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S ch ool of P h ysi cs
U n i v er si t y of S yd n ey Au st r a l i a
FLUID FLOW
STREAMLINE LAMINAR FLOW
TURBULENT FLOW
REYNOLDS NUMBER
The above pictures show how the effect of swirl on the flow around a sphere. The flow is
from top to bottom. The picture on the left is for zero swirl and the flow is attached on
the upstream hemisphere and separated downstream of the point of maximum
thickness. A separation bubble is formed on the downstream hemisphere and this is a
region of very slow reversed axial flow. When the swirl is increased a separation bubble
appears on the upstream hemisphere which is shown in the middle picture. As the swirl
is further increased this upstream separation bubble grows in length and becomes
increasingly unsteady and finally developed into the unsteady spiral structure as shown
in the picture on the right.
There are two kinds of fluid (liquids and gases) flow that are
observed: laminar (streamline) flow and turbulent flow.
a03/p1/fluids/flow1.doc 1
Particles of a continuous fluid can be considered to travel
along smooth continuous paths which are given the name
!
streamlines. These streamlines can be curved or straight,
depending on the flow of the fluid. This type of motion is also
called laminar flow.
(a) A tensile strength which means that the parts of the fluid
along a particular streamline stick together and do not
separate from one another.
(b) Zero shear modulus, which means that each streamline
moves independently of any other.
streamlines
Streamlines for
fluid passing an
obstacle
v
Velocity of particle
- tangent to streamline
a03/p1/fluids/flow1.doc 2
This is very important in aeronautical engineering. Air
turbulence means increased fuel consumption in aircraft, and
many cunning and intricate devices are used to reduce
turbulence. Shapes of marine animals, flying birds, racing cars
are important to avoid turbulent flow around them.
a03/p1/fluids/flow1.doc 3
LAMINAR (STREAMLINE) FLOW
TURBULENT FLOW
a03/p1/fluids/flow1.doc 4
circles called eddies (eddy currents) or vortices. Eddies absorb
REYNOLDS NUMBER
Re = v L /
density of fluid
v average flow velocity over the cross section of the
pipe
L dimension characterising a cross section
a03/p1/fluids/flow1.doc 5
think of. For a fluid flowing through a channel or a tube, it
turns out to be the diameter of the tube.
Re is a dimensionless number
Re = v L /
[Re] [kg.m-3] [m.s-1][m] [Pa.s]-1
[kg] [m-1][s-1][kg.m.s-2.m-2.s]-1 = [1]
a03/p1/fluids/flow1.doc 6
streamlined and so energy loss through turbulence must be a
serious consideration. However due to the interplay between L
and v it is easier and more desirable to obtain streamline flow
in the main pipes.
Spermatozoa swimming
Typically length L ~ 10 m
typical speeds v ~ 10-5 m.s-1
viscosity ~ 10-3 Pa.s
Flow is streamlined.
a03/p1/fluids/flow1.doc 7
The criterion whether or not much energy is lost in this way, is
therefore whether or not there is much of a velocity gradient
throughout the whole of the liquid. Since most of this gradient
occurs near a boundary (in the so called Boundary layer, it is
the ratio of the size of the system to the size of the boundary
layer which is important.
a03/p1/fluids/flow1.doc 8
If you were designing a circulatory system for the human
body, where a prime requirement is that as little energy as
possible should be dissipated, in order not to require the
heart to pump any harder than absolutely necessary, what
Reynolds number would you aim for? Compare this with the
Reynolds number for blood, which is somewhere between
1000 and 2000.
Home activity
Turn on a water tap such that the flow is smooth and glassy.
This is streamline flow. Increase the flow rate and observe as
the flow becomes turbulent, rough and ropey. See if you can
identify a flow where water leaves the tap in streamline flow
but transits to turbulent flow before hitting the sink.
a03/p1/fluids/flow1.doc 9