CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preliminaries
1.2 Test types
1.2.1 Research proof test
1.2.2 Proof test
1.2.3 Leak test
1.2.4 Function test
1.3 Nature of the hazard
1.4 References
Figures
2 STORED ENERGY
2.1 Energy sources
2.2 Fluid expansion energy
2.3 Gas-filled systems
2.3.1 Pressure-volume product
2.3.2 Perfect gas
2.3.3 Real gases
2.3.4 Empirical equations of state
2.4 Liquid-filled systems
2.5 Fluid expansion energy chart
2.6 Strain energy
2.7 TNT equivalent
2.8 Examples
2.8.1 Perfect gas
2.8.2 Use of pressure-enthalpy chart
2.8.3 Use of fluid expansion energy chart
2.8.4 Use of table and temperature-entropy chart
2.8.5 Use of temperature-entropy chart
2.8.6 Water-filled vessel
2.9 Conclusions
2.10 References
Figures
Tables
3 FRAGMENTATION
3.1 Fragment generation
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Nature of pressurising fluid
3.1.3 Total failure due to brittle fracture
3.1.4 Total failure due to ductile fracture
3.1.5 Loss of a major section
3.1.6 Speed of a rocketing fragment
3.1.7 Loss of a plug or small closure
3.2 Protection against fragment perforation
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Terminology
3.2.3 Shielding materials
3.2.4 Protection provided by ductile shields
3.2.5 Correlations for ductile materials
3.2.6 Comparison with experimental data
3.2.7 Protection with reinforced concrete
3.2.8 Protection with polycarbonate
3.2.9 Penetration into soil
3.2.10 Multilayer shield construction

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 3.3 Examples
3.3.1 Brittle failure of gas-filled vessel :;
3.3.2 Brittle failure of water-filled vessel 66
3.3.3 Failure of a ductile vessel 67
3.4 References and bibliography
Figures
4 BLAST
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Blast waves
4.3 Scaling equations
4.4 Reflection of blast waves
4.5 Yield magnification
4.6 Geometric effects
4.7 Internal blasts
4.7.1 Internal shock loading of protective cubicles
4.7.2 Gas impulse loading of protective cubicles
4.8 Missile impact loading
4.9 Example
4.10 Structural response to blast
4.10.1 Introduction
4.10.2 Single degree of freedom systems
4.10.3 Resonance
4.10.4 Limiting responses
4.10.5 Pressure-impulse diagrams
4.11 P-I diagrams for protective structures
4.11.1 Validation io2
4.12 Human response to blast loading 106
4.13 References 107
Figures 109
PRESSURE TEST EQUIPMENT 131
5.1 Hazard assessment 131
5.2 Protective enclosures for fixed installations 134
5.2.1 Examples of protective enclosures 139
5.3 Protective equipment for testing on site 141
5.4 Pressurising equipment 142
5.5 References 145
Figures 147
6 TEST OPERATIONS 150
6.1 Design of test programme 150
6.2 Test requirements 150
6.3 Hazard assessment 151
6.4 The working fluid 152
6.5 Test set-up design 154
6.6 Preparation for the test 154
6.6.1 Inspection of vessels and components 154
6.6.2 Assembly 155
6.6.3 Conformity with test programme 157
6.7 Conduct of test 157
6.8 Depressurisation 159
6.9 Dismantling 161
7 PERSONNEL TRAINING 163
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Designing the test 164
7.3 Conducting the test 164

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