Appendix

A. Raw Data gathered from the experiment proper.

a. Heat of Fusion
Table a.1 Tabulated raw data for heat of fusion of ice.

Parameters Trial 1 Trial 2

Temperature of Hot Water, C 51 51
Temperature of Ice, C 0 0
mass of calorimeter + lid, g 6.6091 6.6091
mass of calorimeter + lid + hot 104.90 105.15
water, g
mass of calorimeter + lid + hot 135.93 152.39
water+ ice, g
Ccal, J/K 28.65

Table a.2 Temperature readings for heat of fusion of ice.

Temperature (C)
Time (min)
Trial 1 Trial 2
0:00 59 58.5
0:30 25 26
1:00 25 25
1:30 25 12
2:00 25 11
2:30 25 10.5
3:00 25 10.5
3:30 25 10.5
4:00 25 10.5
4:30 25 10.5
5:00 25 11.5
5:30 25 11.5
b. Heat of Vaporization
Table b.1 Data for the determination of heat of vaporization for method 1.

Parameter Trial 1 Trial 2

Volume of trapped air
(mL) 7.5 6.8
Maximum temp (C) 70 75

Table b.2 Volume and Temperature readings for method 1.

Trial 1 Trial 2
Volume (mL) Temperature (C) Volume (mL) Temperature (C)
9.7 62 9.7 73
9.6 60 9.4 71
 9.4 58 9.2 69
9.2 56 9 67
8.9 54 8.8 65
8.8 52 8.7 63
8.6 50 8.4 61
6.0 3 8.1 59
8 57
7.9 55
7.9 53
7.6 51
7.6 50
6.2 3
Table b.3 Data for determination of heat of vaporization for method 2.

Parameter Trial 1 Trial 2

Pressure (mbar) 1014
Ambient Temperature
(C) 28 28
Temperature of cold
water (C) 8 8
Initial Temperature of
Hot Water (C) 92 93
Table b.4 Temperature readings for the determination of heat of vaporization for
method 2.

Trial 1 Trial 2
Runs Time (min) Temperatur Time (min) Temperatur
e (C) e (C)
1 1:45 88 2:35 89
2 2:37 77 2:51 79
3 5:00 66.5 3:16 70
4 6:22 59 3:56 64
5 7:55 53 5:53 58
6 14:00 46 6:01 53
7 17:27 41 17:04 46
8 19:21 38 18:42 41

B. Sample Calculations
a. For Heat of Fusion
Solving for T
T =T f T i
T =34
Ccal T +mwater C p ,w T mice C p , w T
Hf =
mice
 J 4.184 J 4.184 J
H f ,1 =
( 28.655 ) ( 34 K ) +98.2909 g(
K gK
) ( 34 K ) 31.03 g (
gK
)(34 K )

31.03
J cal
H f ,1=339.753 =81.203
g g
J cal
H f ,2=247.212 =59.085
g g
cal
H f ,ave =70.144
g
H f ,exp H f ,theo
%error= 100
H f , theo
70.14480
%error= 100
80
%error=12.32
b. For heat of vaporization
Method 1
Using Ideal Gas Law, calculate n
PV
n=
RT
1L
1.014 (5.8 mL)( )
1000 mL


L
molK
0.08314



n=
n1=2.562 104 mol

n2=2.650 104 mol

For pressure of air,
nRT
P(air)=
V

L
molK
0.08314

( 3+273.15 ) K
2.562 104 mol
Pair =
Pair =0.819

Solving for Pwater

PT =P air + P water
Pwater =PT P air
Pwater =1.0140.819=0.195

Calculating Pwater for each temperature and volume and tabulating

the results,
Table b.5 Tabulated results for Trial 1 Clausius-Clapeyron graph.

Vcorrected,
V, mL mL T, C T, K Pair Pwater 1/T ln P
9.7 9.5 62 335.15 0.751 0.263 0.00298 -1.337
9.6 9.4 60 333.15 0.755 0.259 0.00300 -1.351
9.4 9.2 58 331.15 0.767 0.247 0.00302 -1.397
9.2 9.0 56 329.15 0.779 0.235 0.00304 -1.448
8.9 8.7 54 327.15 0.801 0.213 0.00306 -1.546
8.8 8.6 52 325.15 0.805 0.209 0.00308 -1.567
8.6 8.4 50 323.15 0.819 0.195 0.00309 -1.637
Table b.6 Tabulated results for Trial 2 Clausius-Clapeyron graph.

Vcorrected,
V, mL T, C T, K Pair Pwater 1/T ln P
mL
9.7 9.5 73 346.15 0.803 0.301 0.00289 -1.200
9.4 9.2 71 344.15 0.824 0.280 0.00291 -1.274
9.2 9.0 69 342.15 0.838 0.266 0.00292 -1.323
9.0 8.8 67 340.15 0.852 0.252 0.00294 -1.377
8.8 8.6 65 338.15 0.866 0.238 0.00296 -1.437
8.7 8.5 63 336.15 0.871 0.233 0.00297 -1.458
8.4 8.2 61 334.15 0.898 0.206 0.00299 -1.579
8.1 7.9 59 332.15 0.926 0.178 0.00301 -1.728
8.0 7.8 57 330.15 0.933 0.171 0.00303 -1.763
7.9 7.7 55 328.15 0.939 0.165 0.00305 -1.801
7.9 7.7 53 326.15 0.933 0.171 0.00307 -1.767
 7.6 7.4 51 324.15 0.965 0.139 0.00308 -1.974
7.6 7.4 50 323.15 0.962 0.142 0.00309 -1.953

Graphing the values for trial 1 and 2, we obtain the slopes for each trial,

m1=2866.766

m1=3744.007

Using these slopes to solve for Hv ,

Hv
=m
R

Taking R as 8.314 J/mol-K

H v ,1 H v ,1
= =2866.766
R J
8.314
molK

J mol cal
H v , 1=23834.292
mol 18.02 g 4.184 J

H v , 1=316.12 cal/g

H v , 2=412.86 cal /g

H ave =364.49 cal / g

%error= |364.49540
540 | 100=32.50

Method 2
Table b.7 Calculated Results for Trial 1 for plot of Arrhenius Equation.

time,
min T, C T, K 1/T ln t
361.1 0.0027
88.0
1.750 5 7 0.560
 350.1 0.0028
77.0
2.617 5 6 0.962
339.6 0.0029
66.5
5.000 5 4 1.609
332.1 0.0030
59.0
6.367 5 1 1.851
326.1 0.0030
53.0
7.917 5 7 2.069
319.1 0.0031
46.0
14.000 5 3 2.639
314.1 0.0031
41.0
17.450 5 8 2.859
311.1 0.0032
38.0
19.350 5 1 2.963
Table b.7 Calculated Results for Trial 2 for plot of Arrhenius Equation.

time,
T, C T, K 1/T ln t
min
362.1 0.0027
89.0
2.583 5 6 0.949
352.1 0.0028
79.0
2.850 5 4 1.047
343.1 0.0029
70.0
3.267 5 1 1.184
337.1 0.0029
64.0
3.933 5 7 1.369
331.1 0.0030
58.0
5.883 5 2 1.772
326.1 0.0030
53.0
6.017 5 7 1.795
319.1 0.0031
46.0
17.067 5 3 2.837
314.1 0.0031
41.0
18.700 5 8 2.929
Graphing the values for trial 1 and 2, we obtain the slopes for each trial,

m1=5524.2

m1=4999.1

Solving for Hv ,

Hv
=m
R
 H v ,1 H v ,1
= =5524.2
R J
8.314
molK

J mol cal
H v , 1=45928.199
mol 18.02 g 4.184 J

H v , 1=609.16 cal/ g

H v , 2=551.26 cal/ g

H v , ave =580.21cal /g

%error= |580.21540
540 |100=7.45
C. Photos

Figure Fabricated coffee-cup

Figure
calorimeter.
Clausius-Clapeyron set-up for the determination of heat of vaporization.

Figure Arrhenius set-up for the determination of heat of vaporization.