Annotated Bibliography

Anderson-Mejas, P. L. (2002). The ESL Teacher's Role in Heritage Language Maintenance. The

Internet TESL Journal, 8(10). Retrieved February 13, 2017. Retrieved from

http://iteslj.org/Articles/Anderson-HeritageLanguage.html

In this work, Anderson-Mejas discusses how and why ESL educators should

incorporate their students heritage languages into the classroom. She discusses

how these languages are important to their sense of community, identity, culture,

and they can benefit greatly their acquisition of English. This article provides

specific suggestions on how teachers can incorporate supports for maintaining

heritage languages in their classrooms including communication, raising

consciousness, and interpreting language and culture accurately.

Canadas Residential Schools: The History, Part 1 Origins to 1939. (2015). Montreal &

Kinston: McGill-Queens University Press. Retrieved February 9, 2017. Retrieved from

http://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Final

%20Reports/Volume_1_History_Part_1_English_Web.pdf

The Truth and Reconciliation Committee have established a set of works which

delve into the lives of Aboriginal people during colonization. These texts range

from the repercussions of Residential Schools, misconceptions and conflicting

views during the signing the Treaties and, the ongoing oppression of Aboriginal
 people, which are all centralized around personal experiences and ultimately

identity loss.

Cree Language Camp. (2017, February 11). Retrieved from

http://www.northernspiritflutes.net/creelanguagecamp/About-Cree-Camp.html

Would you like to combine your holiday with learning to speak an Indigenous

language? This camp has been in operation for over a decade. It is coordinated by

Belinda Daniels, who is shortlisted to win the Global Teacher Prize of $1M for

her efforts towards ensuring her language is not lost. It is an outdoor camping

experience centred around learning Cree. There have been students from as far

away as France and Switzerland in attendance. Information and pictures will be

on the display table.

Cree Language Videos. (2017, February 14). Public group. Retrieved from

https://www.facebook.com/groups/100216916980387/

Solomon Ratt moderates this group. Included on this page are numerous videos

that will help students, both young and old, with their Indigenous language

studies. A number of videos feature young children speaking their mother tongue.

Deerchild, R. (2016, September 4). Reclaiming Cree language lands teacher on shortlist for $1M
 award. Unreserved. CBC Radio. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/lost-

found-and-shared-indigenous-language-speakers-on-the-rise-1.3410203/reclaiming-cree-

language-lands-teacher-on-shortlist-for-1m-award-1.3410769

Rosanna Deerchild highlights a woman of distinction, Belinda Daniels, who has

shown exemplary commitment to passing on her own Indigenous language, Cree,

to others. She is on the short list to receive a Global Teacher Prize of $1M for her

efforts towards ensuring her language is not lost. Belinda Daniels, also, is

involved in coordinating the Cree Language Camp near Prince Albert each year.

This article will be on the display table.

DiAngelo, R., & Sensoy, O. (2012). Is everyone really equal? An Introduction to Key Concepts

in Social Justice Education. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

DiAngelo and Sensoy discuss how language is more complex than individual

words. Both of these educators realize the significance of language on society and

on the historical and social moment when it is spoken (P. 48). Dominant

discourses ensure that less dominant cultures and peoples lose their own identities

through losing their mother tongue.

Galloway, G. (2015, December 15). Trudeau vows to develop plan to put Canada on path to 'true

reconciliation' Retrieved February 13, 2017. Retrieved from

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/truth-and-reconciliation-head-calls-for-
 ction-as-final-report-released/article27762924/

This news report from 2015 addresses Prime Minister Justin Trudeaus

appearance at the release of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation

Commission. Included in this are several recommendations on how to reconcile

with First Nations peoples in Canada, more specifically, the 94 Calls to Action.

Trudeau promises full implementation of the recommendations made during this

event. Indigenous Affairs Minister follows up saying that these implementations

could take generations, but there are several that are currently underway and

taking place.

Knox, Jules. (February 3, 2017). Possible Changes in Store for Regina Streets. Global News.

Retrieved from http://globalnews.ca/news/3226843/possible-changes-in-store-for-

reginas-streets/

Ms. Knox writes this article on interested parties, including Solomon Ratt, an

associate professor in Cree Language Studies at First Nations University, who

would like to see some street signs in Regina translated into Cree words. There is

even discussion on renaming Dewdney Avenue Buffalo Avenue. Not only these

changes but having North Central identified as Buffalo Meadows. This article will

be on the display table.

Langlois, S. & Turner, A. Statistics Canada. (2011). Aboriginal languages in Canada. Retrieved
 from https//www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-

x2011003_3-eng.cfm

This article from Statistics Canada shares census information from 2011 gathered

concerning the use of Indigenous languages, specifically mother tongues, that are

used across Canada and its territories. The analysis discusses the results of the

information gathered on Indigenous people and their communities, including

Indian reserves and settlements that speak their mother tongue. Although 31

settlements were not enumerated a significant number of Aboriginal communities

were able to be included in this census.

McWhorter, John. (2009). The Cosmopolitan Tongue: The Universality of English. World

Affairs. Retrieved from

https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2009/11/whats-lost-when-a-

language-dies/29886/

This article John McWhorter argues that the loss of language is not necessary a

big thing for the worlds economy. He suggested that globalization is causing

different cultures to mix and language to amalgamate that having only a few

different languages only makes sense. He also looked at how out of the six

thousand different language spoken throughout the world right now, only about

600 will survive to the next century. The author also suggests that would the

thought of language loss not such a bad thing is society was not turning to English

to speak but if it was another language.

Pennycook, A. (December, 1989). The Concept of Method, Interested Knowledge, and the

Politics of Language Teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 23 (4), 589-618.

This is a powerful essay on how those holding the power of linguistic

manipulation hold differing views on how to teach English to EAL students. The

debate centers around how to be socially aware of how our hegemony affects

those we teach. Are we cognizant of how we, as teachers, are negatively affecting

the children in our sphere when we fail to recognize the consequences of the past

behaviour of residential school educators? Yes, the social, political, cultural, and

intellectual climate of colonialism has contributed to the language loss of the

Indigenous peoples mother tongue.

Phillipson, R., & Skuttnabb-Kangas, T. (1995). Linguistic Rights and Wrongs. Applied

Linguistics, 16 (4), 483-504.

Linguistic Rights and Wrongs addresses the inalienable rights of minorities to use

their mother tongue in both private and public spaces for the purpose of keeping

their linguistics and their culture alive and flourishing. Phillipson & Skuttnab-

Kangas explain how Linguistic Human Rights helps to bridge the gap between

linguicide and the right to use a persons mother tongue as an inalienable right.

This enhances all of society by including different cultural practises and

multilingualism into the mainstream. The article stresses that this can be
 problematic for reluctant governing bodies who use excuses such as not enough of

the population of the ethnic, religious, or linguistic minorities exist to enact the

policies required to fulfill their obligation to be inclusive. As well, the recalcitrant

entities resist by allowing a minority group that desire to teach their own their

mother tongue to do so at their own expense. This, also, source recognizes a need

for others to be involved in lessening the effects of language loss throughout the

world in a cooperative manner. There are five very good suggestions that we will

use in our conclusion that complements the Calls to Action items that address

language loss.

Saskatchewan Curriculum. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2017. Retrieved from

https://www.edonline.sk.ca/webapps/moe-curriculum-BBLEARN/index.jsp

The Saskatchewan Curriculum is a document used to support teachers. It outlines

mandatory outcomes, indicators, and resources to guide educators in their

teaching practice. The sections that support knowledge when talking about

language loss are the Treaty Education Outcomes section, located under Quick

Links, and the Aboriginal Languages K-12 curriculum. The Treaty Education

outcomes outline the specific knowledge about Treaty Education that students are

supposed to be taught and learned, organized from Kindergarten to Grade 12. The

Aboriginal Languages K-12 subject section and curriculum guide outline

 supports, resources, and activities for teachers to use while incorporating

Aboriginal languages into their classroom.

The Gathering Place. (2017, February 13). FREE Conversational CREE class begins again

TONIGHT. Join us at the Gathering Place at 6pm for this fun class with Darren

Okemaysim. It will also be live streamed for those of you who want to join in from home.

Supper is provided. PLEASE SHARE!!!. Retrieved

from

https://www.facebook.com/233167146710332/photos/a.1263347507025619.1073741826.

233167146710332/1656819757678390/?type=3

This is a wonderful opportunity to experience conversational cree for free. This

event started February 13 and continues each Monday until March 27, 2017. It

starts at 6pm and ends at 8 pm. This will be live-streamed as well so that you may

participate from afar. **No prior knowledge is assumed**. This handout will be

on the display table.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action. (2012). Retrieved February

12, 2017. Retrieved from:

http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.p

df
 This report outlines the 94 Calls to Action that the Truth and Reconciliation

Commission of Canada created outlining how to reconcile with the First Nations

communities across Canada. Aboriginal languages and possibilities to preserve

them are addressed several time throughout, including in the Education section

suggesting that Aboriginal languages could be protected by teaching them as

credit courses in schools. There are multiple other suggestions on how to address

reconciliation with these communities, including health, child welfare, language

and culture, etc.

Undergraduate and Course Calendar. (2016-2017). University of Regina. Retrieved from

https://www.uregina.ca/student/registrar/publications/undergraduate-

calendar/assets/pdf/2016-2017/Sections/ed.pdf

On page 149 the program options for elementary education are outlined. Note 2.

Suggests that an Indigenous language course such as Cree or Dene is taken to

fulfill the modern language component for an elementary education degree.

Unknown author. (2016, September 16). Orange Shirt day raises awareness about residential

schools. CBC News/Manitoba. Retrieved from

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/orange-shirt-indigenous-residential-schools-

reconciliation-1.3766002
 In this news article the significance of Orange Shirt day highlights the fact that

Every Child Matters. Raising awareness of Indigenous youth subjected to abuses,

including language loss, in residential schools for all, including non-Indigenous

children who have been taught that the Europeans are superior. This myth is not

true and all children need to know why reconciliation is necessary.

Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Cree Words. Retrieved from

http://www.native-languages.org/cree_words.htm

This is a great place to start in learning beginning Cree vocabulary. Numbers,

colours, body parts, various animals, and some verbs are offered in both Cree and

their corresponding English translations. We will use word cards around the

classroom to heighten the feeling of being surrounded by the language.

Wallace, Lane. (2017) Whats Lost When Language Dies. The Atlantic. Retrieved

from https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2009/11/whats-lost-when-a-language-

dies/29886/

The article Whats lost when language dies discusses the consequences of

language loss and the effects it will have to the world economy. Lance Wallace

argues that when a language dies the whole of the culture dies with it. This is

caused by is intermingling and meshing of cultures that now occurs throughout

the world. He also states to preserve the 6000 languages that are predicted to
 vanish within the next century the United States government will be creating a

archive. The archive will allow future generation to be able to understand ancient

text. He also suggests that there is a need to keep these languages alive.

Wiltse, Lynne. (2011, summer). But My Students All Speak English: Ethical Research Issues

of Aboriginal English. TESL Canada Journal/Revue TESL Du Canada. Special issue 5.

Dr. Wiltse explores the topic of Aboriginal students speaking a dialect of English.

She discusses a difference between language and dialect where the standard

dialect is most often the mother tongue of more educated people. Speaking

English seems to come at the expense of the loss of their own language.

Consequently, the children are not able to speak English as well as they should to

ensure academic success.

Wiltse, Lynne. (2011, November 8). Dr. Lynne Wiltse [Video file]. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_am-ZS7xEQ

Not only do we have a reading by this learned author this week but a video she

made on youtube includes some childrens literature she recommends. Two of

which - Caribou Song and This Land is My Land - will be on our display table.