Ghana List

SEEA-WA
Ghana: stock taking report

g:\westa_10\work_in_progress\stock_taking\ghana\report\stock-taking report ghana_kre_v1.doc
March 2012
Table of contents
INTRODUCTION 3
1. GLOBAL SITUATION OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM 3

1.1. Structure of Economy 3
1.1.1. Primary Sector 3
1.1.2. Industrial Sector 4
1.1.3. Service Sector 4
1.2. Final Energy Consumption 4
1.3. Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Products 5
1.4. Final Energy Consumption by Sector 5
1.5. Primary Energy Production 6
1.6. Relevant Power Plants 6
1.7. Main Actors- Electricity Supply and Distribution 8
1.8. Reliability of Electricity Supply 9
1.9. Energy Pricing 9
1.9.1. Oil 9
1.9.2. Electricity 11
1.10. Fuel use 13
1.11. Renewable energy 13
2. ENERGY POLICY 14
2.1. Legal and Regulatory Framework 14
2.1.1. Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling (Non-Ducted Air Conditioners and Self-Ballasted
Fluorescent Lamps) Regulations, 2005. LI 1815 15
2.1.2. Renewable Energy Policies 16
2.1.3. Solar Street Lights 17
2.2. Barriers for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 17
2.2.1. Financial Incentives for Renewable Energy 18
2.3. Institutional Framework 18
2.3.1. Ministry of Energy 18
2.3.2. Energy Commission of Ghana 18
2.3.3. Public Utilities Regulatory Commission 18
2.3.4. Energy Foundation 18
2.3.5. Public Institutions 19
2.3.6. Non Governmental Institutions and other relevant Private Actors 20
2.3.7. Identified possible further Stakeholders who could be involved in EE or RES programs 20
2.3.8. International Organisations/Institutions/Donors 21
2.4. Gender Assessment of the Ghana Energy Sector 21
c:\users\vincs kong\downloads\ghana_stock_taking_report_anx11.doc 1
2.4.1. National Gender and Energy Training 22
2.4.2. Strengthening Gender and Energy Networking in Ghana 22
3. ENERGY ACCESS 23
3.1. The following graph shows a list of programs and activities to increase access to electricity 23
3.1.1. Energy Efficiency for Cooking 24
4. ACTIONS IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 24

4.1. Ongoing and Past Initiatives 26
4.1.1. Energy Efficient Lighting 26
4.1.2. Refrigerators 27
4.1.3. Power factor correction 27
4.1.4. Audits 27
4.1.5. Building energy efficiency 28
4.1.6. ESCOs 28
4.1.7. Biogas systems 28
4.2. Standards, labels and certification systems 28
5. RECOMMENDATIONS 29
5.1. Priority areas for action 29
5.2. Hotels 29
5.3. Create regional markets for EE and RE goods, 30
5.4. Standards and labelling, 30
5.5. Energy Efficiency in Power Distribution 30
6. LIST OF REFERENCES 30
7. CONTACT LIST 31
Introduction
This report provides an overview of the current status of energy efficiency and renewable energy in
Ghana. The report is mainly based on information provided by the Energy Commission and the
Energy Foundation of Ghana as well as on stock taking missions undertaken by the SEEA-WA team in
October and February 2012. The information collected through interviews with national authorities
and relevant actors was complemented by desk research.
The remainder of this stock taking report is organized as follows: Firstly, general characteristics of the
economic structure and the energy consumption patterns are described. Secondly, the main
elements of the Ghana energy policy are presented. Thereafter, focus is given to key areas in which
activities are currently being conducted and/or intervention is required to improve Energy Efficiency.
Finally, some recommendations for further action are outlined.
1. Global situation of the energy system
1.1. Structure of Economy
Most government efforts to restore the productivity of the Ghanaian economy have been directed
toward boosting the countrys exports. These policies, however, have had numerous consequences.
Following the initiation of the ERP in 1983 Ghanas GDP has registered steady growth, most of it
attributable to the export sector, including cocoa and minerals and, to some extent, timber
processing. The cost of this growth is apparent, however, in Ghanas growing external debts, which
have financed rehabilitation of the export sector, and in the countrys steady rate of inflation that
has curbed consumer imports.
Significant changes have taken place in the structure of GDP since the ERP began. Agriculture
continues to be the bedrock of Ghanas economy, accounting for more than 48 percent of GDP in
1991. Agricultures long-term importance has declined, however, in favour of that of industry, the
contribution of which to GDP more than doubled from 1988 to 1991 when it constituted almost 16
percent of GDP, and in favor of services, the contribution of which was 35.3 percent in 1991. Notable
changes have also occurred within the broader sectors: cocoas share rose from 5.6 percent in 1983
to 9.5 percent in 1991; manufacturings contribution increased from 3.9 percent to 8.7 percent; and
construction output from 1.5 percent to 3.5 percent.
Notable growths have been recorded in recent years as structural changes in the Ghanaian economy
took effect in the last decade. The country has registered appreciable growth rate from the year
2000 averaging about 5% and this has urged on till crude oil was found in commercial quantities
though agriculture still dominated this growth, especially cocoa. After the rebasing of the economy
in 2010, its size is now estimated to be USD 35 billion giving rise to the current state as described
below based on 2009/10 economic reports.
1.1.1. Primary Sector
The primary sector grew by 6.2% against target of 5.7%. The high growth in agriculture was led by
crop and livestock sub sector largely on account of expansion in areas of cultivation and good rainfall
patterns in the farming areas of the Country. The cocoa production and marketing sub-sector also
saw significant improvement in growth due to increase in producer prices, effective disease and pest
control and application of fertilizer and good husbandry practice. The sub-sector target of 3.5% was
exceed by 1.5%
1.1.2. Industrial Sector
The sector grew by 3.8% down from an annual growth target of 5.9%. The lower performance of the
sector was driven primarily by activities in the construction sub-sector, the largest contributor to
industrial output which experienced output contraction by 1% against a growth target of 8%
1.1.3. Service Sector
The Service sector which has recently become a major source of growth of the Ghanaian economy
grew by 4.6% against a target of growth rate of 6.6%. The lower than expected growth performance
of the sector is mainly explained by the poor performance of wholesale, retail, restaurant and hotels
and t he Government services.
The table below provides the state of the Ghanaian economy per sector contributions
Amount (GHC m)
Total GDP 2009 (@ constant 2006 prices) 21,521
Primary sector (Agriculture) 6,129
Secondary Sector (Industry) 4,725
Tertiary Sector (Services) 10,667
Source : Energy Commission of Ghana 2012
1.2. Final Energy Consumption
The Final energy consumption covers all energy supplied to the final consumer for all energy uses
(International Energy Agency, 2011). This includes the consumption of electricity and fuels (such as
oil, gas, coal, wood fuel etc.) in the household, industry, services, agriculture and transport sector.
Surce : Energy Commission of Ghana 2012 (Graph, AEA)
1.3. Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Products
Unit (GWh, toe

Final energy consumption (2009)
or other)
Coal n/a
Natural gas n/a
Electricity* 535 ktoe
Firewood** 3,465 ktoe
Charcoal 1,544 ktoe
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 238 ktoe
Gasoline 794 ktoe
Diesel 1,306 ktoe
Kerosene 220 ktoe
Fuel oil 39 ktoe
Distillate diesel oil (DDO) n/a ktoe
Dung n/a
Others n/a
* Does not include transmission and distribution losses
**Estimated
1.4. Final Energy Consumption by Sector
** SLT Customers of ECG, NED and Bulk customers of VRA

Source: Energy Commission of Ghana 2010, (Graph, AEA)
1.5. Primary Energy Production
Total primary energy production measures the amount of primary energy produced by a particular
country or region. Primary energy includes losses from transportation, friction, heat loss ad other
inefficiencies.
Primary Energy Production (if

Unit (GWh,
not available, then please
Energy Source Imports Exports toe or
provide the installed capacity
other)
and mark it)
Crude Oil 1,000.9 n/a ktoe
Diesel/DDO/HFO 104.9
Gazoline
Gas 197,917 n/a MMBtu
Kerosene/JetA1 51.5 80.0 n/a
LPG 15.1 163.0 1.0 ktoe
Coal n/a n/a n/a
Electricity 770.0 17.0 65.0 ktoe
Renewable Energy
Sources
Large Hydro 591.0 Ktoe
Small hydro n/a
Woodfuel (incl 6,039 ktoe
charcoal)*
1.6. Relevant Power Plants
The following is a list of relevant privately and state owned power plants in Ghana, including the
source of energy used to produce electricity.
Type of Power Power Capacity in Number of State owned, Grid Connected or

Plant (fuel) MW plants private, mixed? decentralised plant
Isolated diesel
generators
Thermal Natural 200 1 Private Grid connected
Gas
Thermal Oil* 790 5 Public/private Grid connected
Thermal Coal n/a
Large Hydropower 1,180 2 Public Grid connected
Plants (>10MW)
Small Hydropower n/a

Plants (<10MW)
Wind n/a
Photovoltaic
*LCO and Natural Gas
Source: Energy Commission of Ghana 2012
Maximu % Of
Installed
Owner/ m Existing
Plant Fuel Type Capacity
Operater Capacity Capacit
* (MW)
(MW) y
Akosombo Hydroelectric Plant Water VRA 1023 1020 52.7%
Kpong Hydroelectric Plant Water VRA 160 152 7.9%

Takoradi Thermal Power Plant-T1 LCO/Diesel/Natur
(TAPCO) al Gas VRA 364 330 17%
Takoradi Thermal Power Plant-T2 LCO/Diesel/Natur
(TICO) al Gas TICO 241 220 11.4%
Sunon Asogli
Sunon Asogli Power (Ghana) Limited Natural Gas Power Ltd. 200 180 n/a
Tema Thermal Power Plant-T1 LCO/Diesel/Natur
(TT1PP)** al Gas VRA 113 113 5.8%
Mines Reserve Plant (MRP) Diesel/Natural Gas VRA 80 50 2.6%
Tema Thermal Power Plant-T2 (TT2PP) Diesel/Natural Gas VRA 50 50 2.6%

TOTAL 2231 2115 100%
*Nameplate capacity
** Maximum capacity assumed to be equal to nameplate capacity
Source: GRIDCo 2010, Energy Commission of Ghana 2010
Figure 2 Generation Resources in Ghana (excluding Sunon Asogli Power Plant)
Source : GRIDCo 2010
1.7. Main Actors- Electricity Supply and Distribution
After the State-owned Enterprises Reform (SOE) in 2003, comprehensive privatisation has taken
place. Liberalization of economy remains government policy, however SOEs continue to play an
important part in the economy. This is particularly the case in the power sector for a number of
reasons. Private participation in the power sector has been hampered by the electricity tariffs which
are still below full cost recovery. SOEs will continue to feature in the economy till such a time as the
market can support increased private sector growth through sustained improvement in the macro
economic outlook of the economy i.e. Interest rates, inflation, and stable currency exchange rate.
Past or Ongoing Energy Efficiency Programmes by VRA

CFL Promotion
Energy conservation public education and awareness building campaigns utilizing the print
and electronic media.
At present , the main electricity suppliers are :
Type(s) of fuel List past or/and

State owned or
Supplier (electricity, natural gas, ongoing Energy
private?
oil products etc.) Efficiency Programs
Volta River Authority State owned LCO/Hydro/Diesel/Natural

gas
Sunnon Asogli Power Privately owned Natural gas
Company
TAQA Public/Private LCO
The Volta River Authority (VRA) is a state owned company in charge of the production of
hydroelectricity and the development of the energy resources of the Volta Lake.
The VRA also produces power through the two thermal plants at Aboadze and a generator at Tema.
Since 1987, VRA had also distributed electricity in certain areas ( in the north as well as part of the
east and west of the country).
The rest of the country is provided with electricity by the Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) and the
Northern Electricity Department (NED). The north is generally supplied by NED, while distribution in
the south is in charge of the ECG. In 2010, the government had announced its intention to split the
ECG and NED into autonomous regional companies or separate business units to increase access and
ensure effective distribution of electricity across the country.
Ghana Grid Company (GRIDco), an independent company, has managed the transportation network
since 2007.
Ghana aims to promote independent producers. In that context, in February 2008, VRA signed an
agreement with the American group CMS Generation for the acquisition and the extension of the
Takoradi 2 thermal power plant. A company, Takoradi International Power Co (TICO) was created and
owns and operates the power plant, in which CMS Generation holds 90% of the shares and VRA 10%.
(Enerdata, 2011)
Sunon Asogli Power Ltd is a multinational enterprise with power generation as its main business. It
has completed the first phase of construction in Tema, feeding 200 megawatts (MW) into the
GRIDCo network (equivalent to 15% of the national electricity generation). According to official
announcement by the Managing Director, hopes are to complete the second phase within the year
2012, adding an additional 360 MW to the grid.
Figure 2 - Electricity distribution zones for ECG (yellow) and NED (red)
Source : GRIDCO 2010
1.8. Reliability of Electricity Supply
Ghana is facing an increase of Electricity consumption at about 10%/year. This also provides
challenges for the distribution network which is outdated and overloaded, with many transformers
operating beyond capacity, leading to high losses. Distribution losses (commercial + technical) are
estimated at 21-22%. Transmission losses are about 4%, considered to be an acceptable level.
Work on phase factor correction can reduce losses. ECG is considering using high voltage (33 kV) lines
within its distribution network to reduce losses.
1.9. Energy Pricing
1.9.1. Oil
Over the years the Government has been subsidizing the petroleum products till the formation of
National Petroleum Authority (NPA). The NPA is a statutory Agency regulating, overseeing and
monitoring the petroleum downstream industry in Ghana to ensure efficiency, growth and
stakeholder satisfaction to Monitor and regulate petroleum price in accordance with the prescribed
pricing formula to Grant licenses to service providers and marketing companies; Protect Consumers
interests and maintain the highest standards of petroleum products offered to them.
The retail price depends on exchange rate of the local currency to the dollar, crude oil price at the
world market, ex-refinery differential (which is a stabilization margin to manage the unpredictable
swings in the international markets) taxes and margins
At the introduction of the ex-refinery differential, the NPA holds wide consultations with
relevant stakeholders. These stakeholders include TOR, Bulk Distribution Companies,
Government and the Association of Oil Marketing Companies. As stated earlier, the
stabilization fund otherwise referred to as ex-refinery differential manages the swings of
product prices as well as ensures that the social fuels (i.e. kerosene, premix and LPG) can be
subsidized with insignificant increases of the prices of gasoline and gasoil.
Prices are reviewed every two weeks and consumption volumes keep changing. NPA
constantly monitors the downstream industry and makes the necessary adjustments to
ensure that service providers
The following table presents retail prices of major petroleum Products according to information of
the National Petroleum Authority.
Retail Prices of Major Petroleum Products (March 2000 January 2011)

Exchange Premium
Effective Gas Oil Kerosene LPG RFO
Rate Gasoline
Date (Gh/Lt) (Gh/Lt) (/kg) (/Lt)
(Gh/US$) (Gh/Lt)
01-Dec-
07 0.95 1.04 1.03 0.94 1.01 0.58
16-Dec-
07 0.96 1.02 1.03 0.94 1.06 0.56
02-Jan-
08 0.96 1.03 1.02 0.93 1.05 0.57
16-Jan-
08 0.97 1.07 1.04 0.94 1.02 0.60
01-Feb-
08 0.97 1.03 1.02 0.93 1.02 0.57
16-Feb-
08 0.98 1.04 1.04 0.94 1.02 0.57
01-Mar-
08 0.98 1.09 1.11 1.01 1.04 0.59
16-Mar-
08 0.98 1.11 1.16 1.09 1.05 0.60
01-Apr-
08 0.98 1.11 1.18 1.20 1.05 0.61
16-Apr-
08 0.98 1.14 1.21 1.17 1.01 0.65
03-May-
08 0.98 1.19 1.25 1.19 1.00 0.67
26-May-
08 0.98 1.19 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.67
16-Oct-
08 1.14 1.19 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.67
01-Nov-
08 1.15 1.07 1.10 1.02 0.92 0.58
16-Nov-
08 1.16 1.03 1.08 1.00 0.88 0.55
01-Dec-
08 1.17 0.99 1.04 0.97 0.84 0.53
12-Dec-
08 1.20 0.82 0.89 0.70 0.65 0.40
09-Mar-
09 1.33 0.78 0.85 0.67 0.59 0.38
16-Mar-
09 1.36 0.78 0.85 0.67 0.59 0.38
01-Apr- 1.38 0.86 0.86 0.67 0.61 0.21
09
16-Apr-
09 1.40 0.86 0.86 0.67 0.61 0.43
06-Jun-
09 1.44 1.11 1.12 0.86 0.80 0.56
16-Jul-09 1.49 1.11 1.12 0.86 0.80 0.64
31-Oct-
09 1.45 1.17 1.18 0.91 0.84 0.67
04-Jan-
11 1.46 1.52 1.53 0.91 1.05 0.84
Source: NPA
1.9.2. Electricity
There is an automatic tariff adjustment mechanism in operation in Ghana. This depends on
exchange rate swings of the local currency to the dollar. The residential tariff is formulated
to socially protect the vulnerably (social mitigation tool) by creating a first band of 0-50unit
which attract a government subsidy. There are bands with different rates to enable
consumers who are energy efficient conscious to remain within, while movement to a higher
band attract a higher rate
The commercial and industrial tariff is formulated taking into consideration energy efficiency
by imposing a power factor surcharge( which is a measure of the efficiency of ones electrical
system).There is also the maximum demand charge which penalty for putting pressure on
the utilities to meet unplanned demand. The Government as part of its rural electrification
programme has institute the rural electrification levy component in the tariff.
The following table shows the Electricity Tariffs for the period October 2003 March 2011
Electricity tariffs have been raised, but have probably not yet reached the level of cost recovery.
Both VRA and ECG have stated that they use life cycle cost in their procurement procedures.
The PURC set electricity tariffs, and sets the respective shares for generation (VRA), transmission
(Gridco) and distribution (ECG).
Ghana peak power consumption is between 18:30 and 20:30. Nevertheless, Ghana has a smaller
peak than other ECOWAS countries, notably because of the importance of mines and industry that
consume 24/24. Currently, there is no surcharge for consumption during peak hours.
ECG has introduced pre-payment meters to improve their cash flow. The Company has also
introduced split meters where the measurement is made at the pole, and the reading
transmitted to a device at ground level to reduce theft. The split meters which are read
monthly are manufactured in Ghana under license from an Egyptian firm, are currently being
piloted in parts of Accra before a national rollout.
ECG also has a Loss Control Unit dedicated to reducing power theft.
1.10. Fuel use
Over 80% of cooking in rural communities is done with Firewood and the majority of lighting derives
from Kerosene.
Urban Communities on the other hand are more prone to using charcoal for cooking or Liquid
Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Wood are also used in smaller quantities. The transport sector is the main
consumer of petroleum products.
*Includes LPG, NGl, ethane and naphtha

Source: OECD/IEA 2011
1.11. Renewable energy
At present, renewable energy source used in Ghana consists of firewood, hydropower and solar
energy. Firewood is widely used mainly in rural households for cooking. The growing population and
demand, combined with shortages in LPG put pressure on forests and lead in some cases to
deforestation.
Over 81% of Ghanas electricity is generated from the Akosombo and Kpong Hydro Power Plants (
approximately 6,873.3 GWh or 591 ktoe) (Kennedy A., 2006). The Akosombo Dam forms the Volta
lake, the largest reservoir by surface area in the world and has a capacity of 1012 MW. The Kpong
Dam is located further down the Volta River and holds a capacity of 160 MW. The Bui Dam, located
on the Black Volta, is suspected to complete construction within the year 2012, and will hold a
capacity of 400MW. (Kennedy A., 2006)
At present there are over 5000 off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems installed nationwide (total capacity
1MW. (Energy Foundation)
2. Energy policy
As a means to secure a 10% decline in energy consumption by 2012 and a 10 % increase of RES with-
in the energy mix by 2020, the government of Ghana has put into place a National Energy Policy that
is to deal with renewable energy deployment, waste-to-energy management and energy efficiency.
Also gender aspects are a substantial part of the energy policy 1
As stated in the original document, the National Energy Policy is intended to serve as a :
Decision-making platform for the effective management and development of Ghanas Energy
Sector;
Guide to key stakeholders and institutions in the energy sector highlighting the definition and
implementation of key activities in respect of their mandates;
Guide for coordinating the implementation and monitoring of energy sector policies;
Platform for dialogue on investment opportunities with Ghanas development partners and
the private sector.

The document is divided into nine (9) sections.
Section One gives a brief account of the various policy directions in the energy sector.
Section Two acknowledges the concerns relating to power and identifies appropriate
measures to address them.
Section Three indicates the state of affairs in the energy sector with respect to petroleum
issues and the necessary Government interventions required to support and enhance the
growth of this sector.
Section Four highlights Governments efforts to increase the amount of renewable energy in
the national energy mix.
Section Five gives a brief account of the measures being taken to tackle the waste
management problem in the country. The focus is to convert all wastes to energy.
Section Six outlines Governments attempt to ensure that energy is supplied and used
efficiently with the least possible wastage.
Section Seven focuses on the course being pursued to limit the adverse effects of energy
production and usage on the integrity of the environment.
Section Eight highlights the steps being taken by Government to mainstream gender
concerns in the energy sector.
Section Nine explicates Government plans to develop the sector to play its role as a fulcrum
of the national economy.
2.1. Legal and Regulatory Framework

Several legal acts have been released in Ghana to ensure the accomplishment of envisioned energy
targets. Following, the most relevant acts are listed including their main targets and characteristics.
Type (Law, Year of

Name of the Legal Act Main characteristics
regulation etc) release
Electricity Supply and 2005 Supply & metring,
Distribution (Technical and Law Quality of supply,
Operational) Rules LI 1816 Electricity Interruption,
Bill issuance, payment & review
of bill.
1
ENERGIA has done a gender assessment which is envisaged to be published in the second half of
2012
Electricity Regulations LI 1937 Law 2008 National electricity grid code,
Wholesale electricity market,
Functions & responsibilities of
the Electricity Transmission
Utility,
Electricity market oversight
panel and Dispatch procedures
Concerning energy-efficiency (EE) and renewable energy sources (RES), the most relevant acts are
listed below:
Type (Law, Year of
Name of the Legal Act Main characteristics
regulation etc) release
Energy Efficiency Standards and Law 2009 and Prescribes the minimum
Labelling (Household 2010 energy performance level of
Refrigerating Appliances) refrigerating appliances.
Regulations, 2009. LI 1958 and
amendment 2010. LI 1970
Energy Efficiency (Prohibition of Law 2008 Prohibits manufacture, sale
Manufacture, Sale or or importation of
Importation of Incandescent incandescent filament
Filament Lamp, Used lamps;
Refrigerator, Used Freezer and Prohibits importation and
Used Air-Conditioner) sale of used air-conditioner;
Regulations, 2008 Prohibits importation and
sale of used refrigerating
appliances
Energy Efficiency Standards and Law 2005 Prescribes the minimum
Labelling (Non-Ducted Air energy performance level of
Conditioners and Self-Ballasted Air conditioners and CFLs.
Fluorescent Lamps) Regulation,
2005. LI 1815
Renewable Energy Law Law 2011 Encourages the harnessing
of renewable energy by the
creation of ready market for
RE
2.1.1. Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling (Non-Ducted Air Conditioners and Self-Ballasted
Fluorescent Lamps) Regulations, 2005. LI 1815
Ghana is operating a Mandatory Appliance Standards and Labelling regime under which importers
and retailers of Room Air Conditioners and Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) are required to import
and sell only products that meet minimum efficiency and performance standards approved by the
Ghana Standards Board. The Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Programme is designed to
ensure that only appliances that meet minimum energy efficiency standards enter the Ghanaian
market. In accordance with the provisions of the Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling (Non-
ducted Air Conditioners and Self Ballasted Fluorescent Lamps) Regulations, 2005 (LI1815) appliance
manufacturers who export to Ghana and retailers who sell in Ghana are obliged to display a label
which indicates the energy efficiency rating of the product before the first retail sale. (Energy
Foundation,s.a.)
It is an offence under LI1815 to import, display for sale or sell Air Conditioners and Compact
Fluorescent Lamps in Ghana unless they meet the minimum performance standards and are properly
labelled. (Energy Foundation,s.a.)
2.1.2. Renewable Energy Policies
The main policy issues in the renewable energy sub-sector as published by the Ministry of Energy are:
Low level of application of new renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, and
bio-fuels) in the national energy mix
Over dependence and inefficient utilization of woodfuel resources.
Renewable Energy Policy Goals

The policy goals of the renewable energy subsector are:
Achieve 10% contribution of modern renewables (excluding large hydro and woodfuels) in
the electricity generation mix by 2020.
Reduce the demand on woodfuels from 72% to 50% by 2020.
Promote development and use of other biomass technologies including biogas, biofuels,
gasification and waste-to-energy.
Strategies to achieve 10% contribution of Renewable Energy by 2020

The strategies outlined to achieve 10% contribution of new renewable in the electricity generation
mix by 2020 are outlined below:
Provide the regulatory framework and fiscal incentives for the development and promotion
of renewable energies by the private sector-Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
o A Renewable Energy Bill which has the following main contents is currently in
parliament for consideration and enactment into law.
Feed-in-Tariff
Obligatory purchase
Renewable Energy Fund
Support renewable energy sector agencies to undertake detailed assessment of renewable

energy resources with potential for electricity generation.
Support for the research, development and demonstration of economic viable renewable
energy technological options for grid connected, mini-grid and off-grid applications.
Strategies to reduce demand on woodfuels to 50% by 2020
Support regulation in the production, transportation and marketing of the woodfuel

industry.
Promote production and use of improved and more efficient woodfuel technologies such as
cookstoves and charcoal production techniques.
Promote the use of alternative fuels such as biogas, LPG, wood-briquettes etc. for cooking
and heating.
Support sustainable regeneration of woody biomass resources through legislation and fiscal
incentives for re-forestation particularly in schools.
Renewable Energy law
The Renewable Energy Law has been passed into Law in November, 2011 as Act 832.
The law aims to make RE investments attractive for the private sector, notably by:
making purchase of RE obligatory for the system operator;
creating a framework of RE feed in tariffs, to be set by the PURC;
offering a 20% subsidy for "inside the fence" RE investments, as a compensation for taking a
load off the grid.
establishing a target of 10% new renewable energy for 2020.
The renewable energy law targets 150 MW of wind capacity in 3 years, notably by establishing
strategic partners for PPP.
2.1.3. Solar Street Lights
There have been a number of solar street light pilot projects in Ghana over the past 10 years. These
pilot projects have mainly been carried out in communities which are off the national electricity. In
recent years new technologies in LED lighting are bringing to the fore more prospects for solar street
lighting. This is further being piloted in some communities in the Greater Accra Region. Ghana is
considering a solar street light programme which will see increased use of street lights across the
country.
2.2. Barriers for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

In the course of the sector analysis, specific barriers for the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
have been identified:
Energy Efficiency relevant barriers:

Initial capital cost
Low public awareness
Coordination among Ministries and Agencies involved in standards and labelling
development and enforcement.
Lack of local manufacturing capabilities
Lack of sustainable financing for accelerating energy efficiency improvements.
RES relevant barriers:

Initial capital cost of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs)
Low public awareness
Small market size for RETs
Good wind regime is limited to the east of the Greenwich meridian
Lack of local manufacturing capabilities
Low social acceptance of technology e.g. biogas
Inadequate funding for research and development
Inadequate financing schemes for RETs.
2.2.1. Financial Incentives for Renewable Energy
As a step to overcome financial barriers, subsidies have been introduced, as to stimulate the market
for Renewable Energy Sources.
Energy
Type of subsidy Efficiency or Target Group Short description of subsidised measures
RES
Tax exemption RES General public Renewable energy generators (solar panels,
wind turbines) are exempt from import duty
Feed-in tariff RES Individuals and A guaranteed price for renewable energy
Organizations pumped into the national grid
2.3. Institutional Framework

Ghana has already a strong institutional Framework with organisations, institutions and public
authorities, dealing with Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. To ensure the effective
development of RES and EE, several organisations have been established.
2.3.1. Ministry of Energy

The overall responsibility for energy matters lies within the Ministry of Energy in Ghana. There is a
special Directorate for Renewable Energy which is also in charge of Energy Efficiency.
2.3.2. Energy Commission of Ghana

The Energy Commission of Ghana (established in 1997) is in charge of providing recommendations
for the effective use of Ghanas energy resources. Its also within the Energy Commissions
responsibility to formulate national policies for the development and utilization for indigenous
energy resources, in particular on enabling environment for Renewable Energy and legislation on
energy efficiency. The Energy Commission is in charge of the regulation of all energy utilities.
2.3.3. Public Utilities Regulatory Commission

The Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (established in 1997) is mainly responsible for the
development of financial support instruments, such as feed-in-tariffs and also for the regulation of
the quality of service delivery.
2.3.4. Energy Foundation

The Energy Foundation was established in 1997, modelled on the USA Alliance to Save Energy, with
support from USAID.
The Foundation is responsible for implementing national energy efficiency programmes. The
Foundation is currently a self-supporting organisation. The Board of Directors includes ECG,
Association of Ghana Industries, Chamber of Mines, VRA.
The Foundation focuses on public education and awareness raising. It has run a "Save a Watt"
competition, with prizes for energy efficiency. The Ghana CFL programme and the power factor
correction programme were managed by the Foundation.
The Energy Foundation has its focus on the promotion of energy efficiency, especially for residential
and industrial consumers.
The following tables give an overview on the most relevant public and private actors in the field of
energy.
2.3.5. Public Institutions
Organisation/ Contact Telephone Describtion of

Address E-Mail
institution person number their role
Ministry of P. O. Box 40, Wisdom wtogobo@gmail.co 0244259407 Exercises oversight
Energy Stadium,Accra Togobo- m responsibility of all
Ahiataku energy related
agencies,
authorities and
departments
Energy PMB, Ministries Dr. A. K. Ahenkorah@gmail.c 0244320672 Regulates all
Commission Post Office, Ofosu om energy utilities
Accra Ahenkorah
Public Utility Stephen patacus@yahoo.com Economic
Regulatory Adu regulator of energy
Commission utilities
Ghana P. O. Box MB Dr. George info@gsa.gov.gh 0302-500231 Sets national
Standards 245 B. Crentsil standards for all
Authority appliances
imported or
manufactured
locally
National National Alex Mould nfo@npa.gov.gh 0302 766196 Downstream
Petroleum Petroleum Regulation of
Authority Authority,THE petroleum
CENTURION
BUILDING,No.
11, 5TH
CIRCULAR
ROADCanton
mentsAccra,
Ghana.
Bulk Oil Storage Dr. Yaw 030 2770 546 BOST has the
and Transport Akoto mandate to
Company develop a network
(BOST) of storage tanks,
pipelines and other
bulk transportation
infrastructure
throughout the
country and to
keep Strategic
Reserve Stocks for
Ghana. BOST has
been given an
additional
mandate as the
Natural Gas
Transmission
Utility (NGTU) to
develop the
Natural Gas
infrastructure
throughout the
Energy Center, Prof. +233
KNUST Abeeku 246590698
Brew-
Hammond
In addition to the government, there is a relevant amount of private actors, stakeholders and
international organisations/institutions/donors that are involved in national energy matters.
2.3.6. Non Governmental Institutions and other relevant Private Actors

Organisation/
institution/ Contact Telephone Describe
Company Address person E-Mail number their role
Energy Ernest easare@ghenergyfoundation 0244320671 Undertakes
Foundation Asare .org energy
efficiency
educational
campaigns
and does
energy audits
AB Kobina dekongh@yahoo.com 0248888379 Installs
Management Dickson capacitor
Services banks and
does energy
audits
Wilkins Omane Wilkins@africaonline.com.gh 0244315634 Markets and
Engineering Frimpong installs solar
panels
Aekosolar Professor foakuffo@yahoo.com 0243706932 Markets and
F.O. Akuffo installs solar
panels
2.3.7. Identified possible further Stakeholders who could be involved in EE or RES programs
Organisation/ Contact Telephone Describe their

Address E-Mail
institution person number role
VRA Electrovolta Building, Kwaku dcsd@vra.com Power

Accra Awotwe generators
ECG Electrovolta Building, Dr. Smart- drnksmartyaho 024431589 Power
Accra Yeboah o.co.uk 9 distributors
2.3.8. International Organisations/Institutions/Donors

Organisation/ Target
Contact Telephone
institution/ Address E-Mail group/
person number
donor sector
Renewable REEEP, Vienna, Binu bp@reeep.org 43 1 26026 Public
Energy & Energy Austria Parthan 3678
Efficiency
Partnership
(REEEP)
GEF/UNDP 1818 HStreet, Monique mbarbut@TheGEF.org 202.473.3202 Public

NW Barbut
Washington, DC
20433
2.4. Gender Assessment of the Ghana Energy Sector

In 2010 ENERGIA supported a gender audit of the Ghana ministry of energy in cooperation with
GRATIS and the Ghana Gender and Energy Network. The gender audit sought to assist the Ghana
Ministry of Energy and other agencies in the energy sector to address concerns regarding how low
emphasis on implementing policies on renewable energy and energy efficiency in Ghana negatively
affect the majority of Ghanaian women. The general purpose of the audit was to strengthen the
Ministry of Energys commitment to gender equality goals and processes. In order to do this, gender
assessments of the energy policy, organizational policies, procedures, systems and practices were
made. The general level of understanding and knowledge on gender and development, as well as the
existing gender expertise, competence and the required capacity building were also assessed.
Key areas of the analysis:

The gender and energy situation in Ghana
The national energy policy
Organizational, management and program/project level gender issues
Senior women staff and female staff associations in the energy sector
Roles of energy and gender in achieving the Millennium Development Goals
Main recommendations:
Review and implement the National Energy Policy and other corporate Plans to include gender
responsiveness, gender objectives and gender sensitive indicators for monitoring and evaluation.
As there are best practices in Ghana of gender integration in programs, organisations within the
sector should link and learn better, to enable them to share best practices.
Review Ghanas regional and international commitments (United Nations, AU, etc.) and identify
sources of support/funding for gender mainstreaming in energy.
As the energy sector moves towards more people-centred approaches, more staff with social
science backgrounds may be needed to augment the energy skills of current technical staff.
Policies of recruiting and promoting staff should encourage more women to enter the sector and
stay employed in it.
Representation of women in decision-making positions on boards and committees should be
promoted as per the Governments promise of Affirmative Action of 40 percent.
Gender training should be integrated within in-service training programs.
The formation and strengthening of womens associations should be encouraged as part of
gender mainstreaming initiatives in the energy sector, to give women a stronger voice.
The final report, gender mainstreaming strategy and gender audit brochure are forthcoming.
2.4.1. National Gender and Energy Training

The GRATIS Foundation in collaboration with the Gender and Energy Network of Ghana collaborated
with the Ministry of Energy, on mainstreaming gender concerns into energy projects in Ghana
through the organization of a capacity building workshop. The workshop was held for senior
management staff of the Ministry and its sector agencies both private and governmental. Project
officers who are currently working on energy projects planning and implementation attended the
workshop.
The main objective was to broaden the in-country capacity base on gender mainstreaming in energy
projects/programmes in Ghana by strengthening the capabilities of government project managers,
project developers and managers to design and implement gender sensitive energy projects.
Specific objectives for the national training workshop were:

To develop the capacity of at least 15 project managers and developers to mainstream gender
into energy projects.
To equip at least 15 project managers and developers with the necessary concepts and tools
needed to mainstream gender into energy projects as well as to provide information that outlines
clearly the link between gender and energy and how best they can mainstream gender into
energy projects and programs.
To develop action plans on how project managers and developers can mainstream gender
concerns into energy projects.
To share experiences on how other project managers and implementers have applied gender
mainstreaming tools into their projects.
The training was attended by 24 participants who were selected based on their qualifications and
relevance of their job descriptions.
A major output of the training was the gender mainstreaming action plans developed during the
training. The participants were required to implement the action plans as soon as they are back in
their work places. The NFP will monitor implementation of the action plans.
2.4.2. Strengthening Gender and Energy Networking in Ghana

ENERGIA supported GRATIS of Ghana with the strengthening of the Gender and Energy Network in
Ghana. The duration of this seed funding project was January 2010 until January 2011. The main
activities carried out under this project were: an awareness creation workshop for management and
staff of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR); an annual networking meeting; and
stove dissemination for female entrepreneurs.
Key objectives:
Capacity building
Networking
Key results:
The network held its annual meeting with stakeholders from government, civil society and private
enterprise participating. A joint set of actions was agreed upon.
Improved cook stove pilot project reached 6 female entrepreneurs, eventual target is to reach
1000 of the ICS in Ghana.
50 new member registered in gender and energy network.
Awareness creation through media coverage to the activities of the network.
Lessons learned:
Interest in mainstreaming gender is growing to the extent that two scientists from the CSIR have
approached the network on the possibility of the network providing avenues for PhD level
research. Thus the ENERGIA secretariat and the Africa Regional Secretariat should consider
looking into the possibility of providing topics.
Through the involvement of female professionals in the Network activities the network has
become richer in knowledge.
Given the right encouragement the Network youth members who have graduated from the
universities could contribute to knowledge sharing in network activities as well as act
ambassadors for the network.
Many professionals working in the field of science and technology have limited knowledge in
gender and energy but are very enthusiastic about becoming involved.
The Gender and Energy Network, Ghana is independent and could collaborate with departments
and agencies to run network activities as a registered NGO.
The involvement of the Nigeria network in our annual general meeting was most welcome.
3. Energy Access
In Ghana, the Ministry of Energy has the main responsibility concerning energy access programs. A
National Electrification scheme was introduced in 1989 by the Energy Ministry to provide access by
all to electricity by 2020. The implementation of the governments policy of universal access by 2020
belongs to the most important actions in this regard. By standings of the Energy Commission of
Ghana in 2012, 70% of the country is supplied with electricity.
All regional and district capitals have been connected to the national grid. The ongoing effort is
largely in the rural areas.
Access to electricity is however skewed towards urban households. 815 of urban households have
access to electricity compared to 25 in rural areas. Less than one in ten (7.2%) of rural poor
households has access to electricity compared to their urban counterparts (Energy Foundation)
3.1. The following graph shows a list of programs and activities to increase access to electricity
Grid connected Short description

or decentralised of the
Program/Activity Target Group Rural/urban area off grid systems program/activity
Rural poor Rural areas Grid connected A conscious effort
electrification by Govermentt to
programme attain universal
access by 2020
Self Help poor Rural areas Grid connected Communities
Electrification provide
Programme contribution
(SHEP) towards
extension of the
grid.
Subsidy poor Rural & urban Grid connected Lifeline tariff
affordable to the
poor
Solar PV Poor rural Off grid systems To provide
installations for power to island
remote areas communities
where grid
extension is not
viable
3.1.1. Energy Efficiency for Cooking

Though statistics in the sector are scanty, efforts can be traced from the introduction of
government policy to introduce LPG for household cooking. This major policy has seen
tremendous success since inception in the early nineties and has reduced substantially the
consumption of wood fuel and charcoal for cooking. Further improvements to charcoal using
stoves and other initiatives continue to make impact though minimal. There have been
several pilot programmes aimed at increasing efficiency of biomass for cooking. The problem
now has to do with affordability of the technologies to the rural poor who are the target
group. These programs also have a strong focus on gender mainstreaming since mostly
women are at the forefront of the cooking and care for families in the Ghanaian industry.
Several groups, mostly NGOs, have been running programmes to help women substitute
firewood and other kinds of wood fuel for LPG while efforts at disseminating successful
pilots in efficient cook stoves continue. (Energy Foundation)
4. Actions in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources
The following table gives a list of some of the initiatives, actions and relevant projects which
have been/are being carried out or are planned in the field of RES and EE in Ghana. Since the
mind nineties, various initiatives have helped to reduce energy wastage and create a culture
of energy efficiency in Ghana leading to behavioural changes by energy consumers in Ghana.
Such activities resulted in increase in CFL penetration rate, reduction of system losses, and
higher awareness of the public in energy efficiency. RE promotion has also seen a lot of
invigoration including the passing of the Renewable Energy Law in 2011 to encourage private
sector participation in RE power generation with supporting initiatives like the feed-in tariff,
among others.
Nature of the Financing
action (policy, institutions
technology, Short Duration (national, donor
Title of the behavioural description of Sectors (start and end project,
Action change, etc.) the action concerned date) international)
Energy Installation of Automatic Public September National
efficiency in capacitor banks capacitor banks sector 2010 till all the
public are installed in relevant
buildings public buildings institutions
that consume are covered
high electricity
are
Legislations Advocacy for Various LIs Public and
on RE and the (about 7) have private
energy introduction of been passed to sector 2006 till date National
efficiency LI which back regulate the
energy sector, the
efficiency latest being LI
programmes, on refrigerators
etc
Energy audits
Energy audits in over 100 Private Major industrial
in industry industries Sector 2012 sectors
National sales
to improve
availability of
CFLS leading to
Promotional higher
sale of CFLs penetration
CFL imported by rate from 3% to
promotion VRA 36% public 2004-2006 National
Removal of
Energy incandescent
efficient Free for
lighting distribution of 6 replacement by
programme million CFLs CFL Public 2007-2008 National
Develop
Appliance standards and
standard and labels for CFLs,
labelling air 2006- till
programme for conditioners, relevant
Standards electrical refrigerators, Public and appliances are
and Labels appliances etc private covered National
Sustained Develop
public programmes
education to and activities to
ensure educate the
behavioural public on the
change in steps to take in
Public energy avoiding Public and 2004 and
education consuming energy wastage private continues National
public and reduce
cost to
consumers
Energy audits
installation
capacitor banks
Power factor and
Energy correction, replacement of
efficiency in lighting T12 fluorescent
public retrofitting and with T5
tertiary replacement of fluorescent
institutions inefficient lamps Public 2003-2010 National
Energy
management Capacity About 350 Public and 2005- 2010 National
training of building trained Private
energy Sector
manager in
industry
Grid Capital subsidy20% of Public and 2009 - 2012 National
connected hardware cost private
solar PV is borne by
system Government
Wind energy Exploration Collection and Public and 2011 - 2013 World Bank
resource analysis of private
assessment wind resource
data
Source: Energy Commission and Energy Foundation 2012
4.1. Ongoing and Past Initiatives
4.1.1. Energy Efficient Lighting
In response to a 2007-2008 power crisis, Ghana carried out a large scale CFL programme. Given the
crisis situation, it was deemed too urgent to wait for carbon financing, so the programme was carried
out with 15.5 MUSD of funding from the government. Under the programme, 6 million CFLs, costing
12 MUSD were imported and distributed. Teams went to households, and installed the bulbs,
removing the existing incandescents, that were subsequently destroyed. The programme allowed a
saving of 105 MUSD in avoided investment for 120 MW of emergency generation facilities. The
penetration of CFLs has increased from about 3% in 1998 to about 70% currently. Since the beginning
of the CFL programme, expanded use has reduced consumption by an estimated 400 MW.
It was estimated that 6 million lamps would be enough for the then 1.5 million customers, but this
proved to be too low, in part because "compounds" have one meter but many families. The free CFL
exchange programme was followed quickly by a Legislative Instrument (LI1958) banning the
importation and distribution of incandescent lamps in Ghana.
Importation of CFLs (as well as PV equipment), is duty free.
The current market price of an unbranded but labelled 11W CFL is about 1.5 Cedis (0.75)
A testing facility for light bulbs, costing 50 000 USD, has been installed an inaugurated. The Ghana
standard includes resistance to a peak voltage of 260V. The standards for light bulbs are managed by
the Ghana Standards Board.
Currently, CFLs and T5 neon bulbs are manufactured in Ghana.
External lights outside houses amount to a large part of consumption, notably because they are on as
much as 12 hours a day.
4.1.2. Refrigerators
Household refrigerators are among the biggest categories of energy consuming appliances. A survey
of 1000 households showed a range of annual consumption of 100 15000 kWh (as compared to 50-
350 for the range of European quality labels for new refrigerators).
A refrigerator energy efficiency programme has been designed by the Energy Commission of Ghana
to ensure that only energy efficient refrigerators are imported in the country. This programme seeks
total public participation through education and a reward scheme whereby members of the public
can trade in their old inefficient and second hand refrigerators for new and energy efficient ones. An
appliance efficiency label for refrigerators has also been developed as part of the programme which
puts the programme into gear for full execution. Consultations with importers and actors in the sub
sector have been sensitized on the scheme whiles public awareness on the scheme started in 2011 to
educate the public and raise awareness as full implementation is scheduled to take place from 2012.
A parliamentary retreat was organised to inform legislators on the issue of refrigerators.
A project on energy efficient refrigerators has been for funding by GEF. The project envisages:
testing and labelling for all imported refrigerators. The standards and the label have already been
designed. The testing facility is planned for construction by June 2012. The standards for
refrigerators are managed by the Ghana Standards Board;
making illegal imports of non labelled refrigerators, including used refrigerators, after a 2 year
transition period. This law was adopted in November 2010;
awareness raising for consumers;
a rebate for purchase of 5 star refrigerators;
bank financing for purchase of EE refrigerators. A coupon for financing is distributed to buyers
through refrigerator sellers;
payment is made to old refrigerators turned in for scrapping. The scrap system includes
extraction of the CFC refrigerant, in view of destruction and payment through the Multi-lateral
fund of the Montreal Protocol. The gases will be exported for destruction;
the refrigerators will be tested by manufacturers, according to the Ghana standards. The
manufacturer will affix the Ghana label. In case of false labels, Ghana will lodge a complaint with
the WTO;
the financing of the programme through the sale of Montreal and Kyoto credits.
4.1.3. Power factor correction

Electricity tariffs include a power factor correction surcharge for users with power factors of less than
0.95. This is part of the Ghana grid code. Energy Foundation teams visited large users, and aided
them in choosing power factor correction equipment (capacitor banks).
Power factor correction led to savings of 39 000 USD/month in six administrative buildings.
4.1.4. Audits
Energy audits have been carried out by the Energy Foundation in several industries across sectors of
the economy including beverages, oil refinery, textiles, steel, hospitality, services, health, large
tertiary institutions, etc. Through the audits, energy efficiency improvement opportunities are
identified and recommendations made on solutions to be implemented to achieve the identified
opportunities. These audits and the implementation of corrective measures have assisted many
industries to achieve efficiency in the operations however some more have had difficulties
implementing recommendations due to the lack of financial arrangements. A lot more industries
could benefit from improved efficiency should financial arrangements enable them to implement the
recommendations in the energy audit reports
The Energy Commission conducted energy audits and installed power factor correction devices to
reduce energy wastage in selected government installations such as ministries, departments, large
hospitals, and other major government facilities in the last three years. More areas have been
earmarked for the continuation of this programme.
4.1.5. Building energy efficiency

A workshop on building energy efficiency is planned for 2012, including architects, engineers and
public institutions. The workshop will be mandated to make a proposal to the Ministry of Works and
Housing.
Only a small portion of new buildings are designed by an architect or inspected.
The issue of enforcement of a building code is considered to be key to success. The safety and energy
efficiency of wiring in buildings is crucial.
4.1.6. ESCOs
To ensure that energy efficiency become a major feature in Ghanas energy use, Energy Services
Companies were organized and trained to help provide energy efficiency services to industry.
Training programmes were held to improve their capacity both in Ghana and abroad. ESCOs render
services ranging from electrical motor, boiler and HVAC system efficiency, electrical load
management, power factor correction, monitoring and targeting energy management, refrigeration
and air conditioning, energy safety, lighting efficiency, furnace efficiency among others. The Energy
Foundation of Ghana is one of the foremost ECSOs in Ghana along with others like AB Management,
A1 Engineering, and many other experts operating in individual basis. Through energy management
training for industry, the Energy Foundation has trained over 300 energy managers in industry and
has made policy suggestions through advocacy and sensitization programmes for legislators and
other state actors which have resulted in new legislations in energy efficiency and major nationwide
programmes. ESCOs continue to render services such as the recent power factor correction exercise
undertaken by the Energy Commission whiles the Energy Foundation is currently auditing 100
industries in Ghana under an initiative by the Electricity Company of Ghana.
4.1.7. Biogas systems

Ghana's warm climate favours biogas digesters: they do not require preheating to stimulate bio-
digestion. In Africa, 65% of waste is organic, and can be fed into bio-digesters.
Several enterprises build biogas digesters. They have been installed at hospitals, schools and
industrial sites.
The digesters use locally available materials (bricks, kaolin) for the digesters. An imported inflatable
storage container is used in many systems.. Digestors are generally installed on site, since most
urban areas are not served by municipal waste water networks.
Biogas is generally used for cooking. One enterprise is studying installation of a biogas fuelled
thermal motor genset.
4.2. Standards, labels and certification systems

Work on standards for CFLs and refrigerators began in 2004, supported by the MDG Foundation.
Standards and labels now exist for CFLs, refrigerators and air conditioners.
5. Recommendations
5.1. Priority areas for action
The following given measures where ranked by the Energy Commission according to the most
relevant need for action in order to improve EE and the use of RES in Ghana
1. Awareness raising and information

2. Definition of standards, labelling and certification of equipment and skills
3. Creation of financial mechanisms
4. Improvement of the legal and regulatory framework for RES and EE
5. Training and human capacity development
6. Institutional set-up / change
7. Reduction of market distortion barriers (f.E reduction of subsidies on fossil fuels)
8. Development of a regional market / industry for EE/RES
The following given sectors were prioritised by the Energy Commission according to their potential
for EE-improvements.
1. Industrial sector
2. Residential sector
3. Transport sector
4. Commercial Sector
5. Service sector
6. Agricultural sector
The following table shows the most important/successful measures in the respective sectors
according to the Energy Commission
Sector Most important/successful measures
Industrial sector retrofitting of motors and installation of capacitor banks

Residential lighting retrofit
Transport good maintenance culture
Commercial lighting retrofit and capacitors banks installation
Service lighting retrofitting
retrofitting of pumping machines and good maintenance
Agricultural culture
5.2. Hotels
Technical opportunities include: tri-generation, solar hot water, biogas. Energy costs may be up to 10% of hotel
operating costs.
Client satisfaction is paramount for hotel managers. This may make some EE actions difficult to carry out
(opposition to turning off lights, to key controls for air conditioners and lighting, etc.). On the other hand, hotel
managers may be attracted by schemes for "green" certification of their establishments. Reliability of energy
systems is crucial.
5.3. Create regional markets for EE and RE goods,
Attain scale economies, lower prices, and create jobs. Favour dissemination of local technologies.
Regional markets for power transformers would help creation of an African manufacturing capacity.
This would also increase local capacity to repair transformers.
5.4. Standards and labelling,
Action at the regional level would help avoid the problems of porous borders between ECOWAS
countries.
5.5. Energy Efficiency in Power Distribution
There is a large potential for action. A work group within WAPP appears to be the best option.
6. List of References
Amoah M.O.A. (2011). Assessing the Operations of Bulk Oil Storage and Transportation Company
Limited in Petroleum Products; Delivery to Northern Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science
and Technology. Department of Planning. Kumasi, Ghana
ENERDATA (2011). Ghana Energy Report.

Energy Commission of Ghana (2002). Energy in Ghana.
http://www.ghanaef.org/energyinghana/energyinghana.htm. [Last Viewed : 23.02.12]
Energy Commission of Ghana (2005). Annual Reports for 2004 & 2005; Audited Financial Statements
for 2003 & 2003.
Energy Commission of Ghana,(2010). National Energy Statistics (2000-2010).
Energy Commission of Ghana (2012). Questionnaire for the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Country Diagnostic Analysis.
GRIDCo (2010). Ghana Wholesale Power Reliability Assessment 2010.Final Report. Power Systems
Energy Consulting (PSEC).
International Labour Organisation (2003). Glossary of Statistical Terms. Informal Sector ILO.
http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1350. [ Last Viewed : 23.02.2012]
International Energy Agency (2011). Final energy consumption outlook from IEA.
http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/final-energy-consumption-outlook-from-iea.
[Last viewed : 23.02.2012]
Kennedy A. (2006). Hydro Power Development in Ghana. Energy Commission, Ghana.
KITE, (2010). Asogli Plant Feeds GRIDCo With Power.
http://kiteonline.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=205:asogli-plant-feeds-
gridco-with-power&catid=5:news-content&Itemid=5. [Last Viewed : 23.02.2012]
Modern Ghana (2012). Work to Commence on 360 Million Dollar Sunon Asogli Plant.
http://www.modernghana.com/news/370270/1/work-to-commence-on-360-million-dollar-sunon-
asogl.html. [Last Viewed : 23.02.2012]
OECD/IEA (2011). Ghana: Statistics. Consumption of Oil Products.
http://www.iea.org/stats/pdf_graphs/GHOIL.pdf. [Last Viewed : 23.02.2012]
Togobo W.A. (2005). The Ghana Experience in Funding Rural/ Renewable Energy Through Levies on
Fossil Fuels and Electricity. Ministry of Energy.
UNSD (2008). Energy Indicators. Workshop on Environment Statistics.
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/envpdf/UNSD_UNEP_ECOWAS%20Workshop/Session%200
8-2%20Energy%20indicators%20%28UNSD%29.pdf. [Last Viewed : 23.02.2012]
7. Contact List
Agyarko, Kofi. Chief (Energy Efficiency & Climate Change). Energy Commission. Accra, Ghana.
Off. Tel. : +233 30 2813756 /7 /9
Cell: +233 30 2815089
E-mail: kofiagyarko@gmail.com
agyarkok@energycom.gov.gh
Web: www.energycom.gov.gh
Ahenkorah, Alfred K. Ofosu. Executive Secretary. Energy Commission. Accra, Ghana.

Off. Tel. : +233 30 2813756 /7 /9
Cell: +233 30 2813763
E-mail: ahenkorah@gmail.com
oahenkorah@energycom.gov.gh
Web: www.energycom.gov.gh
Ahiataku-Togobo, Wisdom. Director (Renewable Energy). Ministry of Energy. Accra, Ghana.

Off. Tel. : +233 30 2667152
Cell : +233 30 2668048
E-mail: wtogobo@gmail.com
Amuna, William. Director, Technical Services Dept. Aksombo. Volta River Authority.
Off. Tel. : +233 (0) 34 3020743
Cell : +233 (0) 24 4315243
+233 (0) 24 4369989
Fax : +233 (0) 30 2665238
E-mail: dtsd@vra.com
wamuna@gmail.com
Annan-Takyi, Kwesi. Communication & Marketing Officer. Energy Foundation. Accra, Ghana.
Off. Tel. : +233 30 2515610 /12
Cell : +233 (0) 264080251
Fax : +233 (0) 302515613
E-mail: kwesegn@gmail.com
Web: www.ghanaef.org
Asare, Ernest A. Executive Director. Energy Foundation. Accra, Ghana.

Off. Tel. : +233 30 2515610 12
Cell : +233 24 4320671
E-mail: easare@ghanaef.org
Web: www.ghanaef.org
Idan, John Afari. CEO. Biogas Technologies Africa Ltd. Tema, Ghana.
Off. Tel. : +233 30 3410638
Fax: +233 30 3410637
Private: +233 30 3932058
Web: www.biogasonline.com
Kiene, Ansgar. AREA Coordinator. African Renewable Energy Alliance (AREA).

Off. Tel. : +27 11 72 61 113
Cell (SA): +27 71 61 09 505
Cell (DE): +49 1520 87 35 624
E-mail: ansgar@area-net.org
Web: www.area-net.org
www.area-networ.ning.com
Mensah-Kutin, Rose. Director. Abantu. Accra, Ghana.

Off. Tel. : +233 (0) 3032816113
Fax: +233 (0) 3032816114
E-mail: abanturowa@4u.com.gh
rose@abantu-rowa.org
Web: www.abantu-rowa.org
Mensah, Sabina A. National Focal Person. Gender and Energy Network. Tema, Ghana.
Off. Tel. : +233 302811483
Cell: +233 244379974
Web: www.geda-ghana.tripod.com
Modey, Bernard T.. Director, Southern Network Services. GRIDCo. Tema, Ghana.
Off. Tel. : +233 (0) 30303321
Fax: +233 (0) 30303321
Cell: +233 244 326035
Web: www.biogasonline.com
Smith, Ingeborg. Consul General. Austrian Consulate. Accra, Ghana.

Off. Tel. : +233 (0) 302783368
Fax: +233 (0) 302763236
E-mail: consulaustria@busymail.com.gh
Abeeku Brew-Hammond Knust
Ben Hagan consultant
Daniel Azu Electricity Company of Ghana
Bernard Tawia Modey GRIDCo
Sam Aduama Golden Tulip Hotel
William Amuna VRA Technical Services Director
John Afari Idan Biogas Technologies Africa Ltd.
Stephen Duodu Energy Foundation
Frederick Kenneth Appiah Energy Commission

Ghana List

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Ghana List

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

SEEA-WA

Ghana: stock taking report

1. GLOBAL SITUATION OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM 3

4. ACTIONS IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 24

1. Global situation of the energy system

1.1. Structure of Economy

1.1.1. Primary Sector

1.1.2. Industrial Sector

1.1.3. Service Sector

1.2. Final Energy Consumption

Surce : Energy Commission of Ghana 2012 (Graph, AEA)

Unit (GWh, toe

1.4. Final Energy Consumption by Sector

** SLT Customers of ECG, NED and Bulk customers of VRA

Primary Energy Production (if

Source : Energy Commission of Ghana 2012

1.6. Relevant Power Plants

Type of Power Power Capacity in Number of State owned, Grid Connected or

Small Hydropower n/a

Akosombo Hydroelectric Plant Water VRA 1023 1020 52.7%

Kpong Hydroelectric Plant Water VRA 160 152 7.9%

Mines Reserve Plant (MRP) Diesel/Natural Gas VRA 80 50 2.6%

Tema Thermal Power Plant-T2 (TT2PP) Diesel/Natural Gas VRA 50 50 2.6%

Figure 2 Generation Resources in Ghana (excluding Sunon Asogli Power Plant)

Source : GRIDCo 2010

Past or Ongoing Energy Efficiency Programmes by VRA

At present , the main electricity suppliers are :

Type(s) of fuel List past or/and

Volta River Authority State owned LCO/Hydro/Diesel/Natural

Source : GRIDCO 2010

1.8. Reliability of Electricity Supply

1.9. Energy Pricing

Retail Prices of Major Petroleum Products (March 2000 January 2011)

1.10. Fuel use

*Includes LPG, NGl, ethane and naphtha

1.11. Renewable energy

2.1. Legal and Regulatory Framework

Type (Law, Year of

2.1.2. Renewable Energy Policies

Renewable Energy Policy Goals

Strategies to achieve 10% contribution of Renewable Energy by 2020

Support renewable energy sector agencies to undertake detailed assessment of renewable

Strategies to reduce demand on woodfuels to 50% by 2020

Support regulation in the production, transportation and marketing of the woodfuel

Renewable Energy law

2.1.3. Solar Street Lights

2.2. Barriers for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Energy Efficiency relevant barriers:

RES relevant barriers:

2.3. Institutional Framework

2.3.1. Ministry of Energy

2.3.2. Energy Commission of Ghana

2.3.3. Public Utilities Regulatory Commission

2.3.4. Energy Foundation

Organisation/ Contact Telephone Describtion of

2.3.6. Non Governmental Institutions and other relevant Private Actors

Organisation/ Contact Telephone Describe their

VRA Electrovolta Building, Kwaku dcsd@vra.com Power

Source: Energy Commission of Ghana 2012

2.3.8. International Organisations/Institutions/Donors

GEF/UNDP 1818 HStreet, Monique mbarbut@TheGEF.org 202.473.3202 Public

Source: Energy Commission of Ghana 2012

2.4. Gender Assessment of the Ghana Energy Sector

Key areas of the analysis: