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MA
THE
M A
TIC
S
STERLING
VECTORS
&
3-D
CONTENTS
KEY - CONCEPTS
EXERCISE - I
EXERCISE - II
EXERCISE - III
EXERCISE - IV
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
1. DEFINITIONS:
A VECTOR may be described as a quantity having both magnitude & direction. A vector is generally
represented by a directed line segment, say AB . A is called the initial point & B is called the terminal
point. The magnitude of vector AB is expressed by AB .
ZERO VECTOR a vector of zero magnitude i.e.which has the same initial & terminal point, is called a
ZERO VECTOR. It is denoted by O.
UNIT VECTOR a vector of unit magnitude in direction of a vector a is called unit vector along a and is
a
denoted by a symbolically a .
a
EQUAL VECTORS two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude, direction & represent
the same physical quantity.
COLLINEAR VECTORS two vectors are said to be collinear if their directed line segments are parallel
disregards to their direction. Collinear vectors are also called PARALLEL VECTORS. If they have the same
direction they are named as like vectors otherwise unlike vectors.
Simbolically, two non zero vectors a and b are collinear if and only if, a K b ,
where K R
COPLANAR VECTORS a given number of vectors are called coplanar if their line segments are all parallel
to the same plane. Note that TWO VECTORS ARE ALWAYS COPLANAR.
POSITION VECTOR let O be a fixed origin, then the position vector of a point P is the vector OP . If
a & b & position vectors of two point A and B, then ,
AB = b a = pv of B pv of A .
2. VECTOR ADDITION :
If two vectors a & b are represented by OA & OB , then their sum a b is a vector represented
by OC , where OC is the diagonal of the parallelogram OACB.
a b b a (commutative) (a b) c a ( b c) (associativity)
a 0a 0 a a ( a ) 0 ( a ) a
3. MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR BY SCALARS :
If a is a vector & m is a scalar, then m a is a vector parallel to a whose modulus is m times that of
a . This multiplication is called SCALAR MULTIPLICATION. If a & b are vectors & m, n are scalars, then:
m ( a ) ( a )m m a m ( n a ) n ( m a ) ( mn ) a
( m n )a m a n a m (a b ) m a m b
4. SECTION FORMULA :
If a & b are the position vectors of two points A & B then the p.v. of a point which divides AB in the
na mb ab
ratio m : n is given by : r . Note p.v. of mid point of AB = .
mn 2
i j k
(v) If a a1i a 2j a 3k & b b1i b 2j b3k then a b a1 a 2 a3
b1 b 2 b3
(vi) Geometrically a b = area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are
represented by a & b .
ab
(vii) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a & b is n
ab
r ab
A vector of magnitude r & perpendicular to the palne of a & b is
ab
ab
If is the angle between a & b then sin
a b
AB . ( p xq) (b a ) . (p x q )
=
pxq pxq
1. The two lines directed along p & q will intersect only if shortest distance = 0 i.e.
( b a ).(p x q) 0 i.e. b a lies in the plane containing p & q . b a p q 0 .
b x(a 2 a 1 )
2. If two lines are given by r1 a 1 Kb & r2 a 2 Kb i.e. they are parallel then , d
b
11. SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT / BOX PRODUCT / MIXED PRODUCT :
The scalar triple product of three vectors a , b & c is defined as :
a x b .c a b c sin cos where is the angle between a & b & is the angle between a b & c .
It is also defined as [ a b c ] , spelled as box product .
Scalar triple product geometrically represents the volume of the parallelopiped whose three couterminous
edges are represented by a , b & c i . e . V [ a b c ]
In a scalar triple product the position of dot & cross can be interchanged i.e.
a . ( b x c ) ( a x b ) .c OR [ a b c ] [ b c a ] [ c a b ]
a . (b x c) a .( c x b) i. e. [ a b c ] [ a c b ]
a a a
1 2 3
If a a1i a 2 j a 3k ; b b1i b 2 j b3k & c c1i c 2 j c 3k then [a b c] b1 b 2 b 3 .
c1 c2 c3
In general , if a a 1 l a 2 m a 3 n ; b b1 l b 2 m b 3n & c c1 l c2 m c3n
a1 a2 a3
then a b c b1 b2 b3 l mn ; where , m & n are non coplanar vectors .
c1 c2 c3
If a , b , c are coplanar [ a b c ] 0 .
K1i K 2j K 3k 0 K1 = 0 = K2 = K3.
Two vectors a & b are linearly dependent a is parallel to b i.e. a x b 0 linear dependence of
a & b . Conversely if a x b 0 then a & b are linearly independent .
If three vectors a , b , c are linearly dependent, then they are coplanar i.e. [ a , b, c ] 0 , conversely, if
[ a , b, c ] 0 , then the vectors are linearly independent.
l1 m1 n1
note that if three lines are coplanar then l2 m2 n2 = 0
l3 m3 n3
(4) Projection of the join of two points on a line with d.c's l, m, n are
l (x2 x1) + m(y2 y1) + n(z2 z1)
B PLANE
(i) General equation of degree one in x, y, z i.e. ax + by + cz + d = 0 represents a plane.
(ii) Equation of a plane passing through (x1 , y1 , z1) is
a (x x1) + b (y y1) + c (z z1) = 0
where a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal to the plane.
(iii) Equation of a plane if its intercepts on the co-ordinate axes are x1 , y1 , z1 is
x y z
1.
x1 y1 z1
d1 d 2
a 2 b 2 c2
(ix) Planes bisecting the angle between two planes
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2 + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is given by
EXERCISEI
Q.1 If a&b are non collinear vectors such that , p ( x 4 y)a ( 2x y 1) b &
q ( y 2x 2) a ( 2 x 3y 1) b , find x & y such that 3p 2q .
Q.2 (a) Show that the points a 2 b 3 c ; 2 a 3 b 4 c & 7 b 10 c are collinear .
(b) Prove that the points A = (1,2,3), B (3,4,7), C (3,2,5) are collinear & find the ratio in which
B divides AC.
Q.3 Points X & Y are taken on the sides QR & RS , respectively of a parallelogram PQRS, so that QX 4 XR
21
& RY 4 YS . The line XY cuts the line PR at Z . Prove that PZ PR .
25
Q.4 Find out whether the following pairs of lines are parallel, non-parallel & intersecting, or non-parallel &
non-intersecting.
r1 i j 2 k 3 i 2 j 4 k
r1 i j 3 k i j k
(i) (ii)
r2 2 i j 3 k 6 i 4 j 8 k
r2 2 i 4 j 6 k 2 i j 3 k
r1 i k i 3 j 4 k
(iii)
r2 2 i 3 j 4 i j k
Q.5 Let OACB be paralelogram with O at the origin & OC a diagonal. Let D be the mid point of OA.
Using vector method prove that BD & CO intersect in the same ratio. Determine this ratio.
Q.6 A line EF drawn parallel to the base BC of a ABC meets AB & AC in F & E respectively. BE & CF
meet in L. Use vectors to show that AL bisects BC.
Q.7 Ois the origin of vectors and A is a fixed point on the circle of radiusawith centre O. The vector OA
is denoted by a . A variable point P lies on the tangent at A & OP = r . Show that a . r a 2 . Hence
if P (x,y) & A (x1,y1) deduce the equation of tangent at A to this circle.
Q.8 (a) By vector method prove that the quadrilateral whose diagonals bisect each other at right angles
is a rhombous.
(b) By vector method prove that the right bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Q.9 The resultant of two vectors a & b is perpendicular to a . If b 2 a show that the resultant of
2a & b is perpendicular to b .
Q.10 a , b, c and d are the position vectors of the points A (x, y, z) ; B (y, 2z, 3x) ; C (2z, 3x, y)
^
and D(1,1, 2) respectively. If | a | = 2 3 ; a b = a^c ; a ^d = and a ^j is obtuse, then find x, y,, z.
2
Q.18 Given that u i 2j 3k ; v 2i j 4k ; w i 3j 3k and
( u R 10)i ( v R 20) j ( w R 20) k = 0. Find the unknown vector R .
Q.19 If O is origin of reference, point A( a ) ; B( b ) ; C( c ) ; D( a b) ; E ( b c ) ; F( c a ); G ( a b c) where
a a1i a 2j a 3k ; b b1i b 2j b3k and c c1i c 2j c 3k then prove that these points are
vertices of a cube having length of its edge equal to unity provided the matrix.
a1 a 2 a 3
b b b
1 2 3 is orghogonal. Also find the length XY such that X is the point of intersection of CM and
c1 c 2 c 3
GP ; Y is the point of intersection of OQ and DN where P, Q, M, N are respectively the midpoint of
sides CF, BD, GF and OB.
Q.20 (a) If a b c 0 , show that a x b b x c c x a . Deduce the Sine rule for a ABC.
(b) Find the minimum area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, 1, 2); B(1, 2, 3) and C(t, 1, 1)
where t is a real number.
Q.21 (a) Determine vector of magnitude 9 which is perpendicular to both the vectors :
4i j 3k & 2i j 2k
(b) A triangle has vertices (1, 1, 1) ; (2, 2, 2), (1, 1, y) and has the area equal to csc sq. units.
4
Find the value of y.
1
j and x a ( q 2 3) b , y p a qb . If x y , then express p
3
Q.25 Let a 3 i j and b i
2 2
as a function of q, say p = f (q), (p 0 & q 0) and find the intervals of monotonicity of f (q).
EXERCISEII
1
Q.1 A(a ) ; B( b ) ; C( c) are the vertices of the triangle ABC such that a (2i r 7k ) ; b 3 r j 4k ;
2
c 22i 11j 9 r . A vector p 2j k is such that ( r p ) is parallel to i and ( r 2i ) is parallel to
p . Show that there exists a point D ( d) on the line AB with d 2 t i (1 2 t )j ( t 4) k . Also find the
shortest distance C from AB.
Q.2 The position vectors of the points A, B, C are respectively (1, 1, 1) ; (1, 1, 2) ; (0, 2, 1). Find a unit
vector parallel to the plane determined by ABC & perpendicular to the vector (1, 0, 1) .
(a 1 a ) 2 ( a 1 b) 2
(a 1 c ) 2
(b1 a ) 2 (b1 b) 2
(b1 c) 2 = 0 and if the vectors 2 2
Q.3 Let i aj a k ; i b j b k ;
(c1 a ) 2 (c1 b) 2
(c1 c) 2
Q.4 Given non zero number x1, x2, x3 ; y1, y2, y3 and z1, z2 and z3 such that xi > 0 and yi < 0 for all i = 1, 2, 3.
(i) Can the given numbers satisfy
x1 x2 x3 x1x 2 y1y 2 z1z 2 0
y1 y2 y3 = 0 and x 2 x 3 y 2 y 3 z 2 z 3 0
z1 z2 z3 x 3x1 y 3 y1 z 3z1 0
(ii) If P = (x1, x2, x3) ; Q (y1, y2, y3) and O (0, 0, 0) can the triangle POQ be a right angled triangle?
Q.5 The pv's of the four angular points of a tetrahedron are : A j 2 k ; B 3 i k ; C 4 i 3 j 6 k
& D 2 i 3 j 2 k . Find :
(i) the perpendicular distance from A to the line BC.
(ii) the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD.
(iii) the perpendicular distance from D to the plane ABC.
(iv) the shortest distance between the lines AB & CD.
Q.12 a , b , c are noncoplanar unit vectors . The angle between b & c is , between c & a is and between
b x c c x a a x b
n 1 = , n 2 = & n 3 = .
b x c c x a a x b
Q.13 Given that a,b,p,q are four vectors such that a b p , b .q 0 & ( b ) 2 1 , where is a scalar then
prove that ( a .q ) p ( p .q ) a p .q .
Q.14 Show that a p x (q x r ) ; b q x ( r x p) & c r x ( p x q) represents the sides of a triangle. Further
prove that a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of this triangle is
n 1 tan p ^ q n 2 tan q ^ r n 3 tan r ^ p
where a , b , c , p , q are non zero vectors and
n 1 tan p ^ q n 2 tan q ^ r n 3 tan r ^ p
pxq qx r rxp
no two of p , q , r are mutually perpendicular & n 1 ; n 2 & n 3
pxq qx r rxp
Q.15 Given four points P1, P2, P3 and P4 on the coordinate plane with origin O which satisfy the condition
3
O P n 1 + O P n 1 = O P n , n = 2, 3
2
(i) If P1, P2 lie on the curve xy = 1, then prove that P3 does not lie on the curve.
(ii) If P1, P2, P3 lie on the circle x2 + y2 = 1, then prove that P4 lies on this circle.
EXERCISEIII
Q.1 Find the angle between the two straight lines whose direction cosines l, m, n are given by
2l + 2m n = 0 and mn + nl + lm = 0.
Q.2 If two straight line having direction cosines l, m, n satisfy al + bm + cn = 0 and f m n + g n l + h l m = 0
f g h
are perpendicular, then show that = 0.
a b c
Q.3 P is any point on the plane lx + my + nz = p. A point Q taken on the line OP (where O is the origin) such
that OP. OQ = p2. Show that the locus of Q is p( lx + my + nz ) = x2 + y2 + z2.
Q.4 Find the equation of the plane through the points (2, 2, 1), (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the x-axis.
Q.5 Through a point P (f, g, h), a plane is drawn at right angles to OP where 'O' is the origin, to meet the
r5
coordinate axes in A, B, C. Prove that the area of the triangle ABC is where OP = r..
2f g h
Q.6 The plane lx + my = 0 is rotated about its line of intersection with the plane z = 0 through an angle .
Prove that the equation to the plane in new position is lx + my + z l 2 m 2 tan = 0
Q.7 Find the equations of the straight line passing through the point (1, 2, 3) to intersect the straight line
x + 1 = 2 (y 2) = z + 4 and parallel to the plane x + 5y + 4z = 0.
x 3 y 3 z
Q.8 Find the equations of the two lines through the origin which intersect the line at an
2 1 1
angle of .
3
Q.9 A variable plane is at a constant distance p from the origin and meets the coordinate axes in points A, B
and C respectively. Through these points, planes are drawn parallel to the coordinates planes. Find the
locus of their point of intersection.
x 2 2 y 3 3z 4
Q.10 Find the distance of the point P ( 2, 3, 4) from the line measured parallel to
3 4 5
the plane 4x + 12y 3z + 1 = 0.
Q.11 Find the equation to the line passing through the point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the line
2x + 3y 3z + 2 = 0 = 3x 4y + 2z 4.
Q.12 Find the equation of the line passing through the point (4, 14, 4) and intersecting the line of intersection
of the planes : 3x + 2y z = 5 and x 2y 2z = 1 at right angles.
Q.13 Let P = (1, 0, 1) ; Q = (1, 1, 1) and R = (2, 1, 3) are three points.
(a) Find the area of the triangle having P, Q and R as its vertices.
(b) Give the equation of the plane through P, Q and R in the form ax + by + cz = 1.
(c) Where does the plane in part (b) intersect the y-axis.
(d) Give parametric equations for the line through R that is perpendicular to the plane in part (b).
EXERCISEIV
Q.1(a) Let OA a , OB 10 a 2 b and OC b where O, A & C are noncollinear points . Let p denote the
area of the quadrilateral OABC, and let q denote the area of the parallelogram with OA and OC as
adjacent sides. If p = kq, then k = _______ .
(b) If A , B & C are vectors such that | B| | C | , Prove that ;
A B x A C x Bx C.B C 0 [ JEE ' 97, 2 + 5 ]
(iii) If a , b & c are unit coplanar vectors, then the scalar triple product
2 a b
2b c 2ca =
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 3
[ JEE ,2000 (Screening) 1 + 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
(b) Let ABC and PQR be any two triangles in the same plane . Assume that the perpendiculars from the
points A, B, C to the sides QR, RP, PQ respectively are concurrent . Using vector methods or otherwise,
prove that the perpendiculars from P, Q, R to BC, CA, AB respectively are also concurrent .
[ JEE '2000 (Mains) 10 out of 100 ]
Q.8
(i) If a = i j k , b = i 2 j 2 k & c = i 2 j k , find a unit vector normal to the vectors
a + b and b c .
(ii) Given that vectors a & b are perpendicular to each other, find vector in terms of a & b satisfying
the equations, . a = 0 , . b = 1 and , a , b = 1
(iii)
a , b & c are three unit vectors such that a b c =
1
2
b c . Find angle between vectors
a & b given that vectors b & c are non-parallel.
(iv) A particle is placed at a corner P of a cube of side 1 meter . Forces of magnitudes 2, 3 and 5 kg weight
act on the particle along the diagonals of the faces passing through the point P . Find the moment of these
forces about the corner opposite to P . [ REE '2000 (Mains) 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 out of 100 ]
Q.10(a) Find the vector r which is perpendicular to a = i 2j 5k and b 2i 3j k and
r 2i j k + 8 = 0.
(b) Two vertices of a triangle are at i 3j and 2i 5j and its orthocentre is at i 2j . Find the position
vector of third vertex. [ REE '2001 (Mains) 3 + 3]
2 2 2
Q.11 (a) If a , b and c are unit vectors, then a b b c c a does NOT exceed
(A) 4 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 6
(b) Let a i k , b x i j (1 x )k and c yi x j (1 x y)k . Then [a , b, c] depends on
(A) only x (B) only y (C) NEITHER x NOR y (D) both x and y
[ JEE '2001 (Screening) 1 + 1 out of 35]
Q.12(a) Show by vector methods, that the angular bisectors of a triangle are concurrent and find an expression
for the position vector of the point of concurrency in terms of the position vectors of the vertices.
(b) Find 3dimensional vectors v 1 , v 2 , v 3 satisfying
v1 v1 = 4, v 1 v 2 = 2, v 1 v 3 = 6, v 2 v 2 = 2, v 2 v 3 = 5, v 3 v 3 = 29.
(c) Let A(t ) = f1 (t )i f2 (t )j and B( t ) g1 ( t ) i g 2 ( t ) j , t [0, 1], where f1, f2, g1, g2 are continuous
functions. If A(t ) and B( t ) are nonzero vectors for all t and A(0) = 2i 3j ,
A(1) = 6 i 2j , B(0) = 3i 2j and B(1) = 2i 6 j , then show that A(t ) and B(t ) are parallel for
some t. [ JEE '2001 (Mains) 5 + 5 + 5 out of 100 ]
Q.13(a) If a and b are two unit vectors such that a + 2 b and 5 a 4 b are perpendicular to each other then
the angle between a and b is
1 2
(A) 450 (B) 600 (C) cos1 (D) cos1
3 7
(b) Let V 2i j k and W i 3k . If U is a unit vector, then the maximum value of the scalar triple
product U V W is
(A) 1 (B) 10 6 (C) 59 (D) 60
[JEE 2002(Screening), 3 + 3]
Q.14 Let V be the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the vectors a a1i a 2 j a 3k ,
b b1i b 2 j b 3k , c c1i c 2 j c 3k . If ar , br , cr , where r = 1, 2, 3, are non-negative real
3
numbers and a r b r c r = 3L, show that V < L3. [JEE 2002(Mains), 5]
r 1
6i 5k 3j k 2i 5k 2i j 2k
(A) (B) (C) (D)
61 10 29 3
(c) If a i j k , a b 1 and a b j k , then b =
(A) i (B) i j k (C) 2j k (D) 2i
[ JEE 2004 (screening)]
Q.19(a) Let a , b , c , d are four distinct vectors satisfying a b = c d and a c b d . Show that
a b c d a c b d .
(b) T is a parallelopiped in which A, B, C and D are vertices of one face. And the face just above it has
corresponding vertices A', B', C', D'. T is now compressed to S with face ABCD remaining same and
A', B', C', D' shifted to A., B., C., D. in S. The volume of parallelopiped S is reduced to 90% of T. Prove
that locus of A. is a plane.
(c) Let P be the plane passing through (1, 1, 1) and parallel to the lines L1 and L2 having direction ratios
1, 0, 1 and 1, 1, 0 respectively. If A, B and C are the points at which P intersects the coordinate axes,
find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are A, B, C and the origin.
[ JEE 2004, 2 + 2 + 2out of 60 ]
b a b a
Q.20(a) If a , b, c are three non-zero, non-coplanar vectors and b1 b 2 a , b b a ,
2
|a| | a |2
c a b c c a b1 c c a b c c a b c
c1 c 2 a 2 b1,c2 c 2 a 2 b1,c3 c 2 a 2 b1,c4 c 2 a 2 b1
|a| |c| |a | | b1 | |c| |c| |c| |b|
then the set of orthogonal vectors is
(A) a , b1 , c3
(B) a , b1 , c 2
(C) a , b1 , c1
(D) a , b 2 , c2
Bansal Classes Vectors [20]
(b) A variable plane at a distance of 1 unit from the origin cuts the co-ordinate axes at A, B and C. If the
1 1 1
centroid D (x, y, z) of triangle ABC satisfies the relation = k, then the value of k is
x2 y2 z2
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 1/3 (D) 9
[JEE 2005 (Screening), 3]
(c) Find the equation of the plane containing the line 2x y + z 3 = 0, 3x + y + z = 5 and at a distance of
1
from the point (2, 1, 1).
6
(d) Incident ray is along the unit vector v and the reflected ray is along the
. The normal is along unit vector a outwards. Express
unit vector w
in terms of a and v .
w
[ JEE 2005 (Mains), 2 + 4 out of 60 ]
Q.21(a) A plane passes through (1, 2, 1) and is perpendicular to two planes 2x 2y + z = 0 and
x y + 2z = 4. The distance of the plane from the point (1, 2, 2) is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2 2
(b) Let a i 2j k , b i j k and c i j k . A vector in the plane of a and b whose projection
1
on c is , is
3
(A) 4i j 4k (B) 3i j 3k (C) 2i j 2k (D) 4i j 4k
[JEE 2006,3 marks each]
(c) Let A be vector parallel to line of intersection of planes P1 and P2 through origin. P1 is parallel to the
11 3 5a 2
Q.19 Q.20 (b) Q.21 (a) 3( i 2j 2k ), (b) y = 3 or y = 1 Q.24 sq. units
3 2 12 3
q (q 3 3)
Q.25 p = ; decreasing in q (1, 1), q 0
4
EXERCISEII
1
Q.1 2 17 Q.2 (i 5j k ) Q.4 NO, NO
3 3
6 3 11 4 1 1
Q.5 (i) 14 (ii) 6 (iii) 10 (iv) 6 Q.6 Q.7 i j k
7 5 170 2 2 2
( 1) n
Q.8 p.v. of R = r = 3i + 3k Q.10 n ,n I & 1
2
4 22
Q.23 (a) 2i 3j 3k , (b) (i) 4, (ii) r i j k + (j k ) ( 3i j 3k ) , (iii) 4, (iv)
9
1 2 cos 1
Q.24 p = ; q= ; r=
1 2 cos 1 2 cos 1 2 cos
1 2 cos 1
or p= ; q= ; r=
1 2 cos 1 2cos 1 2 cos
a (c. a ) c b c b ( c. b) c a c
Q.25 x , y
1 c2 1 c2
EXERCISEIII
x 1 y 2 z 3
Q.1 = 900 Q.4 y + 2z = 4 Q.7
2 2 3
x y z x y z 1 1 1 1 17
Q.8 or Q.9 2
2
2
2 Q.10
1 2 1 1 1 2 x y z p 2
1 1 1
Q.9 (a) 5 i j 7k , ( i 7j 5k );
1274 sq. units (b) = 0, = 2 + 29
2 2 2
5 17
Q.10 (a) r 13i 11j 7k ; (b) i j
7 7
Q.11 (a) B (b) C Q.12 (b) v 1 2i , v 2 i j, v 3 3i 2j 4 k
Q.13 (a) B ; (b) C Q.15 D Q.16 (i) x + y 2z = 3 ; (ii) (6, 5, 2)
Q.18 (a) B, (b) B, (c) A Q.19 (c) 9/2 cubic units
Q.20 (a) B, (b) D ; (c) 2x y + z 3 = 0 and 62x + 29y + 19z 105 = 0, (d) w = v 2( a v ) a
Q.21 (a) D; (b) A; (c) B, D; (d) (i) D, (ii) A, (iii) B, C, (iv) D; (e) (i) B, (ii) D, (iii) C