghip:
- Phi trang b y phng tin k thut y t thch hp, c phng n cp cu d
phng c th s cp cu kp thi.
- Phi t chc lc lng cp cu, t chc hun luyn cho h phng php cp cu ti
ch.
- T chc khm sc kho trc khi tuyn dng; khm sc kho nh k 6 thng hoc mt
nm mt ln.
- T chc khm bnh ngh nghip cho nhng ngi lm vic trong iu kin c nguy c
mc bnh ngh nghip pht hin v iu tr kp thi.
c/ Ch bo co:
Ngi s dng lao ng phi lp k hoch v thc hin ch bo co nh k 3, 6, 12
thng cc ni dung trn cho s Y t a phng.
6.2.4. Khai bo, iu tra, thng k, bo co nh k v tai nn lao ng.
a/ Khai bo, iu tra tai nn lao ng:
Tai nn lao ng c phn thnh ba loi TNL cht ngi, TNL nng v TNL nh.
Mc ch ca cng tc iu tra TNL nhm xc nh r nguyn nhn ca TNL, quy r
trch nhim nhng ngi xy ra TNL, c bin php x l, gio dc ng mc v t
ra nhng bin php thch hp phng nhng tai nn tng t xy ra.
Yu cu ca cng tc iu tra TNL l phi phn nh chnh xc, ng thc t tai nn,
tin hnh iu tra ng cc th tc, ng cc mt nh h s, trch nhim, chi ph v thi gian
theo quy nh.
b/ Thng k bo co nh k:
* Nguyn tc chung:
- Cc v TNL m ngi b tai nn phi ngh 1ngy tr ln u phi thng k v bo co
nh k.
- C s c tr s chnh ng a phng no th bo co nh k TNL vi s
LTBXH a phng v c quan qun l cp trn nu c.
- Cc v TNL thuc lnh vc c bit ( phng x, khai thc du kh, vn ti thy, b,
hng khng) ngoi vic bo co theo quy nh cn phi bo co vi c quan nh nc v
ATL, VSL chuyn ngnh Trung ng.
* Ch bo co nh k v TNL:
Theo ph lc thng t 23/LTBXH-TT th cc doanh nghip phi tng hp tnh hnh
TNL trong 6 thng u nm trc ngy 10/7, c nm trc ngy15/1 nm sau v bo co vi
s LTBXH. Ngoi ra doanh nghip cn phi thc hin bo co chung nh k nh trn v
cng tc BHL gi c quan qun l cp trn theo mu ph lc quy nh.
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