Simple Dew Point Control HYSYS v8.

Steps to set up a simulation in HYSYS v8.6 to model a simple dew point control system consisting of:
Gas chiller
Flash separator
Liquid stabilizer with gas recycle & compression
Product gas compression
Simple propane refrigeration loop

When the simulation is set up the overall PFD should look like the following figure.

Basis
A gas plant is processing 100 MMscfd (dry basis) to produce a spec pipeline gas as well as a pipeline
raw mix liquid product. The following are known conditions for the feedstock and specification for
the products:
The composition of the feed gas is shown in the following Component Mol%
table. N2 0.357
The gas enters the plant at 400 psia & 120F. CO2 0.194
The gas is nearly saturated with water at the inlet C1 80.980
conditions, 48 lb water per MMscf dry gas. C2 13.238
The produced pipeline gas should have a gross heating C3 3.438
value between 905 to 1050 Btu/scf & a hydrocarbon dew
1 i-C4 0.431
point no higher than 15F. n-C4 0.742
The produced pipeline gas should be delivered to the i-C5 0.199
pipeline at 1000 psia and no higher than 120F. n-C5 0.156
The produced liquids shall be exported via pipeline & n-C6 0.163
stabilized to have a TVP (true vapor pressure) @ 100F no n-C7 0.065
greater than 103 psia. n-C8 0.026
n-C9 0.010

1If the gross heating value spec cannot be achieved set the chilled separator to the lowest reasonable
temperature when using a simple propane chilling loop, -30F.

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 A propane refrigeration loop will be used to provide the chilling duty. The condenser will
operate at 120F. The minimum approach temperature within the chiller will be 10F.
Air coolers will be used to cool gases & liquids to 120F.

Create new simulation file

Start the program from Start, All Programs, Aspen Tech, Process Modeling V8.6, Aspen HYSYS, Aspen
HYSYS V8.6. When the program opens choose the New button.

Define the Components & the Property Models

Specify components, fluid property packages, & crude oil assays

The first step is to add a set of pure chemical species to represent the gas & water phases. With
Component Lists highlighted click on the Add button. From the list of pure components pick: H2O,
Nitrogen, CO2, Methane, Ethane, Propane, i-Butane, n-Butane, i-Pentane, n-Pentane, n-Hexane,
n-Heptane, n-Octane, & n-Nonane.

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The next step is to pick a fluid property package. From the Fluid Packages screen click the Add
button. Choose the Peng-Robinson option and make sure it is associated with Component List 1.

It would be a good idea to save this file. Click the File tab & select Save As. Choose an appropriate
name & location.

Set up & Solve the Flowsheet

Gas Chilling & Separation
When you activate the Simulation & youll see a blank flowsheet. We will want to create a feed
stream & attach it to an LNG Exchanger. The outlet will be attached to a flash separator.

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Ensure that the model Palette is visible. If it is not, press the View tab & click Model Palette.

Place the following items on the flowsheet:

A Material Stream, Dry Feed
A Material Stream, Feed Water
A Mixer, Combine
An LNG Exchanger, Chiller
A 3-Phase Separator, DPC Separator.

Double-click on the Dry Feed

stream to open up the entry
forms for this stream. Enter the
100 MMscfd flowrate in the
Molar Flow box. (Note that
depending upon your actual
units for molar flow the value of
flowrate it changes to match
these units.)

Now we need to specify the composition. Select Composition under Worksheet in the left-hand
column. Click the Edit button to bring up a form to enter the composition of this stream. Enter the
values from the table in the Basis section as Mole Fractions. Note that these add up to approximately

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100, not 1. Select the Normalize button. Click OK. Now you should see that the form associated with
the stream is in green, meaning that all values for the stream have been calculated.

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We want to do the same thing for
the water portion of the feed
represented by the stream Feed
Water. Double-click on the Feed
Water stream to open up the
entry forms for this stream.
Enter 4,800 lb/day in the Mass
Flow box (to represent the 48
lb/MMscf water content). Enter
the pressure but do not enter the
temperature. (Note that HYSYS
automatically replaces the mass
rate with the equivalent amount
in lb/hr).

Select Composition under

Worksheet in the left-hand
column. Click the Edit button
to bring up a form to enter the
composition of this stream.
Enter a 1 for the H2O mole
fraction. Select the Normalize
button. Click OK. Now you
should see that the form
associated with the stream is
still yellow because the
temperature has not been
specified. That is OK, were
going to back-calculate the final
condition so that the total feed
gas is 120F.

For most of the unit operations well define connections & create new streams using the operations
Design form. Double-click on Mixer. Define the 2 Inlets as Dry Feed & Feed Water. Define a new
Outlet stream as Total Feed.

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Select the Worksheet tab. Note that the flowrate & pressure of the Total Feed stream are calculated.
But we still have to specify some type of temperature information to fully calculate Total Feed.
Specify the temperature as 120F. Note that not only have all properties been calculated for Total
Feed but also the final conditions for Feed Water have been determined1.

1A Mixer is an isenthalpic operation, so the enthalpy for Feed Water (and hence its temperature & quality)
became specified once we fully specified Total Feed.

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We now want to model the gas side of the Chiller. We could use a Cooler operation, but since well
ultimately want to calculate approach temperatures between the gas & the propane in the chilling
loop an LNG Exchanger is more appropriate. Double-click on Chiller. Specify the 1st Inlet Stream as
Total Feed & define the Outlet Stream as Chilled Gas. For now specify the Pressure Drop as 0. Make
sure that specification for Hot/Cold is Hot.

We now want to specify the cold separator & determine the properties of the produced gas. Double-
click on DPC Separator. Specify the Inlet as Chilled Gas. Create new streams, Cold Vapor, Cold
Liquid, & Cold Water as the Vapour, Light Liquid, & Heavy Liquid, respectively.

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Lets estimate the needed temperature for the cold separator. Click on the Worksheet tab &
specify -10F for the temperature of Chilled Gas. Notice that all values are calculated for Chilled
Gas, Cold Liquid, & Cold Vapor.

Is this temperature for the cold separator appropriate to make spec pipeline gas? The primary
variable that we can control with the temperature is the dew point of the produced gas at the
pipeline conditions. Well look at the P-T diagram for Cold Vapor to get an indication of whether
weve come close to the dew point spec. Up in the ribbon under the Home tab, click on Stream
Analysis & choose Envelope. In the pop-up form choose Cold Vapor as the Object & click OK.

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The results in the Design tab show that the Cricondentherm is -2.953F, much colder than it needs to
be to meet the 15F pipeline dew point spec. We could reduce Chiller duty (and ultimately power
required for the propane cooling loop) by allowing this temperature to be higher. Note from the PT
diagram that the dew point at the pipeline inlet pressure, 1000 psia, is about -10F, less than the
cricondentherm. However, since the gas in the pipeline will experience pressures lower than the
inlets 1000 psia, it is more appropriate to use the cricondentherm as the controlling value for this
spec.

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For now well use trial-and-error to determine an appropriate temperature for the cold separator.
Note that if we specify the temperature of Chilled Gas as 9.5F we get a cricondentherm of Cold
Vapor of just over 15F.

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Have we met the heating value spec? We can determine this from additional properties calculated
for Cold Vapor. Double-click on Cold Vapor & select Properties under the Worksheet in the left-
hand column. Notice that an HHV has been calculated of 1,175 Btu/scf. This is too high & will
require more heavy hydrocarbons be removed.

But before we modify the cold separators operation we will add the liquid stabilizer section.

Liquid Stabilization
The next step is to determine if the produced liquid will make the TVP spec of 103 psia. Double-
click on Cold Liquid & select Properties under the Worksheet heading in the left-hand column. At the
bottom of the list there is an item for True VP at 37.8 C [psia]. The value is 654.9 psia, much higher
than our spec. We can look at the composition to see the problem it has 16% methane. This is
much too high to try to have in a raw mix NGL.

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We can process the high-pressure liquid in a lower pressure stripping column to remove these light
ends. Lets add two more units:
A Control Valve, VLV-001
A Reboiled Absorber, Stabilizer.

Double-click on VLV-100. Specify the Inlet as Cold Liquid and define a new stream Flashed Liquid
as the Outlet.

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Lets define the stabilizing column as a 10-stage column with a kettle reboiler. Double-click on
Stabilizer. Set the Top Stage Inlet feed as Flashed Liquid. Define new streams Recovered Gas for
the Ovhd Vapour Outlet and Stabilized Liquid for the Bottoms Liquid Outlet. Define the stream
Q-Reboiler for the Reboiler Energy Stream. Set the # Stages as 10. Press the Next> button to
continue the definition for this tower.

Accept the default Once-Through reboiler configuration. This will model a kettle reboiler. Press the
Next > button to continue the towers definition.

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Lets look running the tower at 200 psia. Specify 200 for both Top Stage Pressure & the Reboiler
Pressure. Press the Next > button to continue the towers definition.

Were able to specify temperatures on this next form. Ultimately we will want to run the reboiler in
such a way as to produce a liquid with a 103 psia vapor pressure at 100F. If we were running the
tower at 103 psia then we could set the reboiler temperature as 100F. However, since were
running the tower at a higher pressure the reboiler temperature must be higher; for now lets set an
estimate of 200F. Press the Next > button to continue the towers definition.

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We will not have to specify a boil-up ratio since were going to use a TVP spec on the reboiler. Leave
this blank & press Done

The tower does not run automatically because the specifications have not been fully defined. Select
Specs Summary item in the left-hand column. Notice that the default spec on the column is to
produce an overhead product rate (whose value has not been specified). But this is not how we
want to run this column. Before we enter the true spec click on the Active box for Ovhd Prod Rate to
turn it off.

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Lets add the reboiler temperature as the operating spec. Select Specs item in the left-hand column.
Press the Add button for column specifications. On the list select Column Temperature & press Add
Spec(s) Select Reboiler as the Stage & enter 200 for the Spec Value. Close this form.

Even though we have fully specified the tower the feed coming from VLV-100 has not been fully
specified, so the tower will not run. Go to the Worksheet tab and enter 200 for the pressure of
Flashed Liquid. Now that this feed is fully specified the tower will quickly calculate & converge.

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How close are we to creating a stabilized liquid with the correct TVP? Lets create a new spec for
this but dont make it active; we can then see how close we are. Select the Design tab and then the
Specs item in the left-hand column. Press the Add button for column specifications. On the list select
Column Stream Property Spec near the bottom of the list & press Add Spec(s) Select the Stabilized
Liquid @COL1. Youll have to go to another form to actually pick the type of stream property. Click
the Select Property button. On the next form select the tree structure under Standard & choose True
VP @ 37.8 C; press Select. Enter the value 103. Close this form.

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Now lets go back to the Design tab & Specs selection. Highlight the Stream Property Spec & you can
see that the calculated TVP is actually 67.85 psia, lower than the desired 103 psia. Well have to
decrease the temperature in the reboiler.

Select the Active check box; now the tower becomes unconverged (because we have overspecified
the unit with both the TVP spec & the reboiler temperature spec). Select the Temperature column
specification & uncheck its Active checkbox. Now the tower will converge again, now with a reboiler
temperature of 166.9F.

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What does the stabilized liquid look like? Double-click on Stabilized Liquid & select Composition
under the Worksheet tab. Note that there is essentially no methane & very little ethane all of this
material has been stripped out into the overhead vapor stream.

Lets look at how much has been stripped out. Double-click on Recovered Gas. Select Composition
under the Worksheet tab. Notice that this gas has very high concentrations of methane & ethane. But
could this be directly produced as pipeline gas? Select Properties. Note that the HHV is too high,
1449 Btu/scf.

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Recycle of Recovered Gas
One might ask we didnt include a condenser on the stabilizer column. We can effectively get this
effect by reconfiguring the process to recycle the recovered gas from the stabilizing column
upstream of the chiller & cold separator. However, since the recovered gas is produced at a lower
pressure it must be compressed to a higher pressure consistent with the original feed gas.

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Lets add three units:
A Compressor, Recycle Gas Compressor
A Mixer, Recycle Mixer.
A Recycle, RCY-1.

Note that some of the items have been flipped on the PFD shown above. This was done by selecting
the item on the Flowsheet, selecting Flowsheet/Modify in the ribbon, & then selecting Flip
Horizontal.

Double-click Recycle Gas Compressor. Set the Inlet as the Recovered Gas stream. Create an Outlet
stream HP Recycle Gas & a work Energy stream W-Recycle Compressor. Select the Worksheet tab.
Set the outlet pressure of the HP Recycle Gas to 400 psia. Note the calculations are completed using
the default adiabatic efficiency, 75%, and gives an outlet temperature of 225F.

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Now lets combine the HP Recycle Gas with the Total Feed & introduce it into the Chiller. Double-
click on Chiller & delete Total Feed as an Inlet Stream. Instead, create a new stream, Process Feed,
as the Inlet Stream.

Double-click on RCY-1. Select HP Recycle Gas as the Inlet. Create a stream Recycled Gas as the
Outlet.

Double-click on the Mixer Recycle Mixer. Select Process Feed as the Outlet. For now, only select
Total Feed as the Inlet.

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At this point the simulation has converged but without the Recycled Gas being mixed with the fresh
feed. But the stream has been initialized and the recycle calculation can proceed. Now, double-click
on Recycle Mixer & add Recycled Gas as the second Inlet stream. Now the simulation should
converge including this recycle back to the fresh feed.

How has adding the recycle gas affected the final results? There is not a great deal of Recycled Gas
being mixed with the fresh feed so the composition of the Cold Vapor does not change by much. The
cricondentherm increases only slightly to 15.07F.

The produced gas also still has a higher heating value that is too high, 1176 Btu/scf. We can try to
decrease the HHV by reducing the temperature of the Chilled Gas. Lets lower this temperature to
the lowest limit reasonable for a simple propane chilling loop, -30F. Reducing this temperature
does shift more of the heavy ends out of the produced gas & the HHV is lower. However, the HHV of
Chilled Gas is still too high, 1145 Btu/scf. Unfortunately this is pretty much the best we can do when
using a chilled single-stage flash separation unit.

Prevention of Freezing in DPC Separator

The inlet feed gas is nearly water saturated at the entry to the process. When the water drops out of
the gas phase when it is cooled there is a potential freezing in the Chiller & DPC Separator. A

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typical technique to prevent ice or hydrate formation is to inject ethylene glycol (EG) upstream of
the Chiller.

An aqueous solution of EG has the ability to suppress

the formation of ice. In its pure state EG has a
freezing point of 8F, but aqueous solutions have
freezing points that are lower. Notice from the chart
on the right1 one may get freezing protection to -30F
or lower by maintaining a EG concentration in water
of 85 wt% to 50 wt%.

What are the appropriate concentrations to consider

for our process?
We would like to make sure that there is
freezing protection for the entire
concentration range before & after the water
is absorbed.
We want protection not only at the process
temperature but also the coldest temperature
at the tube wall. This means we have to
protect below the -30F process temperature
but to the coolant temperature of -40F or
lower.

Based on these considerations we will want a concentrated EG solution of 83 wt% (protection

to -40F) injected to the process stream of sufficient rate so that it will be diluted to 80 wt%
(protection to -50F). Note that even though we could try to operate in the region of lower glycol
concentrations (60 wt% diluted to 55 wt%) the normal practice is to operate in the higher
concentration range; if excess water comes in with the gas then the higher concentrations actually
get better freeze protection, not worse.

Return to the Properties section. Select Component List -1 to view the active component list. Use the
search term glycol. Select EGlycol from the databank list & press Add. The component EGlycol will
be placed at the bottom of the list.

1 Engineering and Operating Guide for DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWTHERM 4000 Inhibited Ethylene Glycol-based
Heat Transfer Fluids, Dow Chemical technical publication,
http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_010e/0901b8038010e413.pdf?filepath=/hea
ttrans/pdfs/noreg/180-01190.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc

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Return to the Simulation section. Lets add a stream for the ethylene glycol, EG, into the Recycle
Mixer. Double-click on the stream EG. Select Composition & set it to 83 wt% ethylene glycol & 17
wt% water. Select Conditions; set the pressure to 400 psia & its temperature to 120F (typical for
air cooling after regenerating in a small packed column). For now set the mass flow rate to 5,333
lb/hr (this should make the Cold Water stream about 80 wt% glycol).

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Nearly all of the glycol will be part of the Cold Water stream. This stream will be about 80 wt%
glycol. This should be sufficient for protection from freezing. But, are there ways to check in the
program? Yes, we can check the hydrate formation temperature for the Cold Water stream to
determine if weve added enough glycol (the hydrate calculation will also determine ice conditions,
too). Right-click on the Cold Water stream & choose Create Stream Analysis, Hydrate Formation.
Click on the Design tab & select Connections. Note that based on the Ng & Robinson model pre-
selected solids will NOT form at these conditions. You can get more information on the Performance
tab. The freezing point temperature for this stream is -48.6F (essentially that estimated from the
GPSA Data Book chart). So, this rate of enough glycol should be sufficient to provide protection
from solid formation in the Chiller.

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Propane Refrigeration Loop
We need to add a refrigeration loop to be able to cool the feed & recycle gases to the DPC Separator
temperature. Add the following equipment to the flowsheet:
A Compressor, C3 Compressor
A Cooler, C3 Condenser.
A Control Valve, C3 Valve.

Lets create the streams for the refrigeration loop starting at the Chiller. Double-click on Chiller.
Create new inlet & outlet streams Refrig Liquid & Refrig Vapor, respectively. Make sure that these
streams are associated with the Cold side. Specify a zero pressure drop. Under the Worksheet tab
specify the conditions for the outlet stream Refrig Vapor (1 vapor fraction & -40F).

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Next lets connect the cold liquid to the let-down valve. Double-click on C3 Valve. Set the Outlet as
Refrig Liquid. Create a new stream Condensed Liquid as the Inlet. Select the Worksheet tab; set the
temperature of Condensed Liquid to 120F & the Vapour / Phase Fraction to 0 (i.e., saturated
liquid). Do not specify the pressure drop across the valve this will be determined automatically
when the high pressure (for condensation) and low pressure (for vaporization) are determined.

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You can specify the composition in almost any of the streams in this loop. It is most convenient to
do so at the stream out of the condenser. (Maybe not for a single stage of compression, but
definitely most convenient when going to multiple stages.) Double click on the Condensed Liquid
stream. Select the Composition item & press the Edit button. Enter a 1 for Propane, press
Normalize, then OK. Note that the calculations have been performed for this stream, including
determining the flowrate (280,596 lb/hr) to ensure an energy balance in Chiller.

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Now lets complete the refrigeration loop. Double-click on C3 Compressor. Select Refrig Vapor as
the Inlet & create HP Vapor as the Outlet; create W-C3 Compressor as the Energy stream.

Double-click on C3 Condenser. Select HP Vapor as the Inlet & Condensed Liquid as the Outlet;
create Q-C3 Condenser as the Energy stream. Under Parameters set the Delta P as 0. Now the
refrigeration loop calculations are completed.

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Product Compression
The final step is to add compression for the final product gas. Add to the flowsheet the unit:
A Compressor, Product Gas Compressor

Double-click on Product Gas Compressor. Select Cold Vapor as the Inlet & create HP Product Gas
as the Outlet; create W-Product Compressor as the Energy stream. Select the Worksheet tab; set
the outlet pressure as 1000 psia. Note that outlet temperature is less than 120F, so a final cooler is
not needed to be able to introduce this gas into the pipeline.

Additional detail to the Flowsheet

There many details that can be added to this flowsheet. When done with these additions the
flowsheet will look like the following.

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Ethylene Glycol Regeneration
The initial flowsheet assumes that 83 wt% ethylene glycol (EG) can be made available to the
process. This EG is not a fresh feed, but rather it is recirculated after the water picked up in the DPC
Separator is stripped out. We will be adding the following major operations to regenerate the EG
are:
a stripping column with a reboiler & partial condenser
a cross-exchanger to recover heat from the stripped EG
a pump to bring the lean EG up to the injection pressure
a recycle operation.

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Lets create the streams while creating the unit operations. Create the stripping column using the
Distillation Column Sub-flowsheet module from the Columns tab of the model Palette. Double click on
this module; on this first screen:
Name the column EG Stripper.
Set the number of stages to 6
Set the condenser type to Full Rflx.
Create the stream Hot Rich EG as the Inlet Stream to stage 3.
Set the Ovhd Vapour Outlet as Water Vapor, the Bottoms Liquid Outlet as Hot Lean EG, the
Condenser Energy Stream as Q-EG Condenser, and the Reboiler Energy Stream as Q-EG
Reboiler.

When ready press the Next > key.

Well define the reboiler as a kettle reboiler. Keep the default option of Once-through & Regular
Hysys reboiler and press Next >.

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EG strippers operate near atmospheric condition to keep the reboiler temperatures as low as
possible. Well first assume a zero pressure drop across the column. Set the Condenser Pressure and
the Reboiler Pressure to 1 atm. Press Next >.

The product off the top of the column should be essentially water vapor at 1 atm, so we can set a
temperature estimate for this as 212F. Press Next > when done.

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For now lets estimate the reflux ratio as 0.15. Press Done

Lets define the cross exchanger that will preheat the cold water/EG feed and recover heat from the
hot stripper bottoms. Use the LNG Exchanger module to create EG Cross Exchanger (you may want
to flip the exchanger horizontally depending on how you place it on your flowsheet). Specify Cold

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Water as an inlet stream & its outlet as Hot Rich EG; specify this as a Cold stream. Specify Hot Lean
EG as an inlet stream & create LP Lean EG as its outlet; specify this as a Hot stream. Set both
pressure drops as 0.

Wed like to start the calculations without creating a heat-based recycle loop. So, lets specify the
outlet temperature in Hot Rich EG as 200F. Now the hot side streams should be calculated.

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Lets go back & run the column. Double click on EG stripper. We have made a specification on the
condenser but not on the reboiler. Select the Specs item. Click the Add button for column
specifications. Select Column Component Fraction & click Add Spec(s) Name this spec Bottoms Mass
Fraction; set the Mass Fraction value to 0.83 for EGlycol for the Liquid coming from the Reboiler.
Close this window.

Select Specs Summary. The only two active specs should be Reflux Ratio & Bottoms Mass Fraction.
Select Run (you may not even have to press this button). It should converge very quickly.

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Select the Performance tab & the Column Profiles item. You can see that our estimate for the top
temperature was right on. The bottoms temperature is 261.1F.

You can go back to the flowsheet & see that the EG Cross Exchanger operation has also converged.
We can now finish up the return of the lean EG stream. The LP Lean EG stream needs to be pumped
up to the delivery pressure & tied in to the EG feed stream. Add a pump Glycol Pump (you may

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want to flip horizontal depending on how you place it on your flowsheet). Set the Inlet as LP Lean
EG, create the Outlet as EG to Recycle, and create the Energy stream as W-EG Pump. Go to the
Worksheet tab & set the pressure for EG to Recycle as 400 psia (to match the EG stream).

Notice that the pump outlet is 30.1F. This is notable for two reasons:
This is much lower than the initial spec that the ethylene glycol would be entering at 120F
(a typical temperature for air cooling). The EG Cross Exchanger actually allows us to get far
below this 120F temperature.
In fact, this temperature may actually be too low. Typical return temperatures will be 40 to
55F. This higher temperature cannot be directly specified in EG Cross Exchanger; as soon
as you change the spec from one on the outlet of the hot side to one on the cold side you set
up a recycle loop and this module cannot automatically solve this. But you can manually
reduce the temperature of Hot Rich EG until the temperature of LP Lean EG rises above
40F. Reducing the spec from 200F to 191F will do this.

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Optimizing the Process
The basic process has now been set up. Note that there are three major power users:
Product Gas Compressor 4,027 hp
Recycle Gas Compressor 111 hp
Refrigeration Compressor 7,990 hp

In addition there are two major heat users:

Stabilizers reboiler 3. 3 MMBtu/hr
EG strippers reboiler 0.5 MMBtu/hr .

A question for optimization can any of these streams be reduced to reduce the operating expense
for the process? Some thoughts:
Most of these values are dependent on the operating conditions of DPC Separator. This sets
the amount of gas that needs to be recompressed, the amount of light ends to the Stabilizer
that need to be stripped off, compressed, & recycled back, and the amount of water
absorbed & regenerated in EG Stripper.
The big operating cost and one that can be addressed with further design is the power
needed for the refrigeration loop. There are two ways that this could be done:
o We could try to recover the refrigeration from the cold streams from the DPC
Separator. By doing so there would be less refrigeration duty needed, reducing the
power requirement for the C3 Compressor. Also, by warming the Cold Liquid
before going to the Stabilizer the amount of reboiler duty will also be reduced.
However, note that by increasing the temperature of the gas before the Product Gas
Compressor the required power in this compressor will increase, negating the
majority of the power savings.
o We could increase the number of refrigeration stages of compression with associate
recycle of the intermediate gases from the intermediate stage economizers. It is
typical that a two-stage system can save about 20% of the power required by the
refrigeration system.

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