, . , , .

.

....................................................................................................................................... 5
1. ............................................................................................................................... 7
........................................................................................................................ 7
...............................................................................8
................................................................................................. 8
............................................................................................... 10
: ........................................................................11
..................................................................................................... 12
................................................................................................ 12
.......................................................................................13
....................................................................................14
.......................................................................................... 15
....................................................................................15
....................................................16
: ..................................................17
.......................................................................................... 18
................................................................................................ 19
................................................................................................... 20
...........................................................................22
2. .............................................................................23
.......................................................................................... 24
...............................................................................26
................................................................................................................. 27
3. ...............................28
................................................................................................................. 28
................................................................................................... 29
........................................................................................................................... 29
................................................................................................................................ 30
................................................................................................ 30
........................................................................................................................ 31
........................................................................................................................................ 31
................................................................................................. 32
.................................................................................................... 32
...............................................................................33
.................................................................................................. 33
.................................................................................................... 33
..................................................................................................................... 34
4. .........................................................................34
.......................................................................................... 34
..............................................................................34
........................................................35
.......................35
.......................36
1.
 ......................................................................36
, ......38
.................................................................................................... 39
.................................................................................................... 39
............................................................................................... 39
........................................................................................... 40
..............................................................................41
......................................................................................41
..........................................................................42
.....................................................44
....................................................................44
- .......................................................................................44
5. .............................................................................................................. 45
...................................................................................................................... 45
......................................................................................................................... 46
.................................................................................................. 47
.................................................................................................... 47
-..................................................................................48
.....................................................................................48
-........................................................................................................... 49
..................................................................................................... 49
6. : ..................................................................50
................................................................................................................... 50
............................................................................................................................. 51
................................................................................................................. 51
................................................................................................ 51
7. .................................................................................................... 56
..................................................56
........................................................................................................ 57
.............................................................................................. 61
................................................................................................. 64
.................................................................................................................. 65
.......................................................................................66
....................................................67
8. ........................................................................................................ 68
................................................................................................................................... 68
...............................................................................69
............................................................................................ 70
...............................................................................70
........................................................................................... 71
......................................................................................... 71
.........................................72
...................................................................................................................... 74
............................................................................................... 75
........................................................................................77
9. -....................................................................................78
- ............................................................................................ 78
............................................................................................................... 79
......................................................................................................................................... 79
................................................................................................................ 79
2.
 ................................................................................................................ 79
............................................................................................................................. 80
............................................................................................. 80
..............................................................................81
....................................................................................82
.............................................................................................................................. 82
............................................................................................................................................ 83
............................................................................................................................................. 83
........................................................................................................................................ 83
............................................................................................................ 84
.....................................................84
......................................................................................................... 85
.................................................................................................................. 86
....................................................................................................................... 86
........................................................................................................ 87
............................................................................................................................... 88
....................................................................................................... 90
................................................................................................. 91
.............................................................................................................. 91
, , ........................................................................................91
..................................................94
............................................................................................ 95
.......................................................................................................... 95
....................................................................................................................... 95
...................................................95
.................................................................................................. 96
10. .............................................................96
......................................................................................................... 96
.....................................................................................97
.................................................................................................... 98
.......................................................................................... 99
............................................................................................ 99
.............................................................................102
..................................................................................................... 103
.............................................................................103
11. .......................................................................104
12. ........................................................................................115
..............................................................................116
............................................................................................................. 119
............................................................................................................. 119
............................................................................................. 120
...............................................................................121
.....................................................................123
...........................................................123
: .................................124
......................................................................................125
......................................................................................126
, ........................127
.......................................................128
......................................................129
3.
 13. .......................................................................129
......................................................................130
.................................................................................................. 131
, ......................................................132
.......................................133
...................................................................................................... 135
, ..............................................................136
, ................................136
.................................................................................................... 137
...............................................................138
............................................................................................... 139
......................................................................................................................... 139
................................................................................................. 139
.....................................................................140
.......................................................................................140
14. ................................................................................................. 141
......................................................................................................................... 141
...............................................................................142
.............................................................149
15. ........................................151
............................................................................................. 151
............................................152
....................................................................................154
................................................................154
.......................................................................................... 154
........................................154
.................................................................155
16. ..........................................156
....................................................................................................................................... 156
.................................................................................................................... 156
........................................................................................................... 157
...................................................................................................... 157
..........................................................158
.................................................................................158
................................................................................................................... 159
?............................................................................159
?............................................................................................ 159
........................................................................................... 160
: .......................................................................................................... 160
....................................................................................160
.....................................................................160
...............................................160
........................................................................................161
................................................................................................... 161
.............................................................161
............................................................................................... 164
...........................................................................164
......................................164
..................................................165
......................166
4.
 17. ...................................167
....................................................................................................................................... 167
...............................................................................169
...........175
..................................................................................................................................... 181
................................................................................................................. 181
..................................................................................................... 183
......................................................................................185
........................................................186
( )...................................189
, .........................190
....................................................................................................................................... 192

(Aaron Beck, A. Rush, Brian Shaw, Gary Emery. Cognitive Therapy of Depression, 1979)

. ,
.
, ,

. , -
, ,
.
:
, ,

.
, ,
.
.
,
, . , ,
,

. , ,
.
,
(Depression; 1967),
.
(Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders),
1976 , ,
,
.
, ,
. , ,
, 1956
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
. , ,
,
,
.
5.

,
, ,
, ,
,
. :
. ,
,
; , ,
.
.
, ,
1950- , :
, , -
! ,
, , ,
,
, .
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
. :
, ,
, ?
, ,
, ,
,
- , - ,
, , . ,
, ,
. , , ,
.
,
, . ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
. ,

-
.

,
,
, .

. , ,
, ,
.
.
,
,
( -
).

6.
 ,
,
, :
.
,
. ,
, .
, , ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, . ,
.
.
. ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
(, ), ,
.
.
. , 1979 .

1. .

.
, 12%
,
(Schuyler, Katz, 1973). 15
,
. ,
, , ,

.
.
, -
. , ,
, ,
. ,
,
.

(Secunda, Katz, Friedman, 1973) , 75%
15% 18 74
.
3 9 . ,
(75% )
.

7.
 .
,
, ,
.

,
, ,
. ,
.
1. , ,
. ,

, 60-65%
(. Beck, 1973, . 86).
, 35-40% ,
, .
2. , ,
, -
.
3.

.
,

(Shapiro, Morris, 1978). , - ,

. ,
( 50% ),
.
,
, ,
.
,
, , .
, -
, , ,
,
. ,
(
).
,
(. 10).

.
, , ,
,
(, , , , .).
,
, (Beck, 1967, 1976).
( , )
(), .
, ,
, :
, . ,
, .
, ,
; ,

8.
 . ,
() .
,
, .

.
.

.
, : 1)
(); 2) ,
; 3) , ; 4)
; 5)
, .
, ,
.
, ,

(Daily Record of Dysfunctional Thoughts) (. ).
, ,
.
, ,
.
- (, ).
,
(: , -
).
,
. -
, ,
. ,
: ?
? ? -
? , ?
, ?

.
,
.

, .
,
( 7) ( 8).
: ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, . ,
,
.
, , ,
. 7 8,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
, . ,

.

9.
 ,
, ,
.
, , ,
. , ,
,
. .
.

. , , ,
, .
, 15-25 ,
.
4-5
10-15 .
, . 1

. , 3-4
.

.
?
:
, .
. ,
, -
,
. ,
. ,
,

.
,
,
. , ,
, ,
,
.

.
, .
, .
. ,
, ,
.

() , , , , .
, ,
,
. ,
,
.

. , ,
,
.

1
(. booster)
. . .
10.
 ,
,
, .

: .
.
1. ,
, .
2. .
3. ( ) ,
.
4. , ,
, , .
5.
.
6. .
7.
.
,
(IV . . .), , , , .
: , .
, , , ,
.
, .
(1900/1953) ,
.
, ,
. , ,
. (1931/1958) :
, ,
. ,
; , , - ,
. , ,
.
,
, .
( Raimy, 1975.)
(Alexander, 1950), (Horney, 1950), (Saul, 1947) (Sullivan,
1953).
,
.
.
(Jaspers,
1913/1968), (Binswanger, 1944-45/1958) (Straus, 1966).
,
, (Piaget, 1947/1950, 1932/1960).

. (Bowers, 1973)
-
. ,
(1972),
:
. , ,
, .
,
.

11.
 , (Kelly, 1955)
.
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
.
(Berne, 1961, 1964) (Frank, 1961) ,
,
.
(Ellis, 1957, 1962, 1971, 1973) -
. , ,
() () ().
- ,

. -
.

(Maultsby, 1975).
(Mahoney, 1974; Meichenbaum,
1977; Goldfried, Davison, 1976; Kazdin, Wilson, 1978)
.
,
.
, (Beck, 1976). ,

.

.

(Beck, 1963, 1964, 1967).

.
,
: 1) , 2) 3) (
).

.
,
,
.
. , ,
. ,
. , , ,
, , .
, , ,
.

. ,
/ .
.
,
.
, , , ,
. ,
, .
.
,
12.
 . , ,
. , ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
(, ), .
, .
(, , )
. .
, ,
- - ?
, ,
.
, , , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, .
, .

. ( )
.

.
.
, , ,
.
.
, ,
. -
,
. ,
, , .
- , ,
.
( ).
, .
, .
,
. ,
(,
). .
, ,
; ,
.
.
,
;
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
.

13.
, ;
(, ),
(, ,
). ,
.
,
, .

.

(. Beck, 1967).
1. :
, , .
2. : , -
, ,
.
3. :

, , .
4. : ,
, , .
5. : ,
.
6. , : ,
, , . . ,
, , . ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
. , ,
, ,
.
,
( - ) ,
, , .
,
, .
,
, (1932/ 1960).
, ,
.
.

1. . . ,

2. . .
,

3. . .

4. . .
-

14.
 5. . , .


, , , ,
( ) ,
. (, ) ,
.

.
.
, ,
. ()
,
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
. ;
,
.

, , ,
, , ,
.
.
,
(Beck, Rush, 1978) .
(,
, )
.

.
- ,
,
.
;
. ,
(,
, , .).
(Bandura, 1977),
. ,
. , ,
, , , (
,
).
( )
. ,

.
, ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.

15.
 , , ,
.
.

.

. (Schreiber, 1978)
, ,
.
, .
,
, .
.
, , ,
, . - ,
,
. -,
: > + >
. , ,
. ,
, . (
) ,
, , -
.
(, ,
),
.

(, )
(, ). , ,
, ,
.
, .
, ,

,
.
( ) ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
,
, .
,
. , ,
.
; ,
, , ,
. ,
(
) . ,
.
35 ,
(Beck, Rush, 1978; , ).
, ,
. ,

.

,
. ,
16.
 de novo , .
, , ,
,
(), (
, ). ,
.

: .
-
(Beck, 1967).
,
, , ,
. ,
,
(Dember, 1974; Mahoney, 1977; Weimer, Palermo, 1974).


,
.
(Kuhn, 1962),
, , .
( ),
,
. ,
,

.
? -,
(. 7). -,
.
,
. ,
, .
:
.
, ,
, . ,
.
,
. ,
,
. , ,
, (
), .

( ) .

.
, , ,
(, ),
, .
,
, .

. ,
, , . ,
,
.
,
17.
 .
, ,
.
.

.
1. , ,
, .
,
.
, .
,
;
. , ,
, Depression: Causes and Treatment (Beck, 1967),

.
, ,
,
. , ,

.
, , . -,
,
. -, .
, , ,
.
, , , , -
, ,
. -, ()
. -,
. ,
.
,
, , . -,
,
, , . -,
, ( ,
) . -,
,
, . ,
(
). ,
, , .

17 ( ). ,
, ,
. ,
- , .
,
. , ,
.
- ,
, ,
. , , ,
- , ,
,
!

18.
 2. (),
,
.
.
. ,

, ,
, . .
The Prediction of the
Suicide (Beck, Reznik, Lettieri, 1974), ,
(Beck, Kovacs, Weissman, ).
10.
3. .
, ,
. ,
, .
,
.
;
. , , ,
.
4.
, , .
, :
) ,
Depression: Causes and Treatment ( 15, 17, 18) 5- Cognitive Therapy
and the Emotional Disorders (Beck, 1976);
) ( 2-4, 9, 10, 12)
( 11);
) .
().
, ,
, .
, , -
, 25% (
) . 25%
;
(.
). ,
, ;
) , ,
- .

.
, ,
, .
,

(, )
, ,
, , , .
,

.
, ,
, .

19.
 1. , ,
,
.

.
2. ,
. , ,
,
(, ).
17.
3.
, , ,
, : )
; ) ,
; )
; )
.

.
, , ,
, , .
1. .
,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
. ,
.
. ( 2).
. , .
, . ,
.
, .
,
.
. ,
,
, ,
.
; ,
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
.
2. , , . -
. ,
, ,
, .
; , , , ,
, , .
, , ,
, ,
. , ,
.

20.
 , , -
. ,
, . ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ( 3 4).
3. .
,
, . ,
, ,
.

, ,
.
, .
,
,
.
, ,
.
, .
4. .
.
, , ,
.
, .
,
. , :
?, ?
, ,
.
,

. ,
, .
, , ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
5. .
. ,
.
, .
, ,
.
.
, : .
. .
? ?
?, , , : , .
. ...
.
, ,
, .
,
,
. , :
21.
 ,
.
;
. ,
,
.
.
8.
6. . ,
.
( 4). ,
,
, .
:
1)
, , ;
2)
( ,
, ).
, , .


( 4).
,
,
. ,
.
7. .
: , ,
. , ,
, , ,
.
-
.
, . ,
: , , ,
, , .
, .
,
/ , 14.

.

. , ,
.
1. . ,
.
, , ,
, .
2. .
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, .
,

22.
, - .
,
. ,
, ,
, .
3. .
, .
, .
4. . ,
,
.
,
.
, . ,
.
.
,
, ,
(,
). , ,
. ,
: , ,
, . ,
, .
,
- .
,
.

2. .
,
. ,
.
,
. , ,
.
- .
, .
, , . ,
.
,
; ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
.
.
, , .

, ,

. , ,
,
. , ,
- .

,
.
23.
, .

,
.
,
. ,
, . ,
, .
,
,
.
, , ,
,
(, , 1970),
.
,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
, . ,
, ,
, , ,
(Breger, McGaugh, 1965). ,

, .
,
, .

(Lazarus, 1966; Meichenbaum, 1977) (Novaco, 1975).

, .

, .
, ,
,
. ,

,
,
.

.
, ,

, , ,
.
.
( ) ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
,
(, , , , ),
, ,
,

24.
, , , ,
. , , .
,
, ,
, . , ,
. :
: , , ,
, , . -
, : , , , ,
" ", " ".
, ,
( ) , ..., ,
.
... ...
(, , , )
, ,
.

. , , ,
. , ,
. , ,
. ,
. : , , .
, ,
.

. , 35- ,
, , ,
, .
: ,
. . ...
, , .
,

.
.
, . ,
, : ... , , ,
. , . ,
, ,
, .
,
, , , ,
, , .
,

.
, , ,
( ). ,
,
.
. , 15
.
, : )
) ,
. ,
, . ,
, , ,
, .
, (: ,
), , .
25.
 , .
, , .

. , ,
, , ,
.
,
,
.
,
(. 7).
, .

, , . ,
;
:
: .
, , ,
.
,
. ,
. , , ,
, , .
: , .
.

.
,
. , ,
, , ,

. :
, , , .

.
.
,
. .
, ,
.
, , .
,
, . ,
, , .
: , ,
. ,
, . ,
,
.

.
, .
, . ,
,
.
, .
, -, ,
, ,

26.
 . ( ) .
;
(
), .
,
.
, , .
, .
, , .
, ,
. ,
, , .

.
, , , .
.
.

, ,
. ,

, . , ,
, , ,
, ; ,
, .
.
. ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
. .
,
, ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
, , , ,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, .
.
, ,
, .

27.
 ,
.
,
, , ,
, , ,
.

; , ,
.

.
(Green, Murray, 1975) ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.

3.
.
,

. ,
. ,
,
, .

, , ,
. ,
. , ,
,
.

.
, ,
( ), ,
. , ,
, . ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
, . ,
, ,
, .
, -, , -,
,
.

28.
 .

.
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
(, , ), .
: : .
, .
: :
?
, , (.
2).
, .
,
, -
. ,
.
,
, .
,
.
, ,
, , .
. ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
,
.

.

, .
. , ,
, .
, ,
,
.
(. Rogers, 1951).
.
- ,
, . ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
. , ,

. ,

29.
 ,
.
,
, . , , ,
, .
, .
, .
, ,
. ,
, ,
.

, ,
.
.
.
.
, ,
;
. ,
, ,
, . ,
,
, .

.
. ,
, , .
.
, .

. , ,
.
,
, .

. ,
, .
,
- . (
,
.)
, ;
( ?)
( ).

.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.

.

(Chassell, 1975).

30.
 ,
. , ,
, ;
, , ,
, ,
.
:
, ,
2.
, ;
,
. , ;
, .

( ,
. .) ( ,
. .); ( ,
. .) ( ,
); (
) . ,
,
, (,
).

.
, ,
, .
.
, .
, ) , )
, , )
.
. ,
- . ,
, , ;
.
, , , .

. , ,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
, , .
, ,
, , . , ,
. ,
.

.

( , ).
.
(, ,
),
(, , , ).
, , ,
. , ,

2
.
31.
 , ,
.
,
. ,
.
. , ,
(, ).
. ,
, ,
.
?
, .
.
:
, , .
,
, ,
.
, , .
. ,
, . ,
. ,
, ,
, . ,
. ( , ,
, ,
).
.
, ,
, . ,
.

. ,
, ,
.
,
. , , ,
, , .
, : ,
, . ,
, , .

.
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
, , . ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
.
.
, ,
32.
 .
, .
? ,
? ,
, ? ,
?
, ( ,
)?

.
.
( ) ,
.
,
, , , .
, ,
.

, .
, .
, (:
, ).
.

.
.
,
, , .
,
, .

.
, , .

.
,
, . ? -
.
, . , ,
: ,
. , ,
,
, .
:
, , , ,
. , ,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
.

.

, . ,
- .
,
.

33.
 ,
, .
, ,
, .
, , ,
, .
. , , :
, , , ,
.

4. .

.
.
, . 3
, ,
.
, , , , ,

. , ,
(Kuhn, 1962) .
, .
, ,
,
.
, , ,
.
. , ,
. -, ,
, , . -,
,
. :

. , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
: , ,
; , ,
; ( , ,
, ).
.
,
135 , ,
.
,
, :
; ; ,
; ;
; ;

3

. , ,
, .
34.
 (
).
, ,
, ;
, .
, ,
. ,
, . (
,
, .)

(, IQ),
. ,
. ,
,

.

.
,
.
(,
, , , ).
,
. ,
. ,
;
.
.
,
, , , .

,
.
, , (,
), ,
. ,
,
, .

.

. ,
,
. ,
, ,

.
. ,

.

.
.
, , .
, - , .
,
,

35.
 , . ,

, .
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
.
.
.
,
.
, .
, ; ,
.
.
; ,
,
.

.

,
. .
, . ,
, .
, ,
.

. ,
.

. : ; , .
,
,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
.

.
,
.
. , - , ,
,
, ,
, , .
.
1. .
2. .
3. ,
.
4. , ,
.
5. , , .
, : , .
, ,
, , . :
? : ,
, .
36.
 6.
.
7. .
.
8. : ,
: , ?
9. . :
, ?, ,
?
10. , , , . .
?
11. , .
12. (,
, , ).
: , , ?
, ?
?
- ? , ,
, ?
, - .

.
13. ,
. .
, ,
.
. .
. ?
. , .
. ?
. , , .
. -
?
. , , ,
... , , ,
.
.
, ?
. .
. ,
, , ?
. , , ().
14.
.
. .
. ,
?
. , ! , ?
. ?
. .
. , ?
. , , , .
. , , - ,
?

37.
 15. , .
, .
,
, , , .
: , . . ,
.

,
.

, .
, , ,
, .
.
, ,
.
, , ,
- (
).
. , ?
. , .
. ?
. .
. ?
. , , .
. ?
. .
. ?
. .
. ?
. .
. ?. , ,
?
. , .
. , ?
. , - .
. , . ?
. .
. , ?
. , , .
. , - , -
?
. , - , .
. ?
. , , .
.
100 5%, ,
, 0 50%.
, . ,

. 10 ,
, ,
, , .
,
.
38.
 ; , ,
. .
, ,
.
. ,
, . ,
, .
.
,
.

.
.
(Greenwald, 1973).
, ,
,
, .
,
.
, ,
.
. ,
- ,
. -,
, , . -,
, ,
, . ,
.
, .

.
.
: 1)
; 2)
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
. , .
. , , ,
, , .
, .
, : .
, : ,
, , . ,
, :
. - . .
, ,
, .
.
, . ,
, ,
.
,
. : , :

39.
 ? , ,
, ,
, .
, .
,
.
, (Beck,
Greenberg, 1974). , ,
. , ,
.

.
,
.
,
, .

(. Rush, Watkins, 1977).
,
.
.
. ,
, . ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
- . , , ,

.

.
)
) .
, )
)
, .
.
.
, :
, . :
, , , .
: , .
.

.
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
, .
, ,
.


. : )
, ) , )

40.
 )

.

,
. ,

.

.
, , ,
. ,
.
, .
, .
. .
, : , ,
, , .
. ,
, . ,
,
. .
,
. .
,
, .
.
, -
, ,
.
, ,
,
.

,
. ,
, -
.
, ,
.
, ,
. .
, .
,
(, ,
), , .

, , .

.

. ,
, , , .
,
, .
,
.
, .
,
,
41.
. ,
. , ,
. ,
, . , : ,
?
, , , : ,
, .
, , ,
. , ,
, ,
:
, , .
, . ,
, ,
. , ?
,
. ,
,
, .

.
1: - , : " /
". : , .
2: ,
. : ,
- .
3: ( )
,
. : : ) "
?" ) " - ,
?" ) " ,
?"
, - ,
, .
.
,
() , .
: 1) , - ; 2)
, , .

.
, ,
.

.
, ,
, . . ,
-
.
, ,
( , ).
,
. , ,
, . :
, . , .
,
.
. ,
, ,

42.
 . , ,
.
.
, ,
, .
, -
. , .
. ,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
.
: ,
.

.
. ,
,
, .
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. , . ..
7. .
8. .
9. , , .
10. , , .
11. .

, ,
. :
, ?,
?, , ,
?
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
. (,
, . .),
. .
,
.
.
, , : ,
. :
.
, , : , .
. , , , ,
- , .
,
43.
 ,
.

.
, , ,
.

.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
, , :
, ... : , .... ,
, : , , ....
.
,
.
, . ,
, !
: 1)
, , ,
; 2) ;
3) , ,
.
,
. ,
.

.
, ,
-
(, ) .
,
.
, ,
. .
,
. , ,
,
, , . . ,
,
.
.
, ,
,
,
.

- .

.
. ,
.
- ,
,
.

44.
 5. .

.
,
, . 2 3,
, ,
; ,
. ,

.
: ,
? , ,
. ,
. : ,
? : , ?
,
.
, .
. , ?
. .
. - ?
. , , .
. ?
. , . ,
, .
. , , , - ,
?
. , ... ?
. , , . ,
... , ,
?
. , . . ,
.
. , , -
. ,
. ,
... ?
. ( ). .
. ... , , ,
.
, : )
; )
; ) ,
; ) ,
,
.

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.

45.

,
. , (Beck,
1967; Beck, 1978).
, ,
(, ). ,

( ,
, ). ,
(Beck, Weissman, Lester, Trexler, 1974), ,
.

.
, .

, ,
,
.
,
,
, , .
, .
, , .
,
, , , ,
. ,
. ,
, .
, , .
, . ?
,
.
, (Beck,
Greenberg, 1974). , ,
. ,
.

.
,
.
,
, .

(. Rush, Watkins, 1977).
,
.
. , ,
, , , ,
, .
, .
,

. , ,

.
, , ,
.
.

46.
 .
, ,
.
, .
, ;
, , ,
, (Beck, 1967).

, , ,
. , ,
,
.
.
. , ?
. ... ... ,
, ...

. ,
.
. ?
. ... .
. ?
. ,
... .
. - ?
. , ... .
. - ?
. , . , ...
.
, ,
, . ,
, , .
. .
.

.
. ,
, .
, , .
,
, , ,
. .
, ,
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
. . ,
, .
;
( ),
.

47.
 -.
,
. , ,
, .
.
1. . .
, ,
.
2. .
- .
, .
, ,
, ,
.
.
3. . ,
, , , . .
, , .
,
.
4. . ,
,
. ,
, , , .
5. ().
, .
(, ,
) , , .
6. .
. (. 10.)
. ,
, , .

.

.

, . ,
, ,
. , ,
, , ,
. ,

.
,
, . ,
, ,
- . ,
, ,
.

.
, .

. -
-:

48.
 ( ; ),
( ; , ).
, ,
,
. ,
; () ,
. , ,
.

-.
,
, . , ,

-.4
1. : , , , ,
, .
2. : ( );
.
3. : , ,
, .
4. : (
), , ,
.
5. : (
); ( ).
( ) ,
. .
1. ?
2. ?

. , : )
, ,
- , ,
, ; ) ,
.

, .
, , .
,
, .
,
.
,
.
, , .

.

. ,
, ,
.

4
- ,
. -
( Beck, 1967, pp. 10-43).
49.
 , ,
, ,
. .
1. .
, , , .
, .
, ,
, - . .
, , .
, , .
, , , ...
?. ... , ,
. ,
, ... , ?
.
, . -, ,
, -, , , ,
, .
2. , ,
, .
:
, . ,
, , ,
. , ...
, , . ,
, , , ,
. .
, , .
,
.
3. . ,
. ,
, , .

, .
, , : .
, - ? , -
? - ?
, -
.
4. , - , :
? ?
,
.
5. , , .

,
.

6. : .

.

. ,
, .

50.
 ,
.

.
.
, .
,
.
. ,
. ,
(Rush et al., 1977), 20 15 .
, , (
= 30,2) 11 15
. ,
4 7 .
, ,
. ,
, 22 , 14
( 8 ; 6 ).

(BDI).
.

.
.
X., 36 , , (14 9 ) (7 ). 15
. 37 , .
.
, , , .
, ; ,
.

.

. -
.
(6 17- )
, 19 . , ,
.
41 23 .
1 (BDI = 41)
( )
.
.
, ,
.
.
, .
, .
, , ,
, - , .
. ,
, ,
. ,
, : .

51.
,
.

, .
MMPI ( ).
(Lazarus, 1972).
2 (BDI = 43)

.
, ,
.
,
, .
, .
, , ,
. , , ,
.
, , .
, (
), .
( ,
), .
.

, ,
/ .
, .
3 (BDI = 38)

.
, .
, ,
, . , ,
, . ,
. , .
,
.
, . ,
, , ,
.

. , ,
,
,
.

,
, , .
4 (BDI = 31)

, .
12 , ,
. ,
, . ,
, , ,

52.
 , ,
.
, .
, , , .
. , ,
,
. ,
.

,
. ,
, , , .
10- , ,
, .
5 (BDI = 36)

.
,
.
. , ,
. , ,

. ,
. , ,
.
( ). -,
,
.

. 15 , -
, .
. .
6 (BDI = 29); 7 (BDI = 26); 8 (BDI = 26)

, ,
.
.
,
. ,
,
, , .
,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.

.
, , , ,
. ,
, ,
, : .
, .
, , ,
(! ?).
, .
53.

, .
, , ,
-, , .
.
, ,
. , ,
, ,
.

,
.
9 (BDI = 23); 10 (BDI = 22); 11 (BDI = 30)


.
.
, .
,
. ,
.
, , ,
.

:
. (
), . ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
, ( , ),
( , )
( ,
). ,
, . ,
, -
? : ,
.
12 (BDI = 15); 13 (BDI = 20); 14 (BDI = 17); 15 (BDI = 17)

,
. (
.)
, ,
. , ,
.
,
. , ,
.
.
, , , ,
.
, , .

, ,
, .
54.
, , , ,
. , ,
: , .
, , , , ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, ? ,
. , ,
, . ,
. , ,
, , ,
.

, .
16 (BDI = 22); 17 (BDI = 18); 18 (BDI = 12); 19 (BDI = 14)
, ,
,
. , .
, . ,
. ,
. ,
, .
, . ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, , .
, ,
, , .
, .
( ,
), , , , .
. -,

, , .
, ,
, , .
. ,
, ,
.

, ,
.
20 (BDI = 8); 21 (BDI = 6); 22 (BDI = 7)
.
, ,
.
- , , ,
. , ( ),
: . ,
, .
, , .
,
. ,
( : ,
).

55.
 ,
. , , .
, ,
, .
, ,
.
: 1 (BDI = 9); 2 (BDI = 5); 3 (BDI = 2)
.
, .
.
(, , ), .
, ,
.
, , .

7. .

.
.
, ,
. ,
( ) .
, ,

. ,
- .
. ,
, ( ) ,
, (,
, , , . .). ,
.
:
, , ,
. ,
,
, ,
. ,

.
. , - ,
, . ,
, - .
,
. ,
,
.
,
: (), , , ,
.
,
,
.
, .

, . ,
, ,
.
56.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,

.
,
. -
, , ,
.
.
36- , , ,
. , ,
- .
, , . ,
, .
, , :
, . , , ,
.
: ,
. ,
, .
, , , , ,
.
,
.

. ,

.
.
( ), ,
. ,
.

.
,

. , ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
, .
, ? ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.

57.
 , , .
,
.
, , , -
. ,
,
. ,
: , ?
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
. ,
, , .
,
. , ,
. ,
, , ,
(), ( )
(. 1, 2).
1.

9-10

10-11

11-12

12-13
13-14

14-15

15-16

16-17
17-18

18-19

19-20

20-24 , ,
, , ,
,
,
2.

9-10 3 0 2
0 0 0
10-11 3 0

58.
 0 0

11-12 3 3
0 , 0



12-13 0 0 0
1 0 1
13-14 0 0 4
0 3 0
14-15 3 0 4
1 0
15-16 5 0 4
2 1 0

16-17 5 0 0
2 1 2

17-18 4 3 2
2 0 0
18-19 4 0 0
0 0 1
19-20 0 0 0
1 0 1
20-24 0 , 0 , 0
1 0 1
, ,
3
0
,
.
1. , ,
- .
2. , ,
.
, , , -
, , , . .
, , . -
, , , 10 11 .
, ,
.
3. , , ,
. , ,
.
4. , .
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
40- .

.
59.

6-7 , 0 0
7-8 , 0 0
8-8.30 , 0 0
8.30-10 0 0
10-12 0 1
12-13 0 0
15.00 0 3
15-16 0 0
16-17 0 0
17-18 0 1
18-19 0 0
, ,
. ,
, .
,
. : ,
, , ?
, , . ,
,
,
. ,
,
, : ,
.
, - , ,
. ,
, :
.
,
.
,
, (
, , . .). ,
(,
10 11 ; 10 11 ).
, ,
( ). ,
, ,
.
.
, 42- , , ,
. , ,
, , , .

, , . ,
,
. , ,
, .
, , , ,
, ( ,
), .
, ,
.

60.
 , , ,
.
48- , , :
. .
: 1) .
; 2) ,
, , ; 3) , .
. ?
. .
. , , .
. .
. , . .
. . ?
. .
. . , , .
. , , ,
, ,
. ?
. .
. . ?
. .
. , , ,
.
. .
. , . -,
?
. . , , . .
. . ,
. , .
, . (.
, ,
. , .)
. . .
. . .
, , .
, - .
. (.) , .
. , , 11 12 ,
. , ,
- , .

.
, ,
.
: ) ,
; )
; )
.
,
, , ,
. , ,
, .
, . ,
, : ,
. ,
61.
 , , ,
.
(Reinforcement Survey Schedule, Cautela, Kastenbaum, 1967; Pleasant
Events Schedule, MacPhillamy, Lewinsohn, 1971) ,
. - ,

. ,
()
() (. ).
,
, .
: 0 ,
(), 5
(). ,

. ,
.
.
.
, ,
. , , :
!
. : , - ? .
. ,
, ,

.
, , , , .
,
. ,
.

. , ,
, .
, , , : ,
. , , .
. , ( ),
.
, , .
,
.
,
, ,

.
.
38- , ,
.

8.00-9.00 , , 1 1
9.00-12.00 0 0
12.00-13.00 0 0
13.00-15.00 0 0
, ,
, . ,
, .
?
. ?
62.
 . . .
. ?
. .
. ?
. . .
. ? ( ,
.)
. . , . .
. . ? , , ,
?
. . , .
. , , ?
. ... .5
. ?
. ( , 0,5 ). .
. ?
. ... .
. ?
. - .
. - ?
. . , , , .
. ? ?
. . .
. , ,
?
. ... .
. , . ,
?
. .
. , , . ?
. ... !
, , .
.
,
( ).
, : 1)
( ; ) 2)
( , , ?).

.

( ) . ,
,
.
( , 1974),
. , ,
. :

5
, , :
.
,
.
.
63.
 , ()
,
( , , ), ,
.
, .
, ,
, .
.
1. ( , , ,
).
2. . ( )
.
3. , , ,
.
4. ,
.
5. , .
6. ,
.
7. , .
.
40- .
,
. ,
.
, , ,
. : .
. , ,
.
. ,
. : .
, . .
, . .
, .
, , . ,
, . ,
, .
: , - .
, ,
. .
,
.
, , ,
- .
, .

, , ,
.
,
.

.
, ,
, :
, .
,
.
,
, .
64.
 , ,
. , , :
, , ?
- .
.
:
, . , . ,
. , , ,
.
: ,
. , , , ,
. ?.
. ,
. ,
.

.
, , ,
, ,
, .
, , . .,
. , ,
, , . ,
, : , ,
.
,
, .
,
.
(,
, ), .
,
. ,
.

.
, 24- , .
. , , .
. . .
. , . ,
. ?
. .
. , , . ,
, - .
, ,
.
. -, .
. , . ?
. ... - . ,
. .
. ?
. , . , , .
... (.) , ! ! , .
. , ?
. -.

65.
 . ... ?
. ... , , .
. ?
. .
. ?
. , , .
. ?
. , .
. ?
. , , ,
.6

.

. ,
,
.
(McFall, Twentyman, 1973).

.
. ,
,
.
20-
, , , ,
. , , ,
. , , .
, , .
( ). , .
, : . .
. , , , ,
, ?
. , . , ...
, , .
. , ? -
? ?
. , , . ,
.
. , , ,
.
, . ,
, .
, .
.
, , .
,
. , ,
, ,
.

6
,
.
. . ,
- ,
.
66.
 X., 29- ,
, .
20- , .

. , ,
. ,
.
. , , ,
, .
. ?
. , , .
. , ?
. . ? ,
.
, .
, ,
, .
,
.

.
,
. , ,
, post facto. ,
.
, .
,
, , -
.
, . ,
,
( ) .

(, , ).
, .

. ,
:
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
, . ,
, - ,
, .
.
, ,
.
,
(, . .).
. , ,

67.
 .
, .
,

.
.
, , ,
,

. , ,
-, - , ,
.

8. .

.
,
.
,
. ,
, . ,
, , ,
.
.

.
.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
. 1,
, ,
. ,
.

, ,
.


. .
, ,
.

.
,
. ,
,
. , ,
( ) ,
. ,
. . ,
, .
68.
 , .
,
. , ,
,
.
.
. ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
, .

.
. ,
. ,
. ,
,
.

( ,
). ,
, , .
,
. , 26- ,
, .
. , ,
.
. ?
. , - . , .
. ?
. , .
. , . ,
, , ,
?. ,
?
. , .
. ?
. .
. , (
). ?
. .
. , , ,
? ,
, . , .
. , .
. ?
. ( ). .
. ?
. .
. ?
. .
. ?

69.
 . .
. , , , ,
. :
.

. : 1)
, ; 2)
( ); 3)
; 4)
; 5) .

.
:
, ,
. ,
, . ,
,
. (
?, ?) ( ,
), , , , .

.
, ,
.
, .
. ,
. : ,
- . : . ?
. , .
. -, ?
. , , , .
. . , -
, . , , ,
: , - .
?
. . . , , - ,
. , .
. ?
. , , . , , .
. , ,
. , , .
,
. ,
.
,
.

. -
. ,
.
- .
, ,
. .

.
,
, ,
. , ,

70.
 . ,
().
,
. , ,
, , , ,
.
( 12-14 ),
, , ,
- .
,
(), ( ).
,
( ?,
? . .).

.

,
.
, .

. ,
.
. 15 ,

. ,
, . , , : ,
: .
,
. . , 31
, , , , 7 9 ,
. ,
. , , ,
, , ,
. , :
, .
, , :
, . .
, .
: , , .
,
.

. , 49 , (
), . ( ,
, )
. ,
, .
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
, .
, ,
- . 22- , ,
,
.
. . . (.) , , .
, .

71.
 . ?
. . , , , ,
, . , .
,
. ,
27 . , ,
( ,
).
,
. ,
.

.
,
, ,
.
, ,

.
.
, , ,
. ,
.
. , ?
. .
. ?
. - .
. ?
. , .
. ?
. .
. , . ,
?
. .
. , ?
. , +.
. ?
. , , .
, ,
.
, :
. ,
.
, .
, , ,
,
. -, ,
. -, ,
- (Ellis, 1962), ,
.
,
,

.
- ,

72.
 , ,
() . 7
,
. ,
, ,
, .
, : , , , :
... , : .
. ,
, ,
, .
,
, . , ,
,
.
X. .
.
, :
, , .
,
. ,
, , , .
. , .
. , ?
. .
. ?
. . , , , ,
.
. , ?
. , .
. , , , -
, , .
. , . , - . , ,
.
. ?
. .... , , .
. - , ?
. , , , . ,
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
.
-, ,
.
,
.

7
( , 1978) : [- ]
" " .
-,
. , ,
; , ,
" ".
,
, ,
. -
.
73.
 ,
.
(Beck, 1976). ,
( ). ,
,
, , .

(, ,
. .) , ,
. , ,
,
. , , , ,
.

.
,
.
,
.
.
, ,
.

.
.

, , .
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
.
, 52- , ,
, . , ,
.
.
. , !
, .
. , .
. .
.
. , ?
. , . : ,
. , .
. , ?
. , . ... ,
, .
. , . ,
.
, , , ,
.
,
. . , ,
, .
74.
, ,
.
,
/ .
: ) , ( ); )
,
( ); ) ,
.

.

,
. ,
, .
,
.
,
, . ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
, 28 , , , .
, . ,
, , . ,
, , .
, ,
. ,
.

( , , ).
,
. : ,
, -
?
, ,
,
. , ; ,
. ,
. ,
, .

, .
, ,
. ;

.
,
. ,
, .
.
(:
). ,
, ,
.
, ,
( ,
).
(. 10).
75.
 ,
.
.
.
, 22- , ,
. ,
.
, .
.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
, . ,
.
.
,
. .
1. 90%.
2. 5%.
3. 3%.
4. , . ,
2%.
,
( ) , .
, 1)
, 2) , .
, .
.

, , ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
, ;
.
, .

, .
,
- . ,

: ,
.
,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
.

.
,
. ,
. ,
.

76.
 ( ) ,
, .
: , , , ,
, (. ).
, ,
.
; ,
, ().
, ,
.

. ,
.
, , , ,
.
.
.
, 6- .

. . ,

, ,
, . ,
.

, .


;
.
:

, 24- , .

,
. , ,
, ,

.
. ?
:

?
, , 13.

9. -.
,
(. 5).
,
, -
. ,
.
,
, .

77.
 ,
. , ,
. , ,
.
. ,
, , .
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, , ,
, .
: , ,
.
, . 8

- .
,
.
1.
. ,
,
. .
2.
. ,
, ,
.
3.
.
4. .
5. ,
. , , :
,
. , ,
, . ,
. ,
.
, 1)
(); 2) ,
, 3) .

.
.

.
8
,
,
(Beck, 1967, 1978).
.
78.
 , ,
, .
( ).
.
( ,
, ).
/ , .
, , .
, .
.
. (1976):
,
. ,
. (, ,
.) ,
,
.
. , ,
, . ,
, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , .
,
.
. , , ,
. .
,
.

.
.
,
. ,
.
( , )
.

.

. .
,
- .
, , ,
.

.
, - . , ,
. , ,
,
.

, , , . .
,
. , .
-
, ,
. , .

79.
. ,
.

.
, .
,
, .

.
,
. ,
, , , ,
. , , ,
, ,
. , ,
. ,
, . 9
, .
, .
.

. ,
, , ,
, .

.
, , ,
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
.
,
, .
, .
,
.
.

,
4 5 . , ,
.

.

. : , :
: , .

.
, ,
. ,
,
, , , ,
.
: ,
.
.

9
vile , . . .
80.

.

,
.
, (,
), - . , ,
, , ,
( ), .
, , , ,
,
.
,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
. . X.
, ,
. , ,
, . : ,
, . .
, . ,
, , , . ,
, , -
.
, , ,
. .
.
.
, . ,
,
. : ...
? ?
,
.
, : , .
, ...
, , .
,
, . , ,
,
, .
,
. ,
,
.

.
.
. , ,
. ,
.
, .

, .

.
,
. ,
81.
. ,
, ,
, .
, .
.

.

,
. , ,
. ,
, , .
, . ,
.
, , .
, , , , ,
. ,
, ,
.

. , ,

. ,
, .
, .
. ?
. , .
. ,
, .
. .
. . . ,
, , , ,
, .
,
;
.
. ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
()
, , .
, , , , .
, ,
, .

.
.
, ,
, ,
, .
: >
> . ,
, , ,
,
. , , ,
, ,
.

82.
 , .
. , , .
. .
?
. ...
. . -
, .
, , ,
.

.
.
.
, ,
.
.
, .
(Goldfried, Davison, 1976)
.
.
(Novaco, 1975),
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , ,
. , , ,
,
. ,
, .

.
, , .
,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
0 100 .
, ,
. ,
, .
,
.
. ,
, . ,
.

. , , ,
, ,
. -
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.

83.
 .

. , , ,
. ,

.
, ,
, . , ,
, -
. ,
,
, .
,
, ,
. ,
(Beck, 1976). ,
. , ,
, .
, .
, ,
.
,
, . , ,
. , ,
, - .
, .
( ).
.
,
.

.
.
.
. ,
- -,
. ,
. , ,
,

(. 13).

, .
, ,
.
. ,
. ,
, .
,
, , (Low, 1950).
, . ,
, , : ...
... ... ...
13.

.
.
, ,
84.
 , , .

, .
.
:

. ,
, .
, , , .
,
.
, .
,
. , ,
,
.
.

. ,
.
, .
,
, . ,
, .
: ,
.

. ,
,
, ?, ,
. . ,
, ,
- .
,
, ,
.
,
. , ,
,
. -
. ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
; ,
.

.
1 .
2-8.
, .

.
.
, ,
, , ;
.
85.
 . - ,
, . ,
, .
, , .
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, .
,
. ,
. , ,
. ,
.
,
. , .

.
. ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, .
.
, ,
.
, . , ,
, , ,
.
.
, ,
, .
.
1. , .
2. ,
.
3. .
. .
, ( ,
).
4. .
.
5. , , -
. , ,
.
.
, , , . ,
, . :
. .
, ,
.
, , .
, ,
.
.
, , ,

86.
, .
.

.
,
. ()
.
.
,
.
: , , ,
. ,
-
, . ,
. , -
, .
, , ,
.
.
,
. ,
, .
, .
,
, .
.
, ,
. , , ,
,
. ,
.
,
;
.
. .
, .
.
. .
. ?
. , ...
. ; , .
. ?
. , .
. ?
. . .
. ?
. . , .
. ?
. .
. , ?
.

.

.
, .
-

87.
.
, , , .
.
, , , ,
, : - . . ,
.
, :
.
, .
,

. ,
, , . ,
, ,
.
.
,
. , : ,
, .
? ,
,
.
. , , :
, -, ,
?. ,
, ...
, .
.
. , ,
,
. ,
.
. ,
.
. , 27-
,
.
. , , ,
. .
. ,
. ,
, .
. , , , .
. , ?
. . . , ,
.
. , , ,
. ,
- . , , ?
. .
. . , .
. , . ,
, .
. . .
. , . .
. . , .
. .
. , .
88.
 . - . .
. ! !
. ? , ? ?
. , . . (.)

. : ,
-, ,
, .
, 8.
.
.
, .
, , : , . , -
. ,
, ,
, .
,
, .
, . -
, , .
,
( - ). -,
,
, , .
, .
,
.
,
,
. , , .
,
, (,
,
, , ).
.
, ,
. , , ,
? / , .
. ,
, .
, , : .
, .
, :
. , , ,
. :
, , .

.
1,
.
, .
, ,
, .

, , ,
.
.
.
. -
.
89.
 . , ,
,
. , - .
, , ,
.
.
.
1. , ,
, . , - .
2. , .
3. , . ,
, .
.
,
( ) . , ,
,
. , :
?
,
,
, .
.
, , ,
.
.
: .
.
1. ? ?
2. ,
?
3. - ,
?
4. - (, , , ),
, , ?
5. - , ,
?
6. - , , ?
7. , ?
8. ,
?
,
.
, .

.
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
, . ,
,

90.
 , ,
.
, , - ,
, , .
;
,
. , ,
.
, - ,
, SQ3R.10 ,
. ,
. ,
, .
(Robinson, 1950).
, , - ,
.

.
, , .
.
7 13.
Cognitive Therapy and Emotional Disorders (Beck, 1976).

. - ,
.
.
. .
1. .
.
2. , ,
.
3. .
4. ,
.
, , ,
. ,
- . , ,
, .
, , .
, ,
.
, , . ,
. , ,
.
.
: ) ; )
; ) , ; )
, -; ) , .
; ,
. ,
, .
,
. , ,
. , , ,
10
Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review, , , ,
, . . .
91.
 .
, .

,
, ,
,
.

,
, .
, ,
, . ,
.


. ,
.
,

.
,
, . ,
, ,
.
, : 1)
; 2)
; 3) (
); 4) ,
; 5)
; 6)
.
, - .
, ,
.
.
48-
.
.

.
(
). ,
, ,
.
.
. , . ?
. . .
. , ?
. . . -
.
. , - ?
. . .
. , , ,
.
. . . , .
. , - ? ,
, -.
. ?
92.
 . , ?
. , ... , ,
. .
. , , .
, , ,
- ... , .
, .
, , ,
.
, .
, .
- -,
.
. ?
. .
. , , .
, .
. ... , .
. , - ? ,
, .
. .
. , .
, .
. , .
. . - .
- ?
. .
. . , . ,
, ?
. .
. . -,
. -, ,
, . ,
. -
, , . (
.) , ,
... ?
. , , , ,
.
,
, , 40 .
: .
, , .
. ,
, , ,
, .
,
, . , ,
,
.
,
.
, , ,
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
93.
 , , ,

.
1.
.
2.
, .

( ). ,
:
,
.
.

. ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
, .
,
.

.

. ,
, , . . . .
, ,
-
.
, ,
.
. ,
. , ,
: ... , ,
, - , .
" " , .
,
- .
. , .
, ,
, .
. , ,
, .
,
. ,
, .

.
,
.
. ,
. , ,
, .
/ ,
, ,
.
. ,
.

94.
 .
.

. ,
, .

. ,
, . ,
, , , ,
, .
. ,
. ,
, .
, .
,
. ,
, .
- ,
, , . ,
,
.
.

. ,
.
,
. -
, .
(, ) . , ,
-,
.

.
.
.
, , .
,
.
. , ,
.
, , .
, , .
, . ,
, .
,
(Mahoney, 1976) (1977).

.
, , , ,
, ,
.
.
, , ,
,
.

95.
 , , ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
, , , .
, ,
.
, .

. , ,
. ,
. ,
. , ,
, , , . ,
, . ,
, .
,
, .
, ,

. ,
, ,
. ,
( )
.

10. .

.
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
. , , .
, ,
; , ,
, ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, ( )
. :
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
. ,
,
,
. ,

96.

.
.

. , : ,
. , :
, , ,
.
, . ,
, , : ,
, . , ,
. , 40%
, ,

(Yessler, Gibbs, Becker, 1961).
,
(Keith-Spiegel, Spigel, 1967).
, , ,
.
.

.

. ,
.
.
, .
, , .
, . ,
, ,
. , :
, , , ,
, ,
, .
. ,
,
, .
, . ,
,
. , ,
, . ,
, .
. , ,
, .
.

.
,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,

.
, , .

97.
 ,
. -
, , ,
, .
,
.
.
,
, 111 (56%) ,
/, 13%
/ . (31%)
.
,

(Kovacs, Beck, Weissman, 1975).

. ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
, .

,
.
,
, , .
, -,
?
? ,
,
,
, .
,
. ,

, .
, . ,
- .
,
.

.
,
. ,
, ,
.
.
.
, , , -
: .
, . ,
, ?

, .
,
- :
, . ,
,
98.
 ,
;
.

. ,
,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
, .
.
, .
, ,
: , ,
. ,
.
, .
, ,
.
, :
,
.

.
,
, .

; ,
. , ,
. .

.
, ,
.
1. . .
2. . .
3. .
4. . .
, .
,
.
, , ,
, : )
, )
.
. , ,
, . ,
, , :
.
.
,
. ,
(Beck et al., 1974).
.
, .

,
.
99.
 ; ,
. .
, ,
. .
, ,
,
.
. ,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
, ,
: .
: .
,
, .
: ,
, . . .
, - , ,
, .
.
,
, . 25
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
. ?
. ... ...
.
. ?
. , ... ...
.
. , ... , ,
?
. . , . .
. , ?
. .
. ?
. .
. ?
. ... , .
. , . , ,
?
. . , - .
. , - ?
. , . , .
. , ,
?
. (). ...
. , , .
. . , -, .
. - ?
. . .

100.
 . ,
. ?
. .
. , ?
. , .
. , - ?
. , , .
. , ,
, , ?
. .
. , , ?
. ... .
. , , ?
. , . .
. , , . ,
?
. , . .
. , ?
. ... . .
. , , ?
. .
. , ,
?
. .
. ?
. (.) , .
. , ?
. , , , .
... , . ,
.
. , ,
?
. .
. ?
. , , .
, , ,
. ,
, , (
), , , .
, ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,

? ,
.
, : )
; ) ; )
; ) .
.

.

.

101.
 ,
.
,
.
.
; : .
, . , .
.
, ,
.
. : ...
... ... . ,
.
, , ,
. ,
.
, . -, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
. -, ,
, .
, ,
, .
: . , .
: ) ) ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
, , .
,
. , ,
.
. ,
.
.
: )
; )
; ) .
, ,

.
,
.
() :
, .

.
, , ,
. , ,
,
? , ,
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.

102.
 ,
(
, ). ,
, ,
: , , . ,
. .
. ,
, :
.
.
,
.
.
, )
) ,
(Meichenbaum, 1977).
. :
1. .
2. .
3. ,
.
.
(, )
.
, .
.
, , ,
, , ,
, .

.
,
. , ,

. ,

. :

. ,
.
, .
. , ,
.
,
, .
, , ,
- .
, , .
, ,
, :
, , , .
,
;
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
103.
 11. .
,
. ,
,
, .
,
.
;
, .
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
, .
,
,
, .
, 40 , , .
12 ,
, , ,
. 7-8 (.
. .). , ,
, .
,
.
.
, (T1; T8).
.
,
: ,
, (11). ( ).
,
. , ,
(13-
20).
,
, . ,
, ,
.

, . ,
(23).
.
, . ,
, , , . ,
(24-33). ,
-, ,
(32).
- .
, .
,
, , : .
, .

. , ,
.
. (
.) .
104.
 1.
1. ? ?
2. ( ).
3. ( ).
4. :
(7).
5. ,
(11).
6. , ;
(13-20).
2.
1. .
2. .
3. : .
4. .
5. (24-33).
3.
1. ;
. .
.
2. ( ) (45).
3. . : ) ,
) , )
(47).
4.
1. :
.
2. .
3. : , - ?
4. .
5.
1. (106) .
(1). ?
(1). .
2. ... , .
2. ... .
- .
3. , :
-.
3. , , -.
4. ( , .)
... , , ?
4. , .
. .
5. , , ... ,
?
5. , . , , ,
.
6. , .
6. .
7. ... - ? ? ?
7. - . , .
.
105.
 8. ?
8. , , ... -
. - , , .
9. ?
9. .
10. , ,
?
10. ( .) . , ,
, ... - , .
, , , ,
.
11. , . ,
, .
11. (.) , .
12. ? , ,
. ?
12. .
13. ?
13. ( .) ,
, , , .
14. , , ?
14. , , ... , ,
, , -, .
15. , ?
15. , - , , ,
.
16. , , ?
16. ?
17. . , , ,
, , .
?
17. ... .
18. ( .) ,
. . ,
, . ,
, . , ,
, .
, . ?
. , , ,
, . ?
18. ( .) , ,
.
19. . . ?
19. .
20. , , ?
20. . (.)
20. . , ,
, , .
.
21. . ,
...
21. . ,
.
22. , .
. , .

106.
 22. .
23. .
, , .
. , , ?
, . , .
. , .
, , , ,
?
23. . .
24. ?
24. . - .
25. . ? .
? -, .
25. . .
26. , ,
.
26. , ...
27. , ,
. ? , , ?
27. .
28. . ?
28. - .
29. , ?
29. , .
30. . , , ?
30. , .
31. , . ? ?
31. ( .) , .
32. , , ,
, , . ?
32. ( .) , .
? ? , ?
33. .
33. , ?
34. , ,
, - , ,
... ,
, , ,
. .
? ? ?
34. .
35. , , , ,
. , :
?
35. .
36. ?
36. .
37. ( .) , ,
. ,
.
?
37. , , .
37. ?

107.
 38. ? ,
. , , ,
, , .
, .
, -
...
38. . , -.
39. , , -. ?
39. ... , .
40. , , , , ,
. ,
- . , .

. ?
40. ( .) ,
, - . ,
. , .
41. . , . ,
.
41. .
42. ( . ,
.) , . ,
. ,
... .
.
42. ... , .
43. , .
, , .
43. , - ,
.
44. . - ,
, .
?
44. , ... , ...
, , ,
.
45. .
45. .
46. . ,
--, .
, , , ,
, -
. , ? ,
?
46. .
47. . .
47. , , ,
, ,
, .
48. , , , . ,
?
48. ?
49. .
49. - , , .
50. , - ?
50. .

108.
 51. , -
... .
51. , . 14 ,
.
52. , , , .
... ,
. , . ,
.... , , -
, ...
, ,
?
52. , .
53. ? , ?
53. , .
54. . ,
.
54. ( ; .) , ?
, . . ?
? ?
55. ( .) .
.
55. ( .) , , .
56. , . ,
, , . ,
. , ,
.
56. ? , ?
57. . :
. - 40 , :
, ? : , .
. , ,
. ...
, , ,
, , ? ,
, .
57. ?
58. ?
58. ( ; .) ,
?
59. , ,
. .
, , ,
. ,
, .
59. ( .) , .
60. ( .) . ,
, . ! ,
, , , ! -
, , . , ?
60. .
61. ( ,
. .)
? .
. , ,
, .
, .
?

109.
 61. .
62. . , ,
?
62. , , .
?
63. , , . .
63. . .
64. . , .
, , , ,
, : . . ,
, , , .
, . ,
. , ?
64. , ... (.)
65. ( .) .
, . ,
. . ,
, .
65. (; .) ,
. . ,
. , , -.
, . :
. . , .
66. , ,
- , . :
. , ? ...
66. (.) , ...
67. , .
, 4 ( . .
.). , ,
, - .
, . , ,
?
67. .
68. ?
68. .
69. ?
69. .
70. . - ?
70. (?) .
71. , .
71. ?
72. , .
72. (.) .
73. , . . , . ,
?
73. . , .
74. ?
74. , ... , ,
. , .
. ... , -
... , . , ...
75. ?
75. . , ...

110.
 76. . , ,
, ... , . ,
. : .
. :
, , . , ,
. , , ? .
?
76. .
77. ?
77. .
78. , ...
78. .
79. , . . . - .
79. . .
80. , ? ,
? . , :
, . ?
: , ,
. , -
.
80. .
81. ( -.) .
: , ?
, ,
. . , ,
, .
- .
81. (.) ...
82. , .
82. .
83. . : , .
83.
84. ... .
84. , ...
85. , .
, .
, , .
. ,
. . .
- : , ,
, , ...
85. - : .
86. . ,
, .
86. , .
87. , . ?
87. .
88. ( .) , .
: ? ,
, , , ,
, ? , . ,
. : .
? , ?
88. .
89. ,
, , .
111.
 89. ( .) , .
90. , .
90. , , ,
, . , .
.
91. , .
, .
91. , ?
92. . . .
. , ,
? ? . , ?
.
92. ?
93. .
93. , - ,
.
94. , ?
.
94. , ?
95. . , ?
, , ,
.
95. ( .) , , ?
96. (.) , , - .
. , . - ().
96. : ! .
.
97. ?
97. . , - ().
98. . , , .
98. : ! .
99. ( .) ,
. , ...
, ,
, ?
99. , ...
T100. .
100. ?
101. .
101. , .
102. , .
.
102. ?
103. ?
103. ?
104. . .
- . .
104. , .
105. ... , , .
, , . .
, , ,
... , ...
105. ?

112.
 106. ? . .
. , ,
. . , ,
, . ,
, . .
, ,
. , ,
. , ,
, , .
, , .
106. , , ,
?
107. -, . ...
107. ? ?
108. ... , , , ,
. .
, , .
, ...
...
. .
, .
. , ,
, , ,
. .
108. , ... .
109. .
, , , . ,
- , ,
? . .
.
. , ,
. ...
109. .
110. ( .) ,
. , - ,
? , - ?
110. , ... ...
, .
111. . .
111. -?
112. ( .) , .
, , , .
,
. .
, , , ...
, , .
, ? , , ,
, ?
112. .
113. ?
113. - 15%.
114. , 95 15%. , ,
. .
, .
, ,
... .
, . ?.

113.
... , ,
.
114. , ?
115. ( ; .)
, : . . ,
. .
, , ,
. , :
, . : ,
. : ,
. ? ,
. :
, , .
, .
, ,
.
.


, .
( 1)
.
, , .
,
.

12. .

,
.
, .
,
.
, .

.
, , , ,
, .
, ,
,
,
. , ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
. (1976)
:
, , ,
, ,
... ,
. :
: , .
: .
: .

114.
 , .

. ( ),
.
, ,
, , ,
. , , , ,
. ,
.
, ,
.

. . , :
, .
, .
: , .
(1976) ,
. .
1. , .
2. , , .
3. , , .
4. .
5. , , .
6. , .
, ,
. .
, , , .

. , ,
, .

.

. . -
, ,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
, . ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
, , ,
. , ,
, , , .
, : : "
" : " ".
, ,
.

115.
 .
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.

. .
.
, . ,
,
.
,
. , 38- , ,
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
: ) )
. , ,
. ,
, - .
, , , ,
. , :
, ,
, .
, .
, (, ,
), .
.
,
, .
.
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, .
, , , , ,
.
, ,
. , , , ,
. ( ,
, .)
, ,
.
: , .
: , .
, ,
. 33- , ,
. ,
116.
 . ,
.
, , ,
. . 1.

. 1.
.
, . ,
.
. , .
, , .
. ,
, ,
.
, . ,
.
. ,
, , , , ,
.
, .
. : .
, : . ,
?
. ... .

117.
 . ?
. , . (
.)
: , ,
? , .
.
,
, .
: , ,
. , , . ,
. ,
.
, , .
1. ,
.

.
.
,
.

, .
, , .
- ,
.
. , , ,
.
,
.
.
, .
, , , ,
. , .
, ,
, .

.
,
,
. , ,

.
.
, .
, .
.
. , , ?
. , , .
. ?
. . . , ,
, , .
, .

118.
 . . . ,
, . ,
.
. , , , ,
.
. . ,
, , .
,
. , , .
,
. ,
. ,
. .
, , .
.
. , ?
. , .
. ?
. , . , ,
.
. . - ?
. . ,
. , .
. . ,
. ,
. ,
. , , ,
, , .

,
.
.
. ,
.

.

.

, . ,
, , .
,
. , .
,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
. , ,
, , , .
: ) , )
) , .
, ,
.
. ,
, .

119.
 , , ,
, : .
- .
.
: ) , ) , ,
, )
) .
.
,
. , , ,
? ,
. , , :
, . ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
- ,
.
. , ,
. ?
, , ?
, .
, .
, : ?
. , , , .
, .
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
,
. : )
; )
; )
.

.
.
: X (
, , ),
Y ( , , ).

(Lerner, 1969), , , ,

. :
,
, ...
,
, , .
,
.
,
, .

. ,
.

.
120.
 . , ?
. : ,
.
. ?
. , ,
.
. , ,
?
. , ,
.

, .
,
. , -
, .
,
. ,
, , .
,
. ,
, .
, , .
, : ?
, ! ,
. ,
.
.
, .
, .
. .
, .

, . ,
.
, ,
, . ,
.
:
, , , ,
. , , .
? .
. ,
, , .
,
. , , :
. . .
. ,
: . . .
, .
.
, ,
. ,
, . ,
. , ,
.
, ,
. , , ,
, , ,
.
121.
 ,
. ,
(, , ),
. , ,
. .
, . ,
, .
, .
, , ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.

.
, ,
. , , ,
, . ,
. , ,
, , ,
, , .
. , .
. . ,
, - ?
. , , .
. , , . .
.
. .
. -,
, .
. , , , ,
?
. . , , , : . .
.
. ?
. , .
, . ,
, . , ,
- , ?
. . .
. , .
, . .
. , .
. ?
. .
. , .

.
.
, , (Beck, 1963) ,
, , . . 3

122.
 ,
.
3.

1
, .
-

2
, ,
. .
, .
.
3 ,
. .

4
, .
,

5

,
.


6 .
.
,

7 ,
,
, (
, )

:
.
.
, - .
, ,
,
.
,
.

,
( ).
,
: . .
.
1. , ,
.
2. , .

123.
 3. - .
4. , , .
.
1.
.
2. , , .
3. , , .
.
. , ,
?
. . ,
. , -
.
.
. -, ?
. . , , . .
. , ?
. , . ,
. , .
. , ,
, .
.
. - , , ?
.
, , ?
. , , .
. . , , .
, .
, , .
. , ?
. , .
. ?
. .
, ,
.

.

.

, . : )
) .
.
.
, , , ,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
, . ,
, , -
. .
, , , ,
.

124.
 (Ellis A., Harper R. ., 1975) :
. ,
. -,
, : ,
, .
, , , ,
.
.
, .
,
, , .
, .
,
.
. ,
?
. , , .
. . : , .
. , , ,
.
. . ,
, , . .
. , .
. . ,
, .
. , ,
: . - - .
, .
.
, .
, .
,
, ( ),
.

.
, .
.
. ,
.
. .
. , ? (
, .)
. . , .
. , ?
. . , .
. ?
. , . . .
,
.
. , .
. ?
. ( ).
. ?

125.
 . . , . .

,
.
,
, .
, .
.
, . ,
, , ,
.
. , -
. , , , ,
.
,
. .
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
,
, .
, , ,
.
.
. , , .
. , . -
.
, , , . ,
, , ,
.
. .
. . .
. , .
. . - , - .
. , .
.
. , - .
. ... . : ) , )
, ) ) .
, ,
.
. .
, ,
.
:
. ,
, . ,
.
, .
, - , ? ,
- ? , ,
? ? ,
? , , , ?

126.
 ,
,
.
, ,
,
. -, , , , .
, , .
, .
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
, , .
. ?
. . , .
. , , ,
?
. , .
. , , . .
, , , . .
. , , .
. ? , ,
, . , ,
.

.
, , , ,
, .
, .
. ,
. , .
, .
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
, .
, X (, , ), .
. -,
-. , ,
, . -, ,
,
, . -, ,
, ,
(, ,
,
).
, ,
.
, : ,
. , , .
.

127.
 ,
.

.
,
. ,
.
, , ,
, ,
. , ,
. , ,
,
.
,
. ,
, . , , -
.
. , .
, .
. ? . ?
. , , ,
, . ?
. , , .
. .
.
. . , .
, , . -
, .
. , , ,
?
. . -, ,
. , ,
. , - ,
, .
. .
. , , ,
, ?
. . , , ,
... :
, .
. ,
- , ,
. , .
, , .
, ,
, .
, , .
,
.

13. .
(Ellis, 1962; Beck,
1976; Shelton, Ackerman, 1974).

128.

.

. , ,
.

, . ,
,
, , ,
.

.
,
.
. ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
. ,
, ,
.
, . ,
, , ,
.
.

. ,
. ,
. ,

.
, ,
. , , ,
, .
. 1) ; 2)
( ); 3)
; 4)
5) ,
.
, (,
). , , .
(), .
, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
( ,
. .).
,
. :
, : , ?
, ?
.

129.
 . , ,
, . ?
. - . ?
. , ,
, . ,
. ( :
,
.)
. . , .
. , . ,
. , , .
, , ,
, . .
. ?
. , , . ,
. ?
. .
. ,
, . ?
- ,
. , ,
,
. ,
.

.
.

. , ,
. , .
, ,
.
.
: , :
. ,
, .

.
(1974), ,
, .
, , ;
.
, ,
(, ),
.
.
: 27. 03. 1977
:
1) ;
2) .
:
1) (!
) ,
; ) ; )
);

130.
 2) .
, 31 , 15.30.

. .
, , .
, ,
, , , .
,
.
, .
, , .
, ,
,
.

, .
,
. , ,
, .
, . ,
, , ,
. , , ,

.
. ,
,
: .

. ,
.
, 15-20 .
.
, .
: ,
, , ,
. , .
, ,
. , ,
-
( , ,
. .). ,
.
, ,
. (1950),
.
,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, ...
,
.
. ,
.
. ,
?
. .
131.
 . .
, - , ?
. . .
.
. ,
.
. ?
. .
, .
, , , .
, , .
. , , . , ?
. . , : , ; ,
. , , .
. ,
.
,
. ,
.

.
-
.
, .
, .
, . ,
,
,
(. ).
, , .
, , .
, , -
- (, ).
,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
. , ,
, :
, .
. : ,
?
,
, .
, ,
.
, .
,

( , . .), , , .
,
.
, , ,
. .

132.
 -, , .
. , ,
.
, .
.
.
.
.

, . ,
, .
. ?
. .
. ?
. , . .
, .
. , ?
. ... ... .
. . ,
.
. , .
, . .
. , ?
. ... , .
. , .
. , . . -
, ?
. .
. . , .
. . .
. ?
. , ,
. , . .
. ?
. .
. . , . .
. , , .
80%.
, .
. -,
, . -,

.
,
.
, , .
. ,
, , -
, - . , ,
, , ,
. .
. , ,
- . , , ,
- . ,
.
. , , .

133.
 . ?
. . , ,
.
,
,
: , ,
. ,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
, . ,
, .

.
.
.
1. ,
.
.
2.
.
3. . (,
) .
,
(, , ).
4. - ,
.
5. - , (,
, 45 ), .
, -
.
6. ,
.
.
7. , ,
,
. ,
.
8.
, . .
9. , ,
. ,
, . , .
, , , ,
.
10. , ,
( , ), (
). ( ,
, ).
11. , - . ,
,
, : , .
.

134.
 , .
,
. ,
, .
, ,
? (, , , .)
? (, , ,
.)
, ? (,
, , .)
? (, , , .)
, , ? (,
, , .)
, , ? (, ,
, .)
, , ?
(, , , .)
, ? (,
, -, .)
? (, , , .)
.
,
.

,
.

,
. ,
,
, :
, ? -
, : -
?
,
, .
. ,
,
, .
. , ,
.
, , ,
. , ,
,
.
.
.
. .
. , ?
. .
. , ?
. .

135.
 . . .
, ,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
, . ,

.

.
,
, .
.
.
.

. (. 4),
, , .
, ,

.
. ,
, .
(. 4).
, .
4.


: 1. 1. 1. 1.
1. ,
(,
, ,
. .) (0-100%)
2. 2. 2.
2. ,
, 2. ,
, (0-
(1-100) 100%)

(0- (1-100)
100%)
08.0 60 10%
9 ; 20
, . 90% ,
.
95%

09.0 , 40 25%
9 20
.
.
. 100%
.
80%
11.0 60 , 0%
9 . . 50

136.
 100%
,

. 100%
12.0 , / 40%
9 90% , /
60
.
,

.
80%
15.0 . 95% 30%
9 , . 50
,
, . 90% , ,

. ,

.

,
,


. 90%
. ,
. ( , .
., .) , . ,
() : 0% =
, 100% = .
1 100 .
-
. . ,
, , ,
, , .

.
,
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
(BDI) 19 .
. ,
, .
.
. , .
, .
. ! ,
? - .
. . ,
, , .
.

137.
 . ?
. , ,
, ?
. .
. , .
.
:
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
. ,
.
.
, .
, ,
.
. , ,
, ?
.
.
, .
.
. ?
. , .
. . ,
?
. . , , ,
. , , , ,
.
. . , , ,
. , , ,
. , .
,
.

.
.
, ,
. ,
.
, . ,
, ,
.

.

. ,
, . ,
, .
.

.
, .
138.
 .
, ,
. ,
. ,
, , . .
,
(, , , ).
, ,
.
.
, .
, -
. ,
, .
: .
. , .
, .
:
. , .

.

1. ( ).
2. .
3. .
4. .

1. , .
2. .

1. . () ()
.
2. .
3.
.

1. : .
2. .
3.
.

1. .
2. .
3. .

1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .

139.
 14. .
, , .
, .
, , , .
, 10-20 .
, ,
, .
, , , .
, ,
. ,

.
,
.
, .
, , ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
,
. , , ,
/ , . , ,
, , .

.
.
.
.
.
, , .

.
.
1. .
, .
,
.
, .
2. .
- , , :
, .
. ,
, -
. ,
.
, . ,

; , , -
.
3. .

. :

140.
 . , , .
? ,
.
; ,
.
.
, , ,
,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, .
, ,
.
4. .
,
.
. ,

. ,
, .
5. .

, .
.
, .
, .
.
, ,
.
,
. , ,
.

. .
,
, ,
.

.
1. .
,
. ,
. ,
.
, , , ,
, .
, .
.
, ,
. 125 250- .
, ,
, . ,
.

, .

141.
 . ,
, . ,
. ,
,
( ) ( ).
,
: ! ! ,
, .

.
,
. :
. ,
, , . ,
, .
2. , , ,
. .
, , ,
, , .
,
, .
,
.
, , , ,
. , .
, ,
, .
, ,
. , ,
, .
, .
, .
, , ,
. , ; ,
, .
(, ,
), .
.

.
. ,
, ,
.
3. , , .
.
, , .
: ) ,
; ) ; )
; ) , ; ) .
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
, .
, -
, , , , .
,

142.
 - . ,
, , .
, ,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
. . .
. , ,
.
.
. .
. . , , .
.
. , .
. , , , .
. ,
, .
. , .
. .
, , .
, . , ,
.
4. , , .
.
, , :
, . ,
.
. , ,
. -
. , , , ,
.
. , ,
, ,
, .
:
, - .
, , .
, . , ,
, . ,
, . ,
. .
,
, , ,
, .
5. ,
.
,
, .
, , :
. .
, . ,
,
, .
- , .

143.
 ,
.
6. . , ,
.
, ,
.
, .
, ,
. . ,
().
, .
, ,
,
, .
. , ,
. , .
. ?
. .
. , - ?
. .
. , ,
, , .
, .
. ,
, ,
.
7. , , , ,
.

. , , .
, ; ,
, , -
. , ,
, , .
, ,
.
8. , .
,
. ,
. ,
, . , ,

. . ,

, , ,
.
. , , .
. ? . .
. , ?
. ?
. . ,
.
. , ?
. , , ,
. , ,
, ,
.

144.
 9. .
, .
.
: . . ,
, . ,
,
.
, .
, .
, ,
, ,
. ,
, , .
,
, .
, ,
. ( ?
? ?) ,
, , .
,
. , ,
.
(. Beck, 1967).
, .
10. - , ,
?
. ,
. ,
. , ,
, ,
.
, :
, , , .
,
.
11. , .
,
. , ,
. ,
.
, .
, .
, , ,
, ,
.
, :
. , .
, .
. , ,
?
. , .
. ?
. .
. , ?
. . , .
12. , .
.

145.
 :
. ,
,
, .
.
,
. , ,
, . .
, ,
.
, -
, ,
.
, ,
. :
.
, .
/ . ,
, , , - , / .
, ,
- ,
, .
13. , .
.
, - , , ,

.
;
.
,
,
() (). ,
, , .
, ,
.
. , ,
-
.
14. , , ,
.
, , ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
, : , .
, .
.
,
.
15. ,
.
, .
,
.
.
. . ,
. ,
.

146.
 . , ?
. , ,
.
. ?
. , , , .
, ,
.

. ,
.
16. .
.
. ,
,
. ,
(, . .).
,
, , , ,
. , ,
,
.
, , .
, , .

. ,

. ,
, .
,
, .
,
.
, ;
,
.
, , ,
,
.
.
. ?
. .
. , ?
. . ( .)
. - ?
. , . .
. . , , .
?
, ,
.
,
. , , ,
, -
. ,
, ,
.

147.
 .
1. ( ) .
.
, .
: . ,
.
, , .
,
/ . ,
: . , ,
, ... .
, ?
.
2. .
, ,
.
, . ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
, .
.
.
3. .

. ,
.
.
, , , ,
. , ,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,

.
, .
,
in vivo11 .
, . ,
, ,
;
, .

,
( ).
, :
, ,
. ?
: ... , ...
... , , ,
. , . ,
,
.

11
(.). . .
148.
 ,
. , ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, .
, :
? ? ,
,
.
4. .

, ,
, .
,
, , .
, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
. , ,
, . ,
- ,
.
, .
5. .
.
.
1. .
.
2.
. .
3. - ,
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
6. .
,
.
, , ,
, , .
, , ,
, .
,
.
7. .
,
.
. ,
.

149.
 ,
: 10 ,
. , ,
, . : ,
- ? , ,
.
,
.

, ,
.

15.
.

.
,
, .
-
.
.
.
,
.
,
.

.
.
,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
, .

.
. ,
, .
,
, .
.
1. , ,
.
2.
.
3. , , .
.
1. . .
2. , .
3. , .
150.
 4. . . ,
.
5. , .
, .
,
.

.
, .
, .
, .
, , ,
.
.
, , .
,
.

.
, ,
, , .
,
,
,
, .
,
( , , .
.).
,
, , ,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
.
, .
, , . ,
, ,
.
.

.
.
.
. , ?
. .
. ?
. - ?
. , ,
.
. , ,
.
. - .

151.
 . , , , ,
. , ,
, .
. ...
- .
. ,
... , ,
.
. , .
,
. ,
, , .
, ,
, , .
,
, .

1 100 .

. , ,
.
, ,
, .
, , , ,
. .
. , , ,
: . . ?
. ? , .
. . , , .
. ,
.
. , . , ,
.
. , . ,
- . ,
. .
. , .
. , , .
, , .
,
, ,
.

. ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
.

.
.

. ,
152.
 .
( )
. ,
, , .

. ,

. ,
, .

. .
,
. ,
.

.

, . , ,
, .
, , ,
.

.
, ,
. ,
.
, 80 ,
- .

,
.
.

( , , ) :
. . . .

, , ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
. ,

, .
, (, , ,
. .), , ,
, . ,
, ,
.

, .

.
1.

.
2. , ,
, .
.

153.
 3. ,
, ,
.
4. ,
, ,
:
1) ,
;
2) ,
;
3) ,
;
4) , ,
(, ).
, ,
.
, , .
: . .
: .
; ,
. ,
, .
: , , ,
. , , .
: ,
. ,
.
,
, .

.
,
,
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
, .
. -,
, -,
.
,
,
(, , ,
1-2 ).

16.
.
. .

154.
 .

.
.
, , ,
, .
.

.
,
.

.

(Cristie, 1970). .
-, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. -, ,
. , ,

.
(Yalom, 1970),
,
. ,
, .

(Shaw, 1977), (Farberow, 1977).

.
, -,
, (Covi, Lipman, Degoratis,
Smith, Pattison, 1974). , ,
(Daneman, 1961; Friedman,
1975), (Klerman et al., 1974).
, , -
, -,
. (Shaw, 1977)

. , ,
.

, .
,
, -
.
, .
1.
?
2. ,
,
, ?
3. ( )
?

155.
 4.
,

?
5. ,
?
.

.
,

,
.
,
. , ,
, .
, , ,
, ,
,
.

,
, .
, ,
, ,

.

.
,
( 1).
.
, , -
,
.
.
. ,
, . -
, ,
, . ,
. ,
, ,
- . ,
, : ,
, .
- ,
, .
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
-
.
, , , -
, ,

156.
 , - .
,
, . ,
: , .
. . .
( ,
, ),
.
,
,
,
.

.
(Coyne, 1976a, 1976b) , ,

, .
,
, ,
, ,
.
, .
- ,
, , , ,
(. Hollon, Beck, 1978).
, ,
.
,

, . ,
, .
,
,
, ,

,
.

.
,
,
( 1). , , ,
, ,
. ,
, .

, , . -
, ,
,
. -, ,
,
.

.
,
. ,
.

157.
 .

. ,

. ,
, ,
,
. ,
.

.
.
: , ,
, .
,
.
.

?
- .
.

. ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.

. : ,
, . .
,

. ,
.

?
, ,

. ,
,
.
, , , ,
, . ,
,
.
, ,
,
- .

, , , ,
.

.
,
.
, ,

158.
 . ,
,
. ,
, .
/ ,
.
, .
, ,
, .

: .
, ,
,
. , , ,
. ,
/
,
, , .
,
, .
,
. , , ,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
,
.

.
, , ,
, , ,
, .
(Rush, Watkins, 1978),
, - ,
.
.
(1978)
, (1978) .
,
.
, ,
1-2
.

.
, ,
.
. ,

12-20 , 12-20 .

.
, ,
, .
.

.
, ,
.

159.

, ,
, .
,
- -
.


.
(
). ,
(Shaw, 1978), ,
, , .

.
.
.
, ,
, .
.

.
. 5
,
. ,
,
( , , ),
,
.
,
.
,
.
5.

0 1.
/ 2.

3.

1 1. ( BDI)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8. /

9.
10.

160.
 2-10 1. (BDI)
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
11-12 1. (BDI)
2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

. ,
,
.
1. .
-.
(. )
.
, BDI.
,
, .
BDI
, .
,
, .
2. .
, , .
,
. ,
-
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
.
.
, , ,
. ,

. , , ,

.
3. .
. ,
.
, .
161.
 , ,
.
.
,
, . ,
, -
. , - ,
. ,
, , .

. ,
,
.
, .
4. . ,
.

,
. ,
( ) , ,
.
.
, , ,
, . ,
! ,
, ,
. , ,
; , ,
. - (- , - . .)
.
,
.
5. .
,
. ,
.
, ,
, .
6. .
,
.
.
; , ,
. ,
,
.
,
. -
,
, .
7. .
, .
- .
.

. - ,

, .
, ,
. ,

162.
. ,
.

.
,
, .
: ,
, .
,
.

,
.
. , ,
: , . , .
.

.
.
,
, .
. ... .
. ?
. . . , ,
, , ,
...
. , ?
. . . , - ,
... .
, , , , , ,
, , , , ...
. , ,
, , ...
. , . , , ,
- . ,
- , ?
. . . , .
... , - .
. , , ,
. , .
. . ?
. , , ,
. , ,
. , , -
, , ,
- ...
. . ?
. .
. . .
. ?
. . . .
. , , , ...
. , ? , ,
, , . ?

163.
 . . ?
. . , .
, .
... , .

.
.

.
. , . , -
?
. , . .
. . .
, ?
. ... , .
. , ?
. . - .
... , .
. , ?
. , ... ,
. ,
... !
. ?
. ... , , , ... .
, . ,
, ?
. M-, ...
. ,
...
. -, , ?
. . , , . ,
. ?
. , . .
, , .
. ?
. . , .
. . .
. , . ?
. . .
. , ?
, ? ,
.
. .
. . , .
, .
. , .
, ,
, . ,
? , , ,
.
,
. ,
.
, , ,
.

164.

.
?
, (Rush, Watkins, 1978)
.
: ,
.
, ,
.

(Gioe, 1975), ,
(Shaw, 1977), (Morris,
1975; Rush, Watkins, 1978; Shaw, Hollon, 1978),
BDI.
,
(Lewinson, 1974, 1975). ,
,
. (Padfield, 1976),
-
.
()
.
(1978) : ,
.
, ,
, (Rush,
Watkins, 1977). ,
, ,
.
BDI 9 , , 7 12
(58%), 15 18 (83%) 5 17 (29%),
. ,
, ,
20% 32% 5% .

,
, .
, ,
.
,
, . 16- 43%
50% .

38
72%. , 18% ,

11%, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
. ,
. , (1977)

,
,
. ,
, .

165.
 .

, ,

.
(1978).
,
,
. ,
, , ,
. ,
.
, , ,

( ). ,
.
,


, , . ,
, ,
,
.
,
,
. , ,
, ,

, , ,
.

17.
.

.
,
,
(Mendels, 1974; Maas, 1975).
(Baldessarini, 1977). ,
, .
- ,
:
, ?

, .
,
. ,
.
,
. (, , ,
, ) ()
. (,
, .)
. ,

. ()

166.


.
, , ,
. ,
,
(. Beck, 1973).
,
,
(Prien, Caffey, Klett, 1974).
,
,
.

-
. , . (1974)
,
50%- .

. ,
.
2- 10- ,
24 56 (Robins, Guze, 1972). ,
, ,
.
.
,
.

, .
,
(Davis, 1976; Klerman et al., 1974; Schou, 1968).
55%
(Robins, Guze, 1972), .
, - (Klerman et al., 1974), 36% ,
, 8
. , ,
.
,
.

, . ,
.
. ,
.

. , -
,
, .

. , ,
,
.
/ . ,
, .
, 25-30% ,
, ,
- , ,
(Rush et al., 1977;
McLean, Hakstian, 1978).

167.
 ,
.
.
,
.

.
, ,
.
,
, ,
. ,
(Rush, Hollon, Beck, Kovacs, 1978),
. ,
, .
, .

, .
.
,
(, , )
(,
).
, :
-

. (,
;
, .)
, ,

.
, .
, 100 ,
, 18% 3-4 (Akistal, Bitar,
Puzantian, Rosenthal, Walker, 1978).
.
, , , ,
, ,
(Robins, Guze, 1972).
, ,
, ?

. , ,
,
- .
,
(Lopez-Ibor, 1972).
, ,
, ,
, , ,
(. Beck, 1967). ,
, ,
.
(Spitzer, Endicott, Robins, 1978).
1.
.
2. :

168.
 1) ;
2) ;
3) , , ;
4) ;
5) ;
6) ;
7) , ;
8) .
3. .
4. .
5. (, ).
,
.
,
.
,
,
, ,
. ,
.
, -
.
. , . ,
, , ,
,
, . ,
( , , ,
).
,
. ,
, . -
, ,
( , 1975). , ,
, (,
), ( ), .
, ,
.
-, ,
,
. (Koranyi, 1972),
,
.
,
, (Schwab, Bialow, Brown, Holzer, 1967).
, ,
, , , , , ,
. ,
. ,
(Leff, Roatch, Bunney, 1970; Paykel, Klerman,
Prusoff, 1970).
,
,
.
, ,
, (Kazanin, 1944) (Grinker, Werble,
Drye, 1968; Gundersone, Singer, 1975).
, ,
. , ,

169.
 ,
.
,
, .
,
. ,
, (Becker, 1974; Klerman, 1971; Robins, Guze,
1972).
1968
(DSM-II)
( )
( , -
, ).
, ,
.
,
, .
15% (Klerman, Paykel, 1970).

.
,
.
().
-
, (Freedman, Kaplan, Sadock, 1975). ,
-
,
. ,

,
.

.
, , , ,
, .
,
.
,
.
(,
, , ),
.
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
. , , ,
- , ,
, ,
(Leff et al., 1970). ,
,
(Klein, 1974; Akiskal et al., 1978). , , ,
.

. , ,
, /
(Freedman et al., 1975),
.
(Klein, 1974) ,
,

170.
 .
.

, .
(, , , ).
.
,
, .
(Mendels, Cochrane, 1968) ,

(, ). , ,
.

. , 3 15 12
.
.
, 44
, ,
(Hollon, Beck, Kovacs, Rush, 1977). ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
, . -

, .
,
-
.

.
. , ,

.
.
(
). ,
, - ,
. ,
.
( DSM-II
, 1974) .
, .

.
,
( , , )
( ). ,
(Rush et al., 1977).
,
( 15 /
)
.
, ,
.
1. .
12
6,8 . . .
171.
 2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. , .
7. ( , , ).
8. ( ),
.
9. .

.
1. , , ,
, .
2. ,
.
3. (, ).
4. ( ).
5. , .
6. , .
7. .
8. .
9. (, ).
(
).
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. (,
).
6. ; .
7. , .
8. , .
9. , .
,
. ,
.
, , , -
, ( ,
) .
,
. ,
, ,
.
. ,
(, ) / ,
. ,

, , .
,
(Akiskal et al, 1978).
, . ,
.
, /
.
172.


.
. ,
. ,
,
.
;
, .
( ),
, ,
.
(Khatami, Rush, 1978).
,

.
,
, , ,
.
.
,
.
.
., 23 , ,
. ,
; 27 .

.
,
,
.
, .
,
. ,
, , .
. - .
. .
. (
). (
), .
48 .
.
BDI 24 .
, ,
.

, .
,
.
,
. (),
,
.
. ,

.

173.

.
,
. ,
,
(Sacket, Haynes, 1976).
.
, .
,
.
,
.

,
. (
) ,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
. . 6.
6. ,
( )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. ,
7. ,
8.
( )
1. , .

2.
3. . ?
4. ,
5. ,

1. ( )
2.
3.
4. ?
5.
6. ,
7. , ?

. ,

. ,
, .
., 47 , , 10
. , ,

174.
 , , ,
.
, ,
, ( )
( ).
.
10 .
, ,
, , -,
. , , ,
,
14- , .
;
. ,
, .
(, )
(, , , ).
. ,
.
, (
100 ), .

. 40 ,
.
(),
( ), (), ,
, .
, - .
, ,
.
.
1.

.
,
, . ,

. ,
, . ,
, .
,
(, ,
, ; ,
).
( ),
. ,
, .
.

.
,
,
.
---
---.
2.
, ,
. ,
, , ,
175.
. ,
, .
-, ,
( , ),
, .
.
,
.
( ,
).
8 , , 4.
, ,
, ,
. , 20 ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, 70%- .

.
; (
).
, ,
,
. (
45 ), .
:
( , 50 100 ), (
75 ), .
. .
.
BDI 40 24 .
.
3.

,
250 .
( , ,
), BDI
( 22-24 ), ,
.
4.

. ,
, .
. ,
. ,
.
5.
(,
), .
, ,
.

. , -
.

. . ,

176.
 ,
. , ,
.
6.
,
, ,
, . -
,
. ,
25
.
.
7-10
.
, .

,
, .
15 .
, .
BDI 5
. ,
,
.
BDI .
(50 /). ,
, .
.
BDI.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
BDI 40 32 43 38 37 36 36 14 26 26 19 22
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 40 41
BDI 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 13 15 14
: 5
: 8
, .

.
, ,
.
,
, ,
. ,
, , .

. ,

.
, ,
( )
. ,
,
.

.

177.

. , -, ,
( ,
), -, ,

.


.
, .
, .
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
, .

,
.
: ,

. , ,
, , -
- .
, :
? , ? , ,
? ?
, ( )
, . ,
,
. , -
, , .
, ,

. ,
, - ,
, ;
, .
,
. (,
.) , ,
.
, , , ,
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
,
, , -
, .
, ,
, , , ,
.
,
.

178.
 .

. , ,
- ,
, , ,
.
,
,
(, ).
,
.
, , ,
, ,
. ,

.
, ,
. , ,
, (, )
. ,

.
.
( )
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
. -
, .
.
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
(
),
. , ,
, , ,
, .


.
. , ,
, .
,
( ),
.
, , , ,
.

179.
 .

.
__________________________________ ________
.
, ,
, .
. ,
. , ,
.
1
0 .
1 .
2 .
3 .
2
0 .
1 / .
2 .
3 .
3
0 .
1 , , .
2 .
3 .
4
0 .
1 .
2 .
3 .
5
0 .
1 .
2 .
3 .
6
0 , .
1 , .
2 .
3 , .
7
0 .
1 .
2 .
3 .
8
0 , .
1 .
2 .

180.
 3 , .
9
0 .
1 , , .
2 .
3 , .
10
0 .
2 .
3 .
4 , , .
11
0 .
2 .
3
.
4 , , .
12
0 .
1 , .
2 .
3 .
13
0 .
1 .
2 .
3 .
14
0 , .
1 , .
2 , .
3 , .
15
0 , .
1 .
2 .
3 .
16
0 .
1 .
2 1-2 , .
3 .
17
0 .
1 , .
2 .
3 , - .
18
0 .
1 .

181.
 2 .
3 .
19
0 .
1 5 .
2 10 .
, . _____ _____
3 15 .
20
0 .
1 (, ,
, ).
2 , - .
3 , .
21
0 .
1 , .
2 .
3 .

.
__________________________________ __________
I. /
1.
0.
1.
2.
2.
0.
1.
2.
3. /
0. ,
1.
2. ,
4.
0.
1.
2.
5.
0. ,
1. (, )
2. , (,
)
II.
6.
0.
1.
2.
182.
 7.
0.
1. ,
2.
8. /
0.
1. ;
2.
9.
0. , /
2.
3.
10. (, ;
; )
0. (, )
1.
2.
11.
0. , , -
1. 0 2
2. ,
III.
12. :
0.
1.
2.
13.
0. ;
1. ;
2. ;
14.
0. ,
1. ,
2.
15. /
0.
1. ;
2.
IV.
16.
0.
1. (, )
2. ( , . .)
17.
0.
1. ;
2.
18. ( , ,
. .)
0.

183.
 1. ;
2.
19.
0.
1.
2.
V.
20.
0.
1.
2.
21.
0.
1.
2.

: 1. 1. 1. 1.
1. , (,
,
..) ,
2.
2. (0-100%)
2. ,
, (1-100) 2. , 2.
,

(0-
(0- 100%)
100%) (1-100)

. ,
. ( , .
., .) , . ,
() : 0% =
, 100% = .
1 100 .

.
__________________ __________________
__________ ____________
( , , )
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
I.
1.
__. , .

184.
 __. .
__. /
.
__. / .
__. / ;
.
__. ,
(, , ,
...).
__. , ,
.
2. ( )
__. .
__. ,
.
__. ;
.
__. (
).
__. ,
.
3.
__. .
__. .
4.
__. ,
.
__. ,
.
__. .
__. .
5. ( )
__. .
__. , .
__. , .
__. ,
.
6.
__. ,
, , , .
__. .
__. .
__. , .
__. , .
__. ,
, .
__. ,
.
__.
.
__. .
__. .

185.
 __. ,
.
7.
__. .
__.
.
__. .
8.
__. , , .
__.
.
__. .
__. .
__. .
__. .
__. , .
II.
9.
__. ,
.
__. , .
__. .
10.
__. .
__.
.
__.
(, ):
__ ;
__;
__ ;
__ ;
__ .
__. .
11.
__.
.
__. ,
.
__. , .
__. .
__. .
12.
__. () .
__.
.
__. (,
).
13.
. :
__;
__ ;
186.
 __ ;
__ ;
__ ;
__ ;
__ ;
__ ;
__ ;
__;
__ ;
__ (, )
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__
. , :
__ ;
__ ;
__ ;
__ ;
__ ;
__;
__;
__ ;
__ ;
__ ;
__ (, )
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__
III.
14.
__. , ,
, .
__. , .
__. , ,
.
__. .
__. , .
, .
15.
__. .
__. .
__. .
__. , .
__. .
__. , .
16.
__. .
__. (, ).
__. .
__. , ,
.

187.
 17.
__. .
__. .
__. ,
.
__. .
, , .
18.
__. ,
.
__. .
__. (,
).
__. .
__. , (
).

(
).
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, ().
, ().
1. , . ___
2. (), () . ___
3. , .
. ___
4. , . ___
5. . ___
6. (), . ___
7. .
. ___
8. , . ___
9. , . ___
10. . ___
11. , . ___
12. , ,
. ___
13. (), (), () ( ),
. ___
14. . ___
15. (, ): __________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__
_________________________________________________________________________________
__
_________________________________________________________________________________
__

188.
 ,
.
. .
1. : , , .
2. (SADS; Spitzer, Endicott).
3. .
4. : , ,
(SSI).
5. : (MMPI),
, - (Hopkins);
.
6. : -; ;
; ; .
. .
. (
).
. : 20
12 ; 50 ;
, .
15 : 1-3 2 , 4-12
.

1. .
2. .
3. .
4. , (,
, , ,
).
5. - ;
.
6. .
7. .
8. . :
; ,
.

1. , .
2. .
3. .
4. , .
5. .
6. ( ).
7. , .
8. .

1. .
2.
.
3. , .
4. .
5. ( ).
6. .
189.
 7. .
8. .

1. .
2. (
).
3. ,
.
4. , ,
.

1. .
2. .
3. .
4.
( ).
5. ; ,
4-6.
6-8
1. , .
2. ,
.
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. ( 12).
8-12
1. .
2. .
3. . .
13-15 ( 20)
1. .
2. ,
. ,
, .
3. ,
.

.
Adler, A. What life should mean to you (A. Porter, Ed.). New York: Capricorn, 1958. (Originally
published, 1931.)
Akiskal, H. S., Bitar, A. H., Puzantian, V. R., Rosenthal, T. L., and Walker, P. W. The nosological status
of neurotic depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1978, 35, 756-766.
Alexander, F. Psychosomatic medicine: Its principles and applications. New York: Norton, 1950.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic & Statistical Manual, II. Washington: American
Psychiatric Association, 1968.
Baldessarini, R. J. Chemotherapy in psychiatry. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1977.
Beck, A. T. Thinking and depression: 1, Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 1963, 9, 324-333.

190.
 Beck, A. T. Thinking and depression: 2, Theory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1964, 10,
561-571.
Beck, A. T. Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Hoeber, 1967.
(Republished as Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,
1972).
Beck, A. T. The diagnosis and management of depression. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1973.
Beck, A. T. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press,
1976.
Beck, A. T. Depression inventory. Philadelphia: Center for Cognitive Therapy, 1978.
Beck, . ., and Greenberg, R. L. Coping with depression (a booklet). New York: Institute for Rational
Living, 1974.
Beck, . ., Kovacs, M., and Weissman, A. Hopelessness and suicidal behavior: An overview. Journal
of the American Medical Association, 1975, 234, 1146-1149.
Beck, . ., Kovacs, M., and Weissman, A. Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicidal
Ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1979, 47, 2, 343-352.
Beck, . ., Resnik, H. L. P., and Lettieri, D. (Eds.). The prediction of suicide. Bowie, Md.: Charles
Press, 1974.
Beck, . ., and Rush, A. J. Cognitive approaches to depression and suicide. In G. Serban (Ed.),
Cognitive defects in the development of mental illness. New York: Brunner-Mazel, 1978.
Beck, . ., Weissman, A., Lester, D., and Trexler, L. The measurement of pessimism: The
Hopelessness Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 861-865.
Becker, J. Depression: theory and research. Washington, D. C.: V. H. Winston and Sons, Inc., 1974.
Berne, E. Transactional analysis in psychotherapy: A systematic individual and social psychiatry. New
York: Grove Press, 1961.
Berne, E. Games people play. New York: Grove Press, 1964.
Binswanger, L. [The case of Ellen West: An anthropological-clinical study.] (W. M. Mendel and J.
Lyons, trans.). In R. May, E. Angel, and H. F. Ellenberger (Eds.), Existence: A new dimension in
psychology and psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, 1958. (Originally published, 1944-45.)
Bowers, H. S. Situationism in psychology: An analysis and critique. Psychological Review, 1973, 80,
307-336.
Breger, L, and McGaugh, J. L. Critique and reformulation of learning theory approaches to
psychotherapy and neurosis. Psychological Bulletin, 1965, 63, 338-358.
Brownell, K., Heckerman, C. L., and Westlake, R. J. The effect of couples training and spouse
cooperativeness in the behavioral treatment of obesity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Atlanta, December, 1977.
Cautela, J., and Kastenbaum, R. A reinforcement survey schedule for use in therapy, training, and
research. Psychological Reports, 1967, 20, 1115-1130.
Chassell, J. O. The basic model of psychotherapy. Paper presented at the meeting of the American
Psychoanalytic Association, New York, December 1953 (revised, March 1977).
Christie, G. L. Group psychotherapy in private practice. Australian and New Zealand Journal of
Psychiatry, 1970, 43, 43-48.
Covi, L., Lipman, R., Derogatis, L., Smith, J., and Pattison, I. Drugs and group psychotherapy in
neurotic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1974, 131, 191-198.
Coyne, J. C. Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1976, 85, 186-
193. (a)
Coyne, J. C. Toward an interactional description of depression. Psychiatry, 1976, 39, 28-40. (b)
Daneman, E. A. Imipramine in office management of depressive reactions (a double-blind study).
Diseases of the Nervous System, 1961, 22, 213-217.
Davis, J. M. Overview: Maintenance therapy in psychiatry: II. Affective disorders. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 1976, 133, 1-13.
Dember, W. N. Motivation and the Cognitive revolution. American Psychologist, 1974, 29, 161-168.
Ellis, A. Outcome of employing three techniques of psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology,
1957, 13, 344-350.
Ellis, A. Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1962.

191.
 Ellis, A. Growth through reason: Verbatim cases in rational-emotive psychotherapy. Palo Alto: Science
& Behavior Books, 1971.
Ellis, A. Humanistic psychotherapy: The rational-emotive approach. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973.
Ellis, A., and Harper, R. A. A new guide to rational living. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975.
Emery, G. Cognitive vs. behavioral methods in weight reduction with college students. (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978, 38, 5563B-
5564B. (University Microfilms No. 7806578)
Emery, G. Self-reliance training for depressed patients. In D. P. Rathjen and J. P. Foreyt (Eds.), Social
competence: Interventions for children and adults. New York: Plenum, in press.
Farbetow, N. L. Vital process in suicide prevention: Group psychotherapy as a community concern.
Life threatening behavior, 1972, 2, 239-251.
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. ., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, J., and Munoz, R. Diagnostic criteria
for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 26, 57-63.
Frank, J. Persuasion and healing. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961.
Frankl, V. Man's search for meaning. New York: Washington Square Press, 1963.
Freedman, A. M., Kaplan, H. I., and Sadock, B. J. (Eds.). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry-II.
Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1975.
Freeman, A. The use of dreams and imagery in cognitive therapy. In G. Emery, S. Hollon, and R.
Bedrosian (Eds.), New directions in cognitive therapy: A casebook. New York: Guilford Press, in press.
Freud, S. [The interpretation of dreams] (J. Strachey, Ed. and trans.). In the Standard edition of the
complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, V. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of
Psychoanalysis, 1953. (Originally published, 1900.)
Friedman, A. S. Interaction of drug therapy with marital therapy in depressive patients. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 1975, 32, 619-637.
Fuchs, C., and Rehm, L. P. A self-control behavior therapy program for depression. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977, 45, 206-215.
Gioe, V. J. Cognitive modification and positive group experience as a treatment for depression.
(Doctoral dissertation, Temple University, 1975). Dissertation Abstracts International, 1975, 36, 3039B-
3040B. (University Microfilms No. 75-28, 219)
Goldfried, M. R., and Davison, G. C. Clinical behavior therapy. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston,
1976.
Green, R. A., and Murray, E. J. Expression of feeling and cognitive reinterpretation in the reduction of
hostile aggression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43, 375-383.
Greenwald, H. Direct decision therapy. Los Angeles: Knapp, 1973.
Grinker, R. R., Sr., Werble, ., and Drye, R. C. The borderline syndrome. New York: Basic Books,
1968.
Gunderson, J. G., and Singer, M. T. Defining borderline patients: An overview. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 1975, 132, 1-10.
Hodgson, J. W., and Urban, H. B. A comparison of interpersonal training programs in the treatment of
depressive states. Unpublished manuscript, Pennsylvania State University, 1975.
Hollon, S. D., and Beck, A. T. Cognitive therapy and suicide. In E. C. Kendall and S. D. Hollon (Eds.),
Cognitive-behavioral interventions. Theory, research, and procedures. New York: Academic Press, in
press.
Hollon, S. D., Beck, . ., Kovacs, M., and Rush, A. J. Cognitive therapy vs. pharmacotherapy of
depression: Outcome and followup. Paper presented at the annual convention, American Psychological
Association, Madison, August 1977.
Hollon, S. D., and Beck, A. T. Psychotherapy and drug therapy: Comparison and combinations. In S. L.
Garfield and A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis
(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1978.
Horney, Karen. Neurosis and human growth: The struggle toward self-realization. New York: Norton &
Co., 1950.
Janov, A. The primal scream: Primal therapy, the cure for neurosis. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons,
1970.
Jaspers, K. [General psychopathology] (J. Joenig and M. W. Hamilton, trans.). Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1968. (Originally published, 1913.).
Kasanin, J. The acute schizoaffective psychoses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1944, 13, 97.
192.
 Kazdin, A. E., and Wilson, G. T. Evaluation of behavior therapy: Issues, evidence, and research
strategies. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1978.
Keith-Speigel, P., and Spiegel, D. E. Affective states of patients immediately preceding suicide.
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1967, 5, 8993.
Kelly, G. The psychology of personal constructs (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Norton & Co., 1955.
Khatami, M., and Rush, A. J. A pilot study of the treatment of outpatients with chronic pain: Symptom
control, stimulus control and social, system intervention. Pain, 1978, 5, 163-172.
Klein, D. F. Endogenomorphic depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 31, 447-454.
Klerman, G. L. Clinical research in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1971, 24, 305-319.
Klerman, G. L, DiMascio, A., Weissman, M., Prusoff, ., and Paykel, E. Treatment of depression by
drugs and psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1974, 131, 186-191.
Klerman, G. L., and Paykel, E. S. Depressive pattern, social background and hospitalization. Journal
of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1970, 150, 466-478.
Koranyi, E. K. Physical health and illness in psychiatric outpatient department populations. Canadian
Psychiatric Association Journal, 1972, 17, 109-113.
Kovacs, M., Beck, . ., and Weissman, A. The Use of Suicidal Motives in the Psychotherapy of
Attempted Suicides. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1975, 29, 363-368.
Kovacs, M., Rush, A. J., Beck, . ., and Hollon, S. D. Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and
pharmacotherapy in treatment of depressed outpatients: A 12-month follow-up. Unpublished manuscript,
University of Pittsburgh, 1978.
Kuhn, T. S. The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Lazarus, A. Behavior therapy and beyond. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.
Lazarus, A., and Fay, A. I can if I want to. New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc., 1975.
Lazarus, R. Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
Leff, M. J., Roatch, J. F., and Bunney, W. E. Environmental factors preceding the onset of severe
depressions. Psychiatry, 1970, 33, 293-311.
Lerner, M. J. Deserving versus justice: A contemporary dilemma. Paper presented at the Symposium
on Freedom, Justice, and Social Responsibility of the American Psychological Association, Washington,
September 1969.
Lewinsohn, P. M. A behavioral approach to depression. In R. M. Friedman and M. M. Katz (Eds.), The
psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research. Washington, D. C.: Winston, Wiley, 1974.
Lewinsohn, P. M. The behavioral study and treatment of depression. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, and P.
M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in Behavior Modification, Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press, 1975.
Lipowsky, Z. J. Psychiatry of somatic diseases: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, classification.
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1975, 16, 105-124.
Lopez-Ibor, J.J. Masked depressions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1972, 120, 245-258.
Low, Abraham. Mental health through will-training. Boston: Christopher, 1950.
Maas, J. W. Biogenic amines and depression: Biochemical and pharmacological separation of two
types of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1975, 32, 1357-1361.
MacPhillamy, D. J., and Lewinsohn, P. M. Pleasant events schedule. Unpublished manuscript,
University of Oregon, 1971.
Mahoney, M. J. Cognition and behavior modification. Cambridge: Ballinger, 1974.
Mahoney, M. J. Reflections on the cognitive-learning trend in psychotherapy. American Psychologist,
1977, 32, 5-13.
Mahoney, M. J., and Mahoney, K. Permianent weight control A total solution to the dieter's dilmma.
New York: Norton & Co., 1976.
Maultsby, M. C. Handbook of rational self-counselling. Madison, Wisconsin: Association for Rational
Thinking, 1971a.
Maultsby, M. C. Systematic written homework in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research,
and Practice, 1971b, 8, 195-198.
Maultsby, M. C. Help yourself to happiness through rational self-counselling. Boston: Esplanade
Books, 1975.
McFall, R. M., and Twentyman, . . Four experiments on the relative contributions of rehearsal,
modeling, and coaching to assertion training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973, 81, 199-218.

193.
 McLean, P. D., and Hakstian, A. R. Clinical depression: Comparative efficacy of outpatient treatments.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Toronto, June 1978.
McMullin, C., and Casey, B. Talk sense to yourself. Lakewood, Colorado: Jefferson County Mental
Health Center, Inc., 1975.
Meichenbaum, D. B. Cognitive-behavior modification: An integrative approach. New York: Plenum,
1977.
Mendels, J. Biological aspects of affective illness. In S. Arieti and E. B. Brady (Eds.), American
handbook of psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, 1974.
Mendels, J., and Cochrane, C. The nosology of depression: The endogenous reactive concept.
American Journal of Psychiatry, (Supplement), 1968, 124, 1-11.
Morris, N. E. A group self-instruction method for the treatment of depressed outpatients. (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Toronto, 1975), National Library of Canada, Canadian Theses Division, No.
35272.
Morris, J. ., and Beck, A. T. The efficacy of antidepressant drugs: A review of research (1958 to
1972). Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 30, 667-674.
Novaco, R. Anger control: The development and evaluation of an experimental treatment. Lexington,
Mass.: Heath & Co., 1975.
Padfield, M. The comparative effects of two counseling approaches on the intensity of depression
among rural women of low socioeconomic status. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1976, 23, 209-214.
Paykel, E. S., Klerman, G. L., and Prusoff, B. A. Treatment setting and clinical depression. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 1970, 22, 11-21.
Piaget, J. [Psychology of Intelligence.] (M. Piercy and D. E. Berlyne, trans.). New York: Harcourt,
Brace & Co., 1950. (Originally published, 1947.)
Piaget, J. [The moral judgment of the child.] (M. Gabain, trans.). Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1960.
(Originally published, 1932.)
Prien, R. F., Caffey, E. M., Jr., and Klett, C. J. Factors associated with treatment success in lithium
carbonate prophylaxis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 31, 189.
Raimy, V. Misunderstandings of the self. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1975.
Rehm, L. P., Fuchs, C. Z., Roth, D. M. Komblith, S. J., and Romano, J. M. A Comparison of self-
control and social skills treatments of depression. Unpublished manuscript, Cornell University, 1978.
Robins, E., and Guze, S. Classification of affective disoders: The primarysecondary, the
endogenous, and the neuroticpsychotic concepts. In Recent advances in the psychobiology of
depressive illness. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publication No.
70-9053, 1972.
Robinson, F. P. Principles and procedures in student counseling. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950.
Rogers, C. Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1951.
Rush, A. J., Beck, . ., Kovacs, M., and Hollon, S. Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and
imipramine in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977, 1, 17-37.
Rush, A. J., Beck, . ., Kovacs, M., Khatami, M., Fitzgibbons, R, and Wolman, T. Comparison of
cognitive and phamiacotherapy in depressed outpatients: A preliminary report. Presented at meetings of
the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Boston, Mass., 1975.
Rush, A. J., Hollon, S. D., Beck, . ., and Kovacs, M. Depression: Must pharmacotherapy fail for
cognitive therapy to succeed? Cognitive Therapy & Research, 1978, 2, 199-206.
Rush, A. J., Khatami, M., and Beck, A. T. Cognitive and behavioral therapy in chronic depression.
Behavior Therapy, 1975, 6, 398-404.
Rush, A. J., and Watkins, J. T. Specialized cognitive therapy strategies for psychologically naive
depressed outpatients. Paper presented at meeting of the American Psychological Association, San
Francisco, August 1977.
Rush, A. J., and Watkins, J. T. Group versus individual cognitive therapy: A pilot study. Unpublished
manuscript, Southwestern Medical School (Dallas), 1978.
Sackett, D. L., and Haynes, R. B. Workshop symposium on compliance with therapeutic regimens,
McMasters University, 1974. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.
Saul, L. J. Emotional maturity. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1947.
Schmickley, V. G. The effects of cognitive-behavior modification upon depressed outpatients. (Doctoral
dissertation, Michigan State University, 1976).

194.
 Schou, M. Special review: Lithium in psychiatric therapy and prophylaxis. Journal of Psychiatric
Research, 1968, 6, 67-95.
Schreiber, M. T. Depressive cognitions (letter to the editor). American Journal of Psychiatry, 1978, 135,
1570.
Schuyler, D., and Katz, M. M. The depressive illnesses: A major public health problem. Washington,
D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973.
Schwab, J. J., Bialow, M., Brown, J. M., and Holzer, . . Diagnosing depression in medical inpatients.
Annals of Internal Medicine, 1967, 67, 695-707.
Secunda, S. K., Katz, M. M., Friedman, R. J., and Schuyler, D. Special report: 1973The depressive
disorders. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973.
Shapiro, A. K., and Morris, L. A. Placebo effects in medical and psychological therapies. In S. L.
Garfield and A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis
(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1978.
Shaw, B. F. A systematic investigation of three treatments of depression. (Doctoral dissertation,
University of Western Ontario, Canada, 1975.)
Shaw, . F. Comparison of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy in the treatment of depression.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977, 45, 543-551.
Shaw, B. F., and Hollon, S. D. Cognitive therapy in a group format with depressed outpatients.
Unpublished manuscript, University of Western Ontario (London), 1978.
Shelton, J. L., and Ackerman, M. J. Homework in counseling and psychotherapy. Springfield, Ill.:
Charles C. Thomas, 1974.
Shipley, C. R., and Fazio, A. F. Pilot study of a treatment for psychological depression. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 1973, 82, 372-376.
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., and Robins, E. Research diagnostic criteria: Rationale and reliability.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 1978, 36, 773-782.
Straus, E. W. Phaenomenological Psychology: Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1966.
Sullivan, H. S. Interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton & Co., 1953.
Taylor, F. G. Cognitive and behavioral approaches to the modification of depression. (Doctoral
dissertation, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., 1974.)
Taylor, F. G., and Marshall, W. L. Experimental analysis of a cognitive-behavior therapy for depression.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977, 1, 59-72.
Weimer, W. ., and Palermo, D. S. (Eds.). Cognition and the symbolic processes.
Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1974.
Wolfe, J., and Fodor, I. A cognitive-behavioral approach to modifying assertive behavior in women.
The Counseling Psychologist, 1975, 5, 45-52.
Yalom, I. D. The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books 1970.
Yessler, P. G., Gibbs, J. J., and Becker, H. A. Communication of suicidal ideas. Archives of General
Psychiatry, 1961, 5, 12-29.

195.