1) Define force?

Force is defined as an agency which changes or tends to change the position of rest or of
uniform motion of a body. Force is vector quantity. So here we need to specify the magnitude
as well as the direction of force.

2) Define the terms statics and dynamics?

Statics:It is the branch of science which deals with bodies which are in rest
Dynamics: It is the branch of science which deals with bodies which are in motion.

3) Define the terms kinetics and kinematics?

kinematics: It is the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects without
reference to the forces which cause the motion
kinetics: It is the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects with reference to
the forces which cause the motion

4) Define the terms rigid body and particle?

Rigid body: A rigid body is an idealization of a solid body in which deformation is
neglected. In other words, the distance between any two given points of a rigid body remains
constant in time regardless of external forces exerted on it.

Particle: It is defined as an object whose mass is concentrated at a point. This assumption is

made when the size of a body is negligible and is irrelevant to the description of the motion
of the body.

5) State Newtons law of motion?

Newtons first law: Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight
line unless it is compelled to change the state by the action of a force on the body
Newtons second law: Rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
net force acting on it and it takes place in the direction of the force
F=ma
Newtons third law: It states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

6) State newtons law of gravitation?

The force of attraction between any two bodies in the universe is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.
m1. m2
F=G( r2 )

7) Define principle of transmissibility?

It states that if a force acting on rigid body is shifted to any other point which is on the same
line of action of force without changing the direction, there occurs no change in the state of
the body.

8) Explain the principle of statics?

Law of Transmissibility
Newtons Laws
Parallelogram law
Triangle Law
Polygon Law

9) State and prove parallelogram law?

If two forces acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the adjacent
sides of a parallelogram then the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through their point of
intersection represents the resultant in both magnitude and direction.

10) Explain composition of forces?

It is defined as the union or combination of two or more forces into a single force.

11) Explain the resolution of forces?

The resolution of forces is exactly opposite to the composition of forces. Finding the
components of a given force in two given directions is called resolution of forces.

12) Explain the terms constraint, action and reaction?

Constraint: The restriction to the free motion of a body in any direction is called a
constraint.
Action: The direct of positive force which is caused by a body when it is placed on another
body.

Reaction: The reaction will be induced in a direction in which the support restricts the
motion of the body it supports.

13) Explain different types of supports and support reactions?

Frictionless support: the body is in contact with a smooth surface is known as frictionless
support. The reaction occurs normal to the surface at the point of contact.
Example: rod resting inside a hallow sphere.

Roller and knife edge supports: A roller and knife edge supports restricts the motion normal
to the surface of the beam AB.
therefore, the reactions Ra and Rb will act normal to the surface at the point of contact A&B.
Hinged support: The hinged restricts the motion both in horizontal as well as vertical
direction. therefore, there are two reactions Xa & Ya acting on the beam at point A.

Fixed support: If the end A of beam AB is fixed in a concern, it restricts the motion of end A
in horizontal and vertical directions and also restricts rotation of beam AB about point A.
Therefore , reactions Xa,Ya &Ma will be present at point A.

14) What is free body diagram? Give an example.

Free body diagram is a simplified portion of a structure showing forces, self weight & the
reactions at the point of the contact with the other bodies.
Example: The ball resting on a floor. The second figure is showing the FBD where the weight
of the body and the support reaction exerted by the floor are represented.

15) Explain the concept of solving equilibrium of concurrent forces in plane problems?
First resolve all the forces in x and y direction

Do summation of all forces in x and y directions i.e calculate (Fx) and , (Fy)
Then resultant R= (F x )2+ ( F y )2

(F y )
For direction = tan 1
(F x)

16) State and prove lamis theorem.

If a body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces then each force is directly
proportional to the sine of the angle between other two forces.
let a,b,c be the forces acting at a point O as show in the figure.
let be angle between b&c
let be angle between a&c.
let be angle between a&b.

A B C
sin = sin = sin

17) Define moment of a force?

Force can produce rotary motion besides producing a translatory or linear motion. Moment is
the measure of turning effect produced by a force on a body.
The moment of a force about a point is given by the product of force and perpendicular
distance of the point from the line of action of a force.
Moment=Force*perpendicular distance.

18) State and prove theorem of Varignons principle of moments?

It states that the moment of resultant of number of forces about a point O is equal to the
algebraic sum of moment of individual forces about the same point O
let the two forces f1,f2 are acting at a point A so, making an angle of 1,2 w. r. t the x-
axis. The resultant is given by R which is making an angle with x-axis.
MR=Mf1+Mf2
19) What are the properties of a couple?
1) Couple consists of a pair of equal and opposite parallel forces which are separated by a
definite distance
2) The translatory effect of the couple is zero
3) The rotational effect of a couple about any point is constant and it is equal to the product of
magnitude of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the two forces.

20) What are the conditions for a body to be in equilibrium?

A body is said to be under equilibrium if and only if (Fx)=0, (Fy)=0, (Fz)=0 & (M)=0.
where , (Fx)=sum of all the forces acting in x-direction.
(Fy) = sum of all the forces acting in y-direction.
(Fy) = sum of all the forces acting in z-direction.
(M) = sum of moments of all the forces.

21) State the triangle law of forces and give an example?

If two forces acting simultaneously on a body represented by the sides of a triangle taken in
order, their resultant is represented by the closing side of the triangle taken in opposite order.

22) State the polygon law of forces and give an example?

It states that if a number of coplanar forces are acting at a point such that they can be
represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order, their
resultant is represented in both magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon
taken in opposite direction.
24) Distinguish between couple and moment?

Moment represents the turning effect of a force whereas couple consists of two equal and
opposite forces separate by some distance. Moment of force various from point to point but
moment of a couple is same about any point in the plane.

25) What is meant by force-couple system?

A system of coplanar non concurrent force system acting in a rigid body can be replaced by a
single resultant force and couple moment at a point known as force couple system.