POLITICS AND HISTORIOGRAPHY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH AND BALKAN SruDIES IN HUNGARY AND THE HUNGARIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN ISTANBUL PROF DR. GABOR AGOSTON Groxcerown Unavensry, DEPARTMENT OF Histony /US.A. ‘TurkisH STUDIES AFTER 1848-49 rom the mid-fifteenth century onwards Hungarian diplomats, travelers, dragomans and scholars have contributed considerably to the so called Turcica-Iiterature and have produced ‘Valuable works on the culture and history of the Turks, land that of the Balkan peoples. The importance of the Turkish archival and narrative sources for the study of ‘Hungarian history was recognized in Hungary as early as the first half of the nineteenth century. The second half of the century was the golden age of Turkish stud- ies in Hungary. The warm welcome of the Hungarian éimigrés of the 1848-49 Hungarian Revolution by the (Ottoman government created avery friendly pro-Turkish ‘atmosphere in the country, which seemed to forget even the heavy losses that the country had suffered at the hands of the Ottomans during the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries. Things had changed considerably. In the mid-nineteenth ‘century the Hatsburgs, who during the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- turies played an undeniably positive role in establishing and maintaining the Hungarian border defense system against the Ottoman conquerors, ‘became enemies who suppressed the War of Independence of the Magyars. After 1848-49 until very recently the Habsburgs (for various reasons) con- tinued to receive a very bad press in Hungarian popular literature and his- toriography. On the other hand, the one-time hostis naturalis, the Turks who in the mid-sixteenth century destroyed the medieval Hungarian Kingdom became friends and even Heroes Sie Honey brothers in Hungarian popular thinking, They were the generous supporters ofthe Hungarians and ofered pro- {ection and anew home forthe Hungarian émigré after the defeat of their War of Independence against the Habsburgs To this was added the growing fear ofthe politcal aspirations and Snfluence of the obviously stronger neighbor, the Czarist Russia in the Balkans. In the early Seventies, daring Gyula Andrassy’s ministry of freien affairs, ant Slav friendship with the Ottoman empire land the defense ofthe lattes integrity in oder to bal- lance Russian influence in the peninsula and o main- tain the status quo became an offical policy ofthe Dual Monarchy. All these circumstances produced a strong popular pro-Turkish climate in a country that after the Compromise of 1867 underwent an unprecedented progress ints cultural and seentfc life. During the so- Ealled golden age of the Dual Monarchy philoogy and history were among the most devel- oping. disciplines producing. still ‘unsurpassed souree publications and aluable positivist syntheses of Hungarian history. Some of these > theses were related to the great (ask that the end of the century gave for the Hungarian scholars. The country ‘was preparing for the mallennum oF its foundation and historians were ‘busy with studying the origin of the nation, The 30 called Uger contra Turkish debate, that was more than purely a scholarly one, ralsed the Interest of the public tht supported mostly the Hungarias)Turkish oF Eastern origi, and considerably pro- moted Turkish studies ax well as Held ‘work in Central and East Asia eras @ orouwsa thsanoti,“Mosdernleyme Strect Inde Osmank.", p. 2123. thsanoBa, “Moderleye Stet Iinde Osman.” pp 610. .Thsanofl, “19. Asnn Baslannda Tanzimat OncesKaltr ve Epi Hayat ve Beyltag Comets nies! Olarak Blinn Ulex (Ghagunn Buredali Yer, Gumnil e Meaest Cmte MILT Tork Billo Tard Sermponyume 35 Ape 1987 (Pubbed and ‘ded by E Thane), Istanbul 1987, pp. «2-47. Thsanodlu, “Moderleyme Sarec!Iede Osman", yp. 1020; ‘Ekvem Kadi Una, “Osman: Deviet/ade Typ Cemipeit, Ol, Iigtve Mele Cmiyedr 1, Ml Tart Bin Trt Serporyuma Sap Sou? (rlised and edited by Enno) Istanbul 987, pp ssid. E.Ihsanofla, “Onmank Et ve Bim Messe", ODM pp. 3854, 46 Ekmeleddin Insanopla and the others, Osman Matemath [Etertara Tart (OMLT, Inanbul 1999, a. pp 266272 He was bom in Vidin in 1432, was educated in Mobendishanes Berit Hunayun ve Asker dad. Then he stdin the nary :ad- ‘ny. After grated, be undertook diferent administrative des. He worked asthe Washington envoy between 1882 and 1890, Later o cy bn came tsk ian and Deca Feld Marshal in Htded tinea 90, Ser OAL. eh, pp bese OME ‘vol II, pp. 401-404. Sh 2 ot yn bd in 184, Abr completing hs Sta fnverbga, ewes ett fare AR as iSichrwteetsen cages ie wogtnaneenis aac yelp bain chad oooaaet a denen New ppt st reer ot al Seca test coher me pes Sata on 515 ed noha Sur Salt 200 Bey Hoan stn rblehs and eed by Yen To Ciena iron lly orsenons el help ai = than, ‘Morano orn Scteneeet feduny na Ononan Ege (iota Cana ae {Neel of Moser ene nd Tetmlog te ky ‘efeicpeueal Spear Grater 7 ie eae ‘tcp Sieh apn Toye incre seek Ena jpaane Sap infor nacnr ehuee ot SSL itematon btorein Sete tracey ‘elise ie rm pe tons cs) nit Witney i ‘Athens 1998, pp. 45-67. ae ee oun @ oreslater when Kallay, then Minister of Finance of the Dual ‘Monarchy, noticed his talent and knowledge in Balkan history reflected in the works of the young scholar.? Travels in the Levant. The History of Eastern Trade in Hungary, published in 1882, and Russia and Our Homeland, published in 1884, are both works which reflect his experience of his travels and also show his familiarity with the language, culture and history of the region. In 1885 Kéllay made the young archivist-historian ‘Thalléczy one of his closest colleagues, and appointed him the director of the Hofkammerarchiv that belonged to the Ministry of Finance. Thalléczy continued his strong relations to the Hungarian scholarly circles even in Vienna and in 1913 he was elected president of the Hungarian Historical Society. He inltiated and played ‘an important role in bringing home the mortal remains of Ferenc Rékécz! Il, ona Zrinyl, Imre Thokbly and his fellow emigrants. Waile in Vienna, he gave lessons ‘on the history of Hungarian law and constitution both in the Collegium Therestanum and in the Konsularakademie. However, hhe devoted most of his time deal- ing with Bosnia-Hercegovina tunder the direction of his patron, Kallay. At the beginning he assisted his Minister in develop- ing the Museum of Bosnia, in founding its journals published in German and Croatian to ‘which he contributed regularly. He soon became Kallay’s confi- dent colleague and carried out special missions in the region about which, even at that time, several gossips ‘circulated amongst the Budapest cultural circles. ‘Thalléczy’s political conviction can be detected in his historical studies as well. As a devoted intellectual of the Dual Monarchy and the confident of Francis Joseph, he compiled his works according to the mutual ‘interest of Hungary and that of the Monarchy. In a mem- orandum written during the Balkan War he drew atten- tion to the fact that Hungary leaning on the power of the Monarchy could play an Intermediary role between Europe and the Balkans. He emphasized the importance of studying the language, history, culture and customs of the Balkan nations, of establishing chairs for this pur- pose at the Hungarian universities and of founding grants for students from the region. The impressive series of source-publications initiated and edited by him. relating to the history of the connections between ‘Hungary and Croatia, Serbia, Ragusa, the Banat of Jajca, and other attached or associated states and provinces of medieval Hungary are the products of a patient poli- cy towards the nationalities of the Monarchy. These ‘works enumerate and acknowledge the historical role and results of the South Slavic nations during their coex- {stence with the Hungarians. The main aim ofthe series {is to prove the necessary historical interdependence of Hungary and that of her Slavic neighbors. The first vol- nary Forzet near Dane Rive, Hong ume (Documents on the Croatian Frontier) shows the historical role ofthe Croatian families of Frangepén and Zrinyi in the establishing of the Hungarian border defense system during the reign of Ferdinand of Habsburg. The second volume (Documents on the Inter- Relations between Hungary and Serbia, 1198-1526) examines the relations between medieval Serbia and Hungary and intends to reveal how the Turkish peril pushed the Serbians closer and closer to Hungary and strengthened their relations and co-operation against the common enemy. The third volume of the series (Documents of Lower Slavonia) documents the anti- Turkish wars of the Slavonian nobility and people in defense of medieval Hungary. Two further vohimes deal- ing with the history and activity of the Frangepan and Blagay Croatian families alm to manifest the interde- pendence of Hungary and that of Slavonia throughout the Middle Ages.” Even though the choice of toples was {intended and was aimed to serve the author's political beliefs, the products of his scholarly efforts, the impressive source material he and his col leagues have published, as well as bis monographs are still among the respectable achleve- ‘ments of Hungarian historiog- raphy. Since all the document. collections he has published contain archival material in Latin, these works are general- Iy referred to by not only the Hungarian, but also other his- torians ofthe region. This goes for most of his studies that were published also in German translation KLEBELSBERG AND THE HUNGARIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN CONSTANTINOPLE (1917-1918)® In 1909, in one of his letters to Lajos Thalléczy, Count Kuno Klebelsberg (1878-1932) emphasied the importance of a Hungarian Institute in Constantinople, where abundant archival source material was available for the study of Hungarian History.? Imre Karécson’s untimely death in 1911 in Constantinople, again drew the attention of the Hungarian culture-politicians to the shortcomings of the general system of the Hungarian historical research referred to by Lajos Thalléczy as early as 1885. Despite the fact that the Hungarian Academy's Historical Commission, found- ed in 1854, and the Hungarian Historical Association, founded in 1867 had some influence on the historical research in the country, most research was done indi- vidually.! While working as State Secretary in the Ministry of Religion and Public Education, Count Kuno Klebelsberg started to elaborate a detailed project for a well-organized system of historical research to be supported by historical research institutes both at home and abroad.!! panne @ emu‘Antal Gévay and Jénos Repitzky were among the first scholars who devoted great efforts to the study and Ranslatiun of Turkish archival documents relating to Hungary. In 1850 Janos Repitzky (1817-1855) was appointed to the Chair of Oriental Languages and Inerature at the University of Pest. After his death the ‘chair, soon renamed as the Chair of Turkish Philology, (vas held for four decades by Armin Vémbéry (1832- 1913). Besides the University of Pest the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from its very beginnings became ne of the main centers of Turkish studles. Jozsef Thiry’s {and Imre Kardcson’s translations of the Turkish chron- idles, as well as Antal Velics’s translations of Ottoman official documents (Ottoman tax registers, pay lists et.) Srere sponsored and published by the Academy. Antal Velics and Imre Kardcson were the ones to be consid- fred as the first Hungarian Historians who were able to Ghilize in abundant quantity Ottoman archival source Imaterial preserved in the archives of Vienna and Constantinople respectively. Although J6zsef Thiry’s Gnd Imre Kardcson's Turkish Chroniclers’ as well as ‘Antal Velics's defter-translations ‘are still among the most quoted fand referred to monographs, they were not solely concerned with studying and translating Ottoman documents, As almost all the members of the first gen- eration. of the Hungarian ‘Oriental studies they were Orientalists in the classical sense, soho dealt with the language, lit ‘erature, ethnography and histo- ty of the various Turkic peoples. ‘To provide a comparative exam- ple from the field of European studies it was similar to Sealing with German philology and literature, with the ethnography of the Scandinavian peoples and with the Jhistory of the Vikings at the same time, a vast field which understandably exceeds one scholar's abilities and was to be changed in the following decades to come. KALLay AND THALLOCzY: THE BEGINNINGS OF BALKAN STUDIES IN Huncary Balkan studies have a rather different history and itis surprising that compared with Turkish studies they attracted very modest scholarly interest before the Treaty of Trianon, although the beginnings of Balkan studies Go go back to this period. It owes a lot to Béni Kallay (1839-1903) a self-made politician and one of the best Balkan experts of the Monarchy.” Kallay was a politi- cian who from the very beginning of his, was preparing himself for this task? He studied law, econo- ny, history and sciences at the university but he also evoted great efforts to the study of languages. Besides Latin and western Ianguages he acquired Russian, ‘Turkish, Serb and Neo-Greek. At an age of 26 he was a Hi Conter ‘argon Forte near Oabe Rr, Hy candidate for membership of the Parllament in ‘Szentendre, in a city, which had a significant number of Serb inhabitants. Although he failed the elections it Offered a good opportunity for the young politician to gain first-hand information concerning the problems fand ideas of the Serbs living within the borders of the Country. As a protégée of Gyula Andrassy, the prime ‘minister of the Dual Monarchy, in 1868 he was appoint- fed consul general to Belgrade where he spent seven ears. During his consulship he took several trips with- in the country and acquired deep knowledge relating to the history and present situation of the country, which {in accordance with his patrons’ foreign policy, he would hhave liked to see as an independent country free from any foreign influence. After coming back to Budapest ‘and entering parliamentary politics he continued to sup- port Andrassy’s foreign policy, which aimed to count- ‘r-balance Russian influence tn the Balkans. In one of this speeches in the Hungarian Parliament (26 June 1877) after the outbreak of the Russio-Turkish war, when most Of the members of parliament took the Turkish side, ‘and wanted to preserve Turkey's integrity and the sta- ‘tus quo in the Balkans, Kéllay ‘was ofthe opinion that there was ttle chance for that. The war ended with the resounding defeat of Turkey and resulted ‘with great territorial gains to Russia, The Congress of Berlin, which aimed at an internation al revision of the treaty of San Stefano, authorized the Monarchy to occupy Bosnia- Hercegovina. In 1882 he was appointed Minister of Finance and governor of occupied ‘Bosnia-Hercegovina. During the last two decades of his Iife from 1882, he devoted great efforts to the consoll- dation of the new territories. His success was summa- Hlzed from 1892 in the following way: “If we consider that jurisdiction is excellent, public education ts at least not bad, transportation, roads and railways are fatrly ood ‘and public order ts not worse than in the Monarchy, I ‘Suppose, not only the government, but everybody who would have carried out the occupation, could have been ‘satisfied with these results." ‘Although Kallay was primarily a politician who sup- ported Gyula Andrassy's foreign policy, his familiarity ‘with the language and history of the Serbs made it pos- sible for him to compile works that even today could be considered as basic monographs of the question. His Work entitled The History of the Serbs 1780-1815, pub- Iished in 1877, and his work entitled The History of the Serbian Uprising 1797-1810, published posthumously by his younger fellow scholar and successor in Balkan studies Lajos Thalléczy in 1909 are still frequently used ‘and quoted works on the topics and made him the founder of Balkan studies in Hungary. Unlike Kallay, Thall6czy started his career as a his- torian and archivist and became involved in politics only reruns @ ores‘The other members of the Institute dealt mainly with classical archeology, epigraphy and ancient histo- ry. Ferenc Lutter helped Karoly Kés to prepare the afore- ‘mentioned map of Constantinople. He also studied the topography and the Byzantine churches ofthe city. He paid particular attention to the Pantocrator Monastery, the Ottoman Zeyrek Cami, which was founded by Empress Irene (Piroska), the daughter of Saint Ladislavs, king of Hungary (1077-1095) and wife of Ioannes II Comnenus (1118-1143).17 He also investigated the incomparable mosaics of the life of Christ inthe former Byzantine church of St Saviour in Chora, the Ottoman Kariye Camil. Zoltén Oroszlén, who was the secretary of the Institute, spent most of his time studying the Roman tombstones of the Ottoman Imperial Museum land comparing them with the ones remaining from the Roman province in Hungary, called Pannonia. Péter Ralbovszky after studying the history of Greek epigra- phy started to collect and to complete the Greek eri- graphic relics of the Ottoman Imperial Museum in Constantinople.'® Fils sudden death on July 26, 1917 put an end to his scholarly career at the age of 2 place was given to Dr. Ferenc Zsinka, who arrived in Constantinople on September 10, 1917, and became a member of the Institute, Since Zsinka was fan expert on Ottoman and Hungarian history of the six- teenth and seventeenth cen- turles, with his membership, the criginal alm of the Institute was completed. Director Hekler made steps to invite Gyula Szekfa, the best young Hungarian historian of the time, to the Institute. Although his efforts were ‘unsuccessful, Szekfa gave a lecture on Ottoman rule in Hungary, in the Institute in May 1918. The lecture, enti- tled “Tableau de la domination Turque en Hongrie” was published in Turdn in the same year." ‘The research work was supported by the library of the Institute. though war conditions hindered the pur- chase of books Anton Hekler managed to collect a basic brary of 159 volumes and 5 different journals in a perl- ‘od of five months.*! Most of the books on archeology, ancient and Byzantine history, art and epigraphy were bought from KW. Hiersemann’s Bookstore in Lelpzig."? By September of 1918, when the Institute had to close its gates, the library owned a considerable number of books, journals and photos. ‘The Institute also started a publication series in Hungarian and German, called “Mittellungen des Ungarischen Wissenschafllichen Institutes in Konstantinopel”. During the one and a half years of i's existence the Institute published Anton Hekler’s “Gottelideale und Portrits in der griechischen Kunst’, Henrik Glak’s “Turkische Kunst’, J.H, Mordtmann’s “Zur Kapitulation von Buda im Jahre 1526” in German and Hungarian, as well as one study on Istanbul by Karoly Kés together with Gyula Moravestk’s survey on Bows rom Tors, argon Museum, Hungry the daughter of Saint Ladislaus snd the Byzantine Pantocrator Monastery? The Institute also planned to reprint Djelal Essad's basic monograph “Constantinople de Byzance a Stanbul” in a revised and completed sec- ‘ond edition, but it never appeared. ‘The Institute organized regular scholarly lectures, ‘meetings and excursions. Among the lecturers were to be found Count Telli, Prof. Cholnoky, Prof. Hekler, Prof. Mordtmann, Prof. Lehmann-Haupt, Prof. Unger, Dr, Paul Mars, Dr. Szekfa, Dr. Zsinka, Dr. Babinger, architect Kés, ete Because of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy the Institute had to close its gates in September 1918. The library of the Institute was deliv- ered toa monastery, the furniture was sold and the mem. bers returned to Hungary. After the Trianon peace treaty there were several efforts to re-open the Institute, but all these efforts were unsuccessful. In 1926, the Institute's brary, which according to the inventory consisted of 1062 volumes and of a valuable collection of photos, ‘was handed to the Deutsches Archeologisches Institut for temporary safekeeping until the Institute's re-opening Although the Hungarian Scientific Institute in Constantinople was active only cone and a half years, it fulfilled its original purpose successful- ly. The Institute considerably promoted the ancient, Byzantine and Turkish studies by Hungarian researchers, helped to maintain scholarly relations tween Hungarian and forelgn researchers working in Constantinople, as well as those between Hungarian and Turkish academic circles. Due to the efficiency of the Ottoman administra ton we possess a considerable amount of source mate- rial (cadastral surveys, financial account-books of the central and the provincial treasures, orders to the local officials, etc.) relating to the political, economic and social life of the conquered lands, preserved at the main Turkish Archives (Prime Ministerial Archives, Archives, of the Topkapi Palace) in Istanbul. According to estima- tions the total number of defters (tax-registers, account- books. etc.) and individual documents preserved in the Prime Ministerial Archives alone is about 40 million. In addition to the archives several Mosque-librartes keep valuable manuscripts concerning the conquered lands, ‘These are precious documents for scholars who study Balkan or Hungarian history, European diplomacy, the Habsburg-Ottoman confrontation and Muslim-Cheistian ‘acculturation. Beside the holdings of the Viennese archives the Turkish archives and libraries contain the most valu- able sources and materials for the study of early mod- em Hungarian history. Yet, despite this, since the clo- sure of the Hungarian Research Institute in 1918, ‘Hungarian researchers have had no permanent research eerie‘Since the Hungarian Historical Institute in Rome, ‘which was founded by the financial assistance and ini- ative of Vilmos Frakn6i, could not start its activity in 1914, because of the outbreak of war, the first working ‘Hungarian research institute abroad was the Hungarian ‘Scientific Institute in Constantinople, which was found- tedat the end of 1916, and started its activity at the begin- Sing of the following year. The foundation of this Institute in Constantinople was not accidental. Imre Kardeson's research in the Turkish libraries and archives proved to be very fruitful and showed, that beside the drchives in Rome and Vienna, the Turkish archives could Contain the most valuable source material for the study of Hungarian history. ‘The contemporary political background was also favorable for the establishment of an institute in Constantinople, By the beginning of the twentieth cen- fury, the growing fear of the Pan-Slavism and the nation- dlistic-separatist movements of the Slavic people with- in the borders of the country, produced a strong Pan- ‘Turanfan movement in Hungary, which led to the foundation of several Pan-Turanian political ‘and scholarly organizations. ‘Among these organizations the Hungarian Turanian Society, founded in 1910, was the most prestigious scholarly association Gedicated to the study of the his- tory and culture of the so-called ‘Turanian peoples with particu- lar emphasis on the Turks and the Turkic peoples. The official journal of the Society (Turdn) published several scholarly studies and reviews in Hungarian, German and French by the leading orien- ‘alists of Austria-Hungary and Germany. ‘This scholarly and political climate helped to estab- tish the Hungarian Scientific Institute in Constantinople. ‘The Institute was founded on November 21, 1916, by the initiative of the aforementioned Count Klebelsberg. inorder to promote studies on Turkish-Hungarian and Byzantine Hungarian relations, classical and Christian archeology, Byzantine and Islamic Arts, Hungarian and Turkish comparative linguistics, and to strengthen aca- demic relations between Hungarian and Turkish schol- ars, as well as between Hungarian and foreign scholars ‘working in Constantinople." Before 1918 it was the only Hungarian Research Institute abroad to be maintained by the state and working uninterruptedly. ‘The Institute was financed by the state and gov- ‘emed by the Directorate based in Budapest. The presi- Gent of the Directorate was Archduke Joseph Francis, Which showed the importance and prestige of the Institute. Current matters were, however, handled by the executive vice-president of the directorate, one of the Sate Secretaries of the Ministry of Religion and Public Education responsible for the matters of art. At that time this position was held by Count Kuno Klebelsberg who, on December 4th 1916, after the death Cera bow from Tors Sudip Nason Maser Honey of Lajos Talléczy, also became the president of the ‘Hungarian Historical Association. The appointed director of the Institute was Anton Hekler (1882-1940) the famous art historian and arche- ologist who arrived in Constantinople on February 5, 1917, together with Zoltan Oroszlén, the archeologist, Ferenc Luttor, chaplain, theologist and archeologist and Péter Ralbovszky, canon and linguist in Modern Greek. Karoly K6s, the famous Hungarian architect, and Géza Fehér, the byzantinologist, who were undertaking thelr military service, arrived later in February 1917 and in. May 1918, respectively. "> There were several difficulties concerning accom- ‘modation that delayed the departure of the members of the Institute, Due to the indefatigable work of Jézsef Goseph) Martin, the head of the Turkish Bureau of the International Sleeping-Car Company and Director of the Pera Palace Hotel," and Prof. Gyula Mészéros, who had been invited by the Ottoman government to the University of Istanbul to teach Hungarian-Turkish com- parative linguistics and histo- 1y,!5a proper building was found for the Institute by the middle of January. The building was situ- ated in Bayram Street 23,in Pera, ‘on the northern side of the Golden Horn. Tt was a four-storeyed bulld- ing with six bedrooms, two liv- ing rooms, and two rooms for servants, kitchen, bathroom, laundry, terrace and restrooms ‘onevery floor. It had a small gar- den and a celiar for the storage of firewood and coal. Inhis letter dated January 8, Joseph Martin informed Anton Hekler, the director, that the house had electrieity and that the furniture was in good condition. He also mentioned that the house was sup- plied with linen, tableware and kitchen equipment. In the cellar of the house ten geki (approximately 2,500 kg) of firewood was available ata very reasonable price. The ‘annual rent of the house was 360 Turkish pounds, Joseph ‘Martin suggested that a maid and a cook ought to be brought along with the members of the Institute since in Constantinople no reliable matds were to be found."® Tue RESEARCH ACTIVITY OF THE InsTITUTE Since in the first year there was no qualified researcher in Ottoman/Turkish history and language ‘among the members of the Institute, the Institute put ‘special emphasis on the study of Ottoman art and archi- tecture. Kéroly Kés was responsible for preparing a 1 105000 scale map of Constantinople, and for the study of Ottoman architecture: Ottoman mosques, cemeter- {es and rtirbes, as well as civil architecture. Based on his research Kéroly Kés wrote a book on Constantinople, for the publication series of the Institute, in which he studied the Byzantine and Ottoman features of the city landscape illustrated with several original photos. ures @> oresbase In Istanbul. The re-opening of the institute ts des able and necessary. ‘The psychological shock of the Treaty of Trianon Jed Hungarian historians to study more deeply the eaus- of the disaster, and among these causes tle nation ality problems have recelved particular attention, ‘Assisted by the series of new research Institutes at home ‘and abroad, established and sponsored generously by the Ministry of Culture under Klebelsberg, Hungarian historiography was lifted up to new heights of academ- ic achievement. New series of source publication and handbooks were written which reflected the new orien- tation of the discipline. These new series put the focus on Early Modern and Modern periods rather than on the greatness of Medieval Hungary. As a result East European studies attracted more scholarly interest than in the past. Although, already In the early 1920s and then in the 1930s and early 1940s there were attempts toestablish a separate Institute for Balkan Studies, these ‘efforts brought fairly modest success, though in the Iat- ter petiod most of the best experts of the region (Lajos Elekes, Lajos Fekete, Laszl6 Géldi, Béla Gunda, Lészlé Hadrovies, Tibor Kardos, Istvan Knlezsa, Imre Lukinlch, LészI6 Makkal, Gyula Moravesik, Béla Pukénszky, Lajos Tams, Jozsef Thim, Péter Véczy etc.) supported the establishment of such an institute. Balkan studies remained a neglected field even after World War II. Although, the study of the history of the socialist neighbors became the offictal direction in Hungarian bistorlography, it did not promote Balkan “studies for various reasons. First of all, after 1947, most the well-trained historians who had the adequate train- ng and necessary skills for such projects were excluded from the universities and from the Historical Institute. Secondly, after Yugoslavia’s 1948 break with Moscow ‘and with other socialist countries the study of Balkan Tands from whatever angle became more than suspicious. ‘Turkish and Byzantine Studies were also hindered for political reasons, after Turkey and Greece Jolned NATO. There was only one escape from the strict rules: dealing with lingutstles and paleography. This might partly be the reason for the flourishing of Hungarian Turkology, which produced outstanding works on Turkish linguls- tics and defterology. However, even In these purely schol- arly fields the influence of dogmatic Marxism could not be avoided, Lajos Fekete, for Instance, had to put a quo- {ation from Engels into his basic handbook on Ottoman paleography published in 1955 and bound in red. This Iatter feature of the book, Le., Its color, however, raised suspicion on the other side of the divided World during. the Cold War years. Even in 1988 a copy of Fekete's book, Which was sent to me from Hungary to Istanbul at the ‘beginning of June, was delivered immediately tothe cen- sorship, who proceeded to investigate whether it could be dangerous for the Republic of Turkey, and was glven to me only in November. Nores 1 Nemeth Gyula, Akadémlank «hele log, Budapest 1928 2 Fors good overview concerning Eat European studs (Including Boke Saic in Hungary se, Steven Bal Vrdy, The Development a ran sticl Sines Mungary Prior to 1943" Tieatcha's rtm Hungacy and Im Hongaran- America, (Bovider 1985) pp. 75119 5 On Klay se, Thallocey Laos, Kallay Bén set. tag eikerst™ ‘Seam Exists 20 (190) pu 307-337, reprinted In Ky Ben, RSID eles orenete 1807810 (Bodapest 1909) pp, 4676. 4 Quoted by aloe Thallery In is lay Ben et tg emlheete™ (Peel wana aur flkelesrencte 1BO7-18i0 p70 5 On hay ww Ket Thalia Las te a mokodene! Ghadapens 1950, Estat erenc, Thallery Lajos a Ortenetirs (Bosops 198) fo gis ef, Verdi. Clos Art, pp 7-78. 16 OSURK Fol.une 1990.11 k Cf leo Glatz Ferenc, TOrténeti és polite (audapest 1980). 130, Cf. Gat, Toteneies 6 pola, pp 130-31 “This section Is based on my unpublished paper “The Hungarian Research inate in Constantinople, 1917-1918 dered in Vien Fe Gecker 1995 at ecymponiom sExnerurgan de 75. Jabreswende Aeon ies ngarichen MstorclenInautes In Wien Shieglum:‘Hungareum,, Wien 19. October, 1995. Sce lio: oe rtenethttdefortsitha {pty Gabor, Tadomdngs lebelberg Kuno ex» Bes pps. Toth Gir, gv PRonoteralnpoly 19161918) Sekaadoh 1998-6. 11996) 9 uated by Odbor Ors, “Tatondnyrzarverdstorénetkuatse fr Sistine Kleeberg Kone ex Best Magyar Torténet Intezet, tpewslaptie” Lewd Serle 1996 3.7.27 10 Steven Béo Vid, “The Foundeton ofthe Hungarian Histolel sn ahd Hs apart on hungarian Wistortcl Stules” I los Art. 17-88 1 Glatt Ferenc, Klebelsberg tdomsnypoiial programs és ang Snctidomans” in Clete Fern, Nema! kultre rultorl + emect 187-1967 Bodepet 1988) and Ustry Gabor, Klebeabory Rio ucoménypolikgje” skolakultdras.-(1995) pp. 179 18 em: Toner orto iy Ra €s' Hece Mayor Foren Inset (Or 1996). " 12 ios Ferenc eee. "Meany earls Konaatingeey Mopar ‘tenes nes Maat tnsctamak sats Olsen, Tegra. ct ales Konstantngpay maayer tdomaryee Inert eps id, pp. 200202 13. Mage Orstagos Lever Gungrian Nationa Archives, hence {epBiot) #18. Konstan! Magy Tacoma nes (eM ain ea ste fo er, eB) and WOLF. 36 A anata etre eel ol 3-23 (3918). 14 On dara ati o Helers SN MOL RaserA Mr reac, Blea Aa 19H 1 tétel, fol 38 Fv (18217). mm 15 Tord 1917.9 120 te MOL P.496.A MCT. 19176 ar tefl 57. (8917) 17 Onvlgie, Gyula Morass, Bynum andthe Mayas Bud 1970) pp.72-76. “a 18 Cr Pedors Repertnthe ay ofthe Honea Rese Sreutennnpie MOL A CMTE tate: Boats Nude 916 {18 Teel Yok 2738 leo published n Sedaadok 1917. 396403. 19 MOL P.#36. MTL. 1917 trata fl 99. (145917. 20 Turd 1918 pp. 123-143 21 Hele’ reorton the acy ofthe Insitute Jane ta, 1917) MOL T te 92 poate s Ron tianir, Blaine Aki 1916191 Ci slo Sedzadak 1917.40 Rodlemenyel 7-8, (Budapest Sanbel 1923) 24. Ronstantinipoll Magyar Todoményos Intéet Kosleménye- em des Ungortchen Wisseachalicher Instat Konstantopel Turn 1918. 391-398, 25 MOL #86, A MTH kinyvtr fet. 26. LajosFette Die Sagat Schifin der rkschen Fnazver als (Bedapes 155) pte "i