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Multi-path Propagation
10
0
-10
dB
time or wavelength
Wireless Communication
Page 1
Wireless Communication
Multipath Fading
Slow Fading
over large distances, due to gross changes in path
also called shadowing, log-normal fading
Fast Fading
over distances on the order of a wavelength
also called Rayleigh fading
Assumptions for above types:
many waves of roughly equal amplitude arrive
Rayleigh distributed amplitude
uniformly distributed phase
spatial angle of arrival
azimuth is uniformly distributed
elevation: PDF has mean of 0o, biased towards small angles, does not
extend to infinity, and has no discontinuities
Rician Fading
there is a LOS or dominant path, producing fewer deep fades occurs in
small cells
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 2 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Wireless Communication
time or wavelength
Page 2
Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
Selective Diversity
. maximum amplitude
. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .
A path 1
. ... . . . . .. .. ..
path 2
Page 3
Wireless Communication
Space Diversity
A Method for Combating Rayleigh Fading
D Fortunately, Rayleigh fades are
very short and last a small
percentage of the time
Two antennas separated by several
wavelengths will not generally
experience fades at the same time
Space Diversitycan be obtained
by using two receiving antennas
Signal received by
Antenna 1 and switching instant-by-instant to
whichever is best
Signal received by Required separation D for good
Antenna 2 decorrelation is 10-20(BS)
12-24 ft. @ 800 MHz.
Combined Signal 5-10 ft. @ 1900 MHz.
Required separation D is
(MS)
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 6 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Wireless Communication
Space Diversity
D Application Limitations
Space Diversity can be applied
only on the receiving end of a link.
Transmitting on two antennas
would:
fail to produce diversity, since the
two signals combine to produce only
one value of signal level at a given
Signal received point -- no diversity results.
by Antenna 1 produce objectionable nulls in the
radiation at some angles
Signal received Therefore, space diversity is
by Antenna 2 applied only on the uplink, i.e.,
reverse path
Combined there isn
t room for two sufficiently
Signal separated antennas on a mobile or
handheld
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 7 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Page 4
Wireless Communication
Doppler Shift
Doppler spreading increases the signal bandwidth
fd : moving toward, moving away
fd = cos() (v/ )
Example: fc 1850 MHz, 60mile/hour (mph)
= c / fc = 3 108 / 1850 106 = 0.162 m
v = 60 mph = 26.82 m/s
The mobile is moving toward the transmitter, fd = 26.82 / 0.162 = 1850.0 Hz
The mobile is moving away the transmitter, fd = - 1850.0 Hz
fd = 0, as = 90 cos() = 0
v
Wireless Communication
hb (t,
)= ai ( t, ) exp [ j2fc i ( t ) + i (t, )] (-i ( t )]
I=0
i (t, )
ai ( t, ) : real amp. and excess delay of A time-varying discrete-time impulse response for a multipath radio channel
Ith multipath component at time t.
i (t, ) = 2fc I ( t ) + i (t, ) : the
phase shift due to free space
propagations of the Ith multipath
component + additional phase shifts
i (t, ) : lumps together all the
mechanisms for phase shifts of a
single multipath component within
the ith excess delay bin.
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 9 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Page 5
Wireless Communication
hb () = ai exp [ ji ] (-
i)
i=0
x+iy
Power delay profile: the spatial of | hb (t, ) |2 over a local area.
) |2
P ( t ; ) = k | hb (t, base band , K relates the transmitted power
Measurement : hb ( ) can be
predicted by a probing pulse p( t )
p( t ) ( t - ) x2(t) = 1/2 2
c(t)
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 10 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Wireless Communication
Page 6
Wireless Communication
factor of 1/2 are due to the properties of the complex envelope Bandpass channel
y(t)
1
f
-fc fc
f
Complex Baseband
2 ~y(t)
f
f
~ ), ~ ~ ~
y(t) = 1/2 ~
~ x(t ) h(t x(t ) = c(t ), h(t ) = hb(t ), y(t ) = r(t )
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 12 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Wireless Communication
c.c
-fc fc
h
t h t
1 j2 fc t Immediate complex
2
e b term
c(t)
2
c.c
f
x
t ct
1 j 2 f c t
e
2
y
tx
th
t h
x t
1
d h(t)
f
-fc fc
2
h b
ct
1
de j2 fct c.c
hb(t)
4 Cos(2fct )+ j sin(2fct ) f
0 2
h b
ct
1
e j2 fcde j2 fct c.c r(t)= (c(t) hb(t)
4
f
1
y
t Re hb
t c
t ej2fct r
t hb
t c
1
t 1
y(t)
2 2 f
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 13 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Page 7
Wireless Communication
hb ( ) = ai exp [ ji ] (- i )
i=0
x+iy
Wireless Communication
p
t 2 TREP
max Tbb a repetitive baseband pulse a2
train with very narrow pulse width Tbb and
period TREP Wideband signal
TREP >> max , max : maximum excess delay
Low-pass channel output r(t) hb (t) Instantaneous power delay profile
N-1
Page 8
Wireless Communication
r (t ) = ai exp [ ji ( t, ) ] fading
i=0
Instantaneous envelope a1 + a2
Instantaneous power (Complex base band )
N-1 Measured at t0 ~ d0
Pcw = |r (t0 ) |2 = | a i exp [ ji ( t, ) ] |2
i=0
N-1 N-1 N
Ea,[Pcw ] = ai 2 +2 r i, j cos(i - j )
i=0 i=0 j i d
r i, j = Ea [ai aj ]: path amp. Correlation coefficient d0
Ea,[Pcw ]= Ea, [PWB ] as r i, j and/or cos(i - j ) =0 d1
Wireless Communication
An Example (SMRCIM)
This technique of quantizing the delay bins determines the
time delay resolution of the channel model
Maximum bandwidth that the SMRCIM model (Simulation of Mobile
Radio Channel Impulse-response Models) can accurately represent
is equal to 1 / 2 (useful frequency span of the model)
Example: A discrete channel impulse response model, If
number of multipath bins is 64,
urban radio cahannel with excess delays up to 100 s.
= N / N = 100/ 64 =1.5625 s
1 / 2 = 1/ (2(1.5625 s)) = 0.32 MHz
DELAY SPREAD FUNCTION
microcellular channels with excess delays < 4 s.
= N / N = 4/ 64 =62.5 ns
1 / 2 = 1/ (2(62.5s)) = 8 MHz
indoor channels with excess delays < 500ns
= N / N = 500 10 / 64 =7.8125 ns
-9
1 / 2 = 1/ (2(7.8125 ns)) = 64 MHz
N =
Page 9
Wireless Communication
at t = 0.1s, 0 = 2d / = 2vt / = 210 0.1 / 0.3 = 20.94 rad = 2.09 rad= 120
1 = -120 , since mobile moves away from the second component.
2 =
r(t) 100pW exp(j120)+ 50pW exp(-j120) 2 = 79.3 pW t=0
Wireless Communication
Delay Profile
Measured multipath power delay profiles
900 MHz cellular in San Francisco
Inside a grocery store at 4GHz
Page 10
Wireless Communication
ak2 k P( k ) k
k
k
=
ak 2
P( k )
k k
RMS deplay spread
ak2 k2 P( k ) k2
= 2 - ( )
2
Where 2
k
ak
=
k
k
2
P( k )
k
In outdoor mobile: RMS ~ s In indoor mobile: RMS ~ ns
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 20 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Wireless Communication
An Example
Maximum excess delay ( xdB ):
time delay during which multipath energy falls to X dB below the maximum.
I.e.
x-
0 , where 0 is the first arriving signal,
x is the maximum delay at
which a multipath component X dB of the strongest arriving component
(which does not necessarily arrive at 0 )
Threshold level: ,
2 , depend on the choice of noise threshold
noise threshold , ,
2
, Pr(
)
0dB
Example: -10dB
1
= 4.38 sec Bc = -20dB
5
= 1.37 sec 0 1 2 5
( s)
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 21 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Page 11
Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
Coherence Bandwidth
Relation derived from RMS delay spread
BW Bc , the channel can be considered as flat
Flat channel: a channel which passes all spectral components with
equal gain and linear phase
Two frequency components have a strong potential for amplitude
correlation over the range of frequencies.
1
correlation function > 0.9 Bc
50 CR > 0.5
1 CR > 0.9
correlation function > 0.5 Bc
5
Ex: = 1.37 sec, Bc 1/ 5= 146 kHz
AMP BW = 30k no equalizer required.
GSM 200 k equalizer required
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 23 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Page 12
Wireless Communication
t f
T BW > Bc Freq. Selective channel
Narrowband Channel
1
Bc BW 1/T
t f
BW Bc Flat channel
Wideband Channel
Wireless Communication
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Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
Page 14
Wireless Communication
EXAMPLE:
You are interested in buying a wireless modem from a vendor for indoor data
transmission at rates less than 300 kbits/sec.
the vendor insists that you buy modems equipped with equalizers which
doubles the price.
is this necessary? no. assume a fading case with = 0.5s, then RB = 318
kbits/sec
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 28 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Wireless Communication
Doppler Spread
To describe time varying nature of the channel in a
small-scale region.
Doppler spread BD : a measure of the spectral boarding channel
caused by the time rate of change of the channel.
Doppler spectrum : components in the range fc-fd to fc-fd.
Effect of Doppler spread are negligible, as BW signal BD
t
Coherence time TC is the time domain Tc
dual of Doppler
To characterize time varying nature
Tc 1/ fm under Rayleigh fading
Ts Tc channel will change during the
transmission of the baseband message
distortion
Time correlation function > 0.5,
Tc 9 / 16fm , fm: the max. Doppler shift
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 29 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Page 15
Wireless Communication
A thumb rule
A popular rule of thumb for modern digital communications is
f 9 0.423
TC = =
16 m
2 fm
Tc 1/ fm suggests a time duration during Rayleigh fading
Tc 9 / 16fm is often too restrictive
Definition of coherence time : two signals arriving with a time separation > Tc
are affected differently by the channel.
Wireless Communication
An Example
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Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
Types of fading
Ts
Transmitting Symbol
Symbol Period of
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Wireless Communication
Rayleigh Distribution
r = x2 + y2
x+iy
r r2
exp ( ) , 0 r
P(r) = 2 22
0 , r 0
Rayleigh
fading beams
Wireless Communication
R2
P( R ) = Pr( r R) = 1- exp ( )
22
E [ r 2 ] = E [ x 2 ] + E [ y 2 ] = 2 2
1.2533
Page 18
Wireless Communication
r ( r 2 +A2 ) Ar
exp ( ) I0 ( ) , A 0 , 0 r
P(r) = 2
22 2
, r 0
0
Wireless Communication
Clarke
s Model for Flat Fading
Assumptions
A fixed transmitter with a vertically polarized antenna
The field on the mobile antenna comprises of N azimuthal plane waves with
arbitrary carrier phases
z
vertically polarized
arbitrary azimuthal angles of arrival y
each wave having equal average amplitude
in absence of a direct LOS
experience similar attenuation over small-scale distances
Vertically polarized plane waves at BS x
N
Azimuthal plane
Ez = E0 Cn cos ( 2 fct + n )
n =1
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Wireless Communication
Pr = A G() p() d
0
G() = Antenna Azimuthal gain pattern
x
A : average received power w.r.t an Azimuthal plane
isotropic antenna y
Wireless Communication
Page 20
Wireless Communication
Chapter 5 Small-scale multipath propagation 40 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Wireless Communication
Page 21
Wireless Communication
Rayleigh Ricean
Add a single freq. Component
dominant in amplitude within
Doppler fading spectrum
Wireless Communication
Measurements
Direct RF pulse system
Spread spectrum sliding
correlator
Narrow BW wideband
Frequency Domain
FFT, IFFT
Page 22
Wireless Communication
Binary modulation
Rayleigh fading
To average the error
probability in AWGN over
the possible ranges of signal
strength due to fading
Wireless Communication
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Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
Lesson 5 Complete
Page 24