ga

rat1n

11l'O

rren t fort h e oP en - V,

Power '25,000

rating 0 formers

1000

111
f
 500,000

500
,____ A
11 3

Full load total cu loss ......

- 4490
I

Iron loss 3050

_.. . 7540 w
- 500
= 500,000 I 507,540 0.9854 or
98.54%

Output at 0.8 pf 400

. . Efficiency 400,000 I 407,540 ,- 0.982 or 98.2%

Half load condition

Cu losses
'-- 4172 w
= 0.9835 98.85%
n
- 200.
= 0.98 or 98%
n
J

 iii) M,ax1 rn urn en
iron

To loss =
:= (3/4) 120 = 90 . 90,000 w

Input

90',000

. n ----- x 100 96.57% 1

9,3,200

Problem:
A 500 3-phase, 50-hz transformer has a voltage
rato ( e voltages) of 33/11 and is delta/star-con-
nected. The resistance per phase are: high voltage 35 Q,
low voltage 0.876 Q and the iron loss is 3050 W. Calcu-
late the value of efficiency at full-load and one-half of
f -load respectively (a) at unity pf and b) 0.8 pf.

olution:

a x 33,000

total loss ca~ F.L. Cu loss
1r0Jl 1oss
3500 2305
Sfo . ....... _

. O.Q ~l'
I
1,195 w

lo ~.
%&1
A 120-KVA, 6000/400-V, Y/Y 3-phase, 50-hz trans-
former has an iron loss of 1600 W. The maximum
efficiency occurs at 3/4 full-load.
(i) Full load and 0.8 power factor
(ii) Half-load and unit power factor

(iii) The maximum efficiency

We Solution:
Since maximum efficiency occurs at 3/4 full-load Cu
loss at 3/4 full load equals iron loss at 1600 W
'

Cu loss at 3/4 F.L. 1600 W; Cu loss at FL

= 1600 x (4/3)2 2845 w
= 96,000W
(1) FL output at 0.8 pf 120 x 0.8 96

Total loss 1600 + 2,845 4,445 W;

..

100,445

(ii) Cu loss at 1/2 Full load (1/2)2 x 2845 710W;

'

total loss 710 + 1600
Total loss 2310 W
= 60,000. w
Output 1/2 F.L. and upf is 60

133




0 osse .

at 0.8 pf (lag).

Solution:
; input 80/0.

= 83.5
Total loss input-output 83.5 80 3.5
Let us find full-load cu losses for w/c purpose,
would first calculate Ro2

secondary voltage/phase 400 I 3 4

K=
primary voltage/phase 3,300 3

3.5
0.031 n

phase

x 400-
..

q '.'at

n aa

problem

, I (J
l
l

sotut on:
111 l d f I
102

p IEZ CT

.J.
Sf R:
Jg

I I
.. :sr

LS
a
I

ii TE-

~ " l'i il'Ri Z: & =t TA: ii! a.o.I ii liii\fSJ!

t

))

Prim
' 66 aua 6 t
0 '' m


. . secondai

= 86.6 per cent of 0.8

= 0.693
b) Addition load 72. per cent of. 3000 == 2175 kw
Total load 3000 + 2175 5175 kw ,

Now: 3
= 5,175,000 or 3 x 11,000
== 5,175,000

= 340 3 196A

 200 1
!'12
______ . =
'O

. ...,..- 440 2.2

. N1

~aslll. :. prUnaI"Y current = 375 x 1/2.2 190 A

,_
rent .

Teaser transformer
>rine:r l.l&t
p1imarJ volts =

es . Secondary volts 200 V

secondary turns 20.0 1

rec p~11- B
~-~t1ary
'..L

primary turns 381 1905
system, and
the same as (also teaser ratio)
three phase
= ( 1.15 x 1/2.2 1/1.905)
3.lll e as those

.t con11ection,
:Or supplying Problem:
n.e two-phase a) Two identical 1-phase transf orm.ers are connected in
ja}cualte the open-delta across 3-phase mains and deliver a balanced
winding cur load of 3000 . at 11 and 0.8 pf lagging. Calculate
the line and phase currents and the power factors at
which the two transformers are working.
b) If one more identical unit is added and the open-delta
converted to delta, calculate the additional load of the
18
earns power factor that can now be suppied for the same

rents.
--....
129



. wha. l>r'IO
a e s (s

o an the
halves.
31.5 -90.
.... 1
cui en ts a, "' ~ aa in ~
secondary . (c). he c ~ti ~
(b)
an t, he sam . . P.t;
. 1s . . a r__. ~ ~ "i"i'l' vu

tal em Ust

. ent aw .

....
..... ."'
= 63 -15QoA. . IS WO . ,

lines curren s
that t eir magn
if t ey were .

t
of the actual two phase load.

Problem:

Two transformers are required for a scott co ection

operating from a 440 V, 3 phase supply for s ppl ing
two-single phase furnaces at 200 V on t e t o- hase Probl~
side, if the total output is 150 alt t e
secondary
rents. to prirn turn ratio and th 1 d ur-

Solution:

' second ...........

Volts . . ,.r 200, v.'r

128
I
 =O

currents IA - 100

'

: : 54. 7 /Sl0, IB 54. 7 18Qo

,. . . . . . d Ic =
..
~ iting current, but this is being neglected as are the
her imper . fections of the transformers.

1200
This time, lo = 0 and Id

This current is in phase with Vdc. Maintaining the

phase sequence a b c ru1d the choice of VAB as axis
of reference, V de 120 90, thus Id 100 -90

1 100 goo
and le - -- ,__ Id - - - 63 goo
1.59

127
 open d

lS

. . con .
s.

_.----- --

8 -----'---
L- ---
--- - ---------
.,__......_ - - -- --- - - 0

Pl -
I . 'I
I . . I
~ I
-
I . '
-::=::- _J - - - -

Fig. 1
ec ion

a1n t

am=
Vab

easer

 Note:

. s so bal .
I1M can al so be found. anced, 1f neces-
8ary,

liM is . the vector sum of (i) KI 2M and

(ii) 2 I 1 T or 0.58 KI2T

Now: Kl2M (1/33) x 5000 =

= 2l1T 17 4.3/2 - 87 .lA ~

l1M = (151)2 + (87 .1)2

0

174.3 A

'
Problem:
Ref er to Fig. 1. The m itude of the three-phase
line voltage is 220 volts; that of the two-phase voltage is
120 volts for each phase. Consider the transformers to be
1 \t c '" .i11

~ 17, ,,
ideal.

Requir

a Find the turn relations

. . w at 1mity power
b ave tenulll
~

125
 He ce, 10 . .. i
l1ne an ~ t

Problem:
. on.n

. .~ h " . ect lo
m t e trans1orme1... . sses

seiuuon.
Heie K -- 100/3,300 -
Nov
t

400,000
12 - ------::~---- - 5,000 A
0.8 x 100


here I 2T I 2M 5,000 A =

r-----A

~ -- --. iOQV

--
----1~--------lseooA
\(!)oV

.. ~CX) ~"" r-~_J

(u)
I

124


Fig. B

le C\lr-.

Here, K - 100/31300 1/33
se side Teaser secondary currents I2T -
450,000 I 100 x o. 707 6,360 A
~00 kw Teaser prima1-y current is I1T -
,e side. 1.15 Kl2T 1.15 x (1/33) x 6360 221.8A
Main primary current IM has two rectangular
components

(i) K12m where I2m is the secondary current at the

'

main transformer and

(ii) Half of the teaser primary current 1/2 l1T

1/2 x 1.15 l2T 0:577 l2T

1 . 350,000

33 100 x 0.707

also
1/2 l1T -

123

 4550
I1
~---=~~~" #Z:. .....-:..,. re :5 fi9i'i1 ,. a ai

., ; .
sher ttt aaa .
J ..

.. . 48.6 ps
7270 . 43.6
.___..--.-.------- + J
IB - le

a 2

60.6 + j 21.8
64.40 ps

Problem,:
In scott-connection, calculate the values of line
rents on the 3-phase side if the loads on the 2-phaae

and the three-phase line voltage is 3,300 V. The

load is on the leading phase on the two-p
Neglect transformer losses.

Solution:

. B . a11 p
on F1g. .

no ''0.,

0 a I

k 1~._. ,,.. t
71 I #

 sour , ij ' a
.... ~ ~u.

On teaser transf armer; 5 k . ~'~.L

t
I
--
,,X>v
'
~

( 0
t!J :2-00 1
0. "~ li{
l Ee
1 ~------
:L2. 2'CiO i[iiE: 'I' * A I
l 0 Tl"'
~-------
~I

ctor

)S
13,200
= ------------- = 120
110
120 (0.866)
teaser
10.3.92

110

800,000
110

121


+ J .
.. --
s&

..- - .

.. _.. 36.4fl~.iso

.
36.4 , .. ,. I 36.4
. ...
,
7

....

125% 1.25

rr
29.1 kva

- r cos 6
pf. c

~ ,.

b)
cos 16.18 soil
' ,

0.961
0.961 ' x 100%

pf 96.1%

c) Current

* carrying capacity of the conductor

I . ~ x 100 x 3
--------------1n
3 xv

' 36.4 x 1000 x 3 a s a

3 x 220

'
'

286

'
'

 0.6) - 30
0.9
(0.487) +0
-
3
,,,.

' 10.15

,\There:
o.6 is sin .(cos -1 0.8)
o.437 is sin (cos-1 0.9)

pf cos e
e cos-1 pf

pf
Ax p.f.

____,,,_,...---- sin (e)
pf

pf

119
 eacnn

f one-transfo,rmer
%

of the system
- ing capacity of the conductor

w
------------~
3
-- 20 k
ma

35 k .
 p 1t
sin
1t p

Em. max, voltage in the anode

- ere:
p number of anodes
. (} } EDC direct current voltage
is clo~~~t\
Enc 7t . Em = 2 E.
& ()f '
7 7

:: - 2 p sin 1t/P '

'
p 1t
sin
soc =

7t p

7t EDC

2 P sin 7t!P

.t 28 V. De

formers are 'rt/3 60

~urrent Wld 2 (3) sin Tt/3

=
2 (3) sin 60

= 24 volts

IDC
3
1000.
= a

'

c)

'

Problem:

Three identical transf armers are used to supply power

to an iodizing plant requiring 1000 Amps at 28 V. DC
from 3 phase, half wave .rectifiers. The transf onners are
connected in 6. Y. at are the second current and
phase voltage of the transformers?

Solution:
~

(J 3
p

p
L ,..____ ___,{---,.
y
.

-
r \


'
r
~

\,, _,,
Utz
~ &

 115.7
3
.or- op6 ~,._
3
er facto:t'
cSP . t . x 66.7 x 2200
! ta co4 .. f capac1 ies
e of th~
h of th~ 3 x 66.7 x 2200
rers fu.11 ~Iosed-deltabank 3 x 115.7 x 2200 0.577
er
. ha.nit
11ne the

that the voltage across the coil be in phase with the

b) at is the total impedance of the parallel combi-

Solution:

90

X1 _ at Rc2 0
Xe :::: _b -------...:_:!~-;--- '
-----------
Rc2 x Xc2
~200"'

. __ 125 n
4000 R 2 + XL2 100

XL
,.

106

113

Problem:

e
J

to be connected to a 4400-v.olt system, determine the

primary line current to the bank. rot

'

'
(
I

A ' \\S. -,

1
Hotov

Solu

7 2 500 x 746
l

3 EL x eff x p. 3 x 2200 x 0.9 x 0.90

115.7 amps

115. 7 x 2000
254.4
1000 '

'

Prim.-..
I

-- 5.78 amps
,

 tor o ft . .r .
faC V bank o ransJ.ormers consisting of two smgle--

. form . . . . .
rating

.2 5 k:.W "'\-

~ = o.s
uoo
\o.~'9

25,,000
Power
y

- 86. 6 amps.
0.5

1000
:.. 18
p ,
7


1000

111

'


so1u11on:
2 + j S)
z
2.5 + j 5 ..
a a

::: IB (1.54 + j 0.2)

.
te1xn1n al voltage as reference""
"~-
1\\king ~ ndarJ

or, we get: ~

== 800 - j 600 200 ( 4 - j 3)

= 294.6 - j 259.5
20 - J B

IW 392.6 L-4l:37o
= (294.6 j 259.5)
1.54 r j 0.2)

;- 505.6 - j 840. 7 Soll

= 609. 7 t ~~,.Q0

h
the in-phase components of the two currents.

output of A
output of B

Note:
 , , "l.J~Z8. + ZL (ZA + Z B) .:::= (--0

nee quant
. . t
orm e:rs are

,, 4) (2

J .0613) ':::

22.15 /67.9
con .. 0.0259 /92.7
_0.25
= 855 /-24.80 .

- 230 ~o
V2 IZL =
-load I

ts n

Problem: '

Two single phase transformers A & B of equal volt-

age ratio are running in parallel and supply a load of
1000 A of 0.8 pf lag. The equivalent impedance of the
two transformers are (2 + j 3) and (2.5 + j 5) ohms

) former and the ratio of the output of the two

transformers.
'

,
95
I


sformers

. 200 A
600 J\
0.02 .025
0.05 O.Q5,

245 v 240
No-load Emf

Solution:

IIn pedance in ohms Zpu x NL Emf I full-load

current

= 0.066 63.2
-

ZB (240/600) (0.025 + j 0.06) ... 0.01 + j 0.024

= 0.026 67.3
z

0.0345 + j 0.0853 - ' 0.092 68

(0 + j 0.0247

94
 69.40
13-6. 72.90

470 -40.40

-- 470 agging

ZA
Q,-----
ZA + ZB . ~8.?o
13.6 72.9 a

280 /-31.10

280 I
5%

rrs-
:he

no- Note:
but in practice, the angle between I and I is so
. of
sions, arithmetic expressions were used, the an-
swer would not be so much clifferent. In most
cases, calculations by both victorial and arith-
metical methods generally yield result that do
ove not differ sufficiently to warrant the more in-
me

cally;

91

Problem:
A 500- ~ transformer wi h '?
reactance is connected in paral e ..
former with 1.,5% resistan e and
secondary vol , . e of each tran ~ t,.
load. d how they share a lo d f 7 - t I

0.8 lagging.

Solution:
It may be noted that percentage drop
refer to . ratings. This should be adj s t
basic kva i.e. 50,0 ~.

% zA ..
. B 250

= 8.55

90