Contents

QUESTION 1.................................................................................................................................. 3
Deriving the formula: .................................................................................................................. 3
Graphs: ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Tau tends to 0 .............................................................................................................................. 6
QUESTION 2.................................................................................................................................. 8
Matlab: ........................................................................................................................................ 8
OrCAD: ..................................................................................................................................... 19
RC ......................................................................................................................................... 19
RL ......................................................................................................................................... 20
RLC ....................................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 1: TAU = T/2 ....................................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2: TAU = T/20 ..................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: T = 3.7ms ......................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4: RC Time Domain .......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 5: RC Frequency Domain .................................................................................................. 19
Figure 6: RL Time Domain........................................................................................................... 20
Figure 7: RL Frequency Domain .................................................................................................. 20
Figure 8: RLC 0 ohm Resistor - Time Domain ............................................................................ 21
Figure 9: RLC 0 ohm Resistor Frequency Domain ................................................................... 21
Figure 10: RLC 22 ohm - Time Domain ...................................................................................... 22
Figure 11: RLC 22 ohm - Frequency Domain .............................................................................. 22
Figure 12: RLC 680 ohm - Time Domain .................................................................................... 23
Figure 13: RLC 680 ohm - Frequency Domain ............................................................................ 23
Figure 14: RLC 10k ohm - Time Domain .................................................................................... 24
Figure 15: RLC 10k ohm - Frequency Domain ............................................................................ 24
QUESTION 1

Deriving the formula: Pulse Train

0 0
<<
() = { 2 2
0 0
0 < < 0
2 2

The mathematical expressions have been derived in the attached Annexure AMathematical
Derivations.
0 = Ad

= 0.5 = = 0.05 =
2 20

2
= sin()

= 0

() = 0 + cos(0 ) + sin(0 )
=1

2
() = + sin() cos(0 )

=1

The Exponential Fourier series can be derived from the Trigonometric Fourier Series.
 0 = 0 = Ad , is the DC component which is equal to zero for a duty-cycle (d=0) and
non-zero for a duty-cycle (d>0).
In taking the general expression for the exponential Fourier coefficients (Dn) for a square
wave with any duty-cycle (d),

= = sin() 0
2

() = 0
=

The exponential Fourier series for a pulse train with duty cycle (d) is given by:


() = + sin() 0 , 0

=

The amplitude of the pulse train (A) has been taken as 1V. The Graph is for the two-sided
amplitude spectrum. The Fourier coefficient (bn) was found to be zero for all n and therefore the
Phase Spectrum is also zero.
Graphs:

Figure 1: TAU = T/2

Figure 2: TAU = T/20
Figure 3: Tau = 75us, T = 3.7ms

Tau tends to 0
As Tau -> 0 the graph flattens out and becomes more like a dcwave, and it expands over the
frequency domain towards +/- .
QUESTION 2

Matlab:
 Phase
C - Value
R_RLC Re(Lambda_1) Imag(Lambda_1) Re(Lambda_2) Imag(Lambda_2) angle
(1/Cos(theta))
(radians)
0 -2.00E+03 5.50E+04 -2.00E+03 -5.50E+04 -3.63E-02 1.00E+00
22 -3.10E+03 5.50E+04 -3.10E+03 -5.50E+04 -5.63E-02 1.00E+00
680 -3.60E+04 4.16E+04 -3.60E+04 -4.16E+04 -7.13E-01 1.32E+00
10000 -3.03E+03 -1.00E+06
C1 9.97E+05
C2 -9.97E+05
P-Spice:
RC

10000
Time: = 10000

Figure 4: RC Time Domain

1
Frequency: = 1+10000

Figure 5: RC Frequency Domain

RL
56=40
( )
103
Time: = (56) + 1
103

Figure 6: RL Time Domain

(40(40+56))2 +(103 (56))2

Frequency: = (40+56)2 + (103 )2

Figure 7: RL Frequency Domain

RLC
Time: 3.039 23 cos(1.15 0.182)
Figure 8: RLC 0 ohm Resistor - Time Domain

Figure 9: RLC 0 ohm Resistor Frequency Domain

Time: 3.039 33 cos(1.15 0.2819)

Figure 10: RLC 22 ohm - Time Domain

Figure 11: RLC 22 ohm - Frequency Domain

Time: 3.39 3.64 cos(8.334 0.40797)

Figure 12: RLC 680 ohm - Time Domain

Figure 13: RLC 680 ohm - Frequency Domain

Time: 2.29 4.965 + 7.538 1.56

Figure 14: RLC 10k ohm - Time Domain

Figure 15: RLC 10k ohm - Frequency Domain

Annexure A: Mathematical Derivations
Deriving the formula: Pulse Train

0 0
<<
() = { 2 2
0 0
0 < < 0
2 2
1 0
0 = ()
0 0
0
1 0 2
= ()
0 0
2
0
1 2
= ()
0 0
2
0
1 2
=
0 0
2

0
= | 20
0 2
0 0
= [ + ]
0 2 2
0
=
0
= Ad

= 0.5 = = 0.05 =
2 20
 0
2 2
= cos(0 )
0 0
2

0
2 2
= cos(0 )
0 0
2

2 (0 ) 0
= ( | 20
0 0
2

2 0 0
= [sin (0 ) + sin (0 )]
0 0 2 2
2
= sin()

0
2 2
= sin(0 )
0 0
2

=0

() = 0 + cos(0 ) + sin(0 )
=1

2
() = + sin() cos(0 )

=1

The Exponential Fourier series can be derived from the Trigonometric Fourier Series.
0 = 0 = Ad , is the DC component which is equal to zero for a duty-cycle (d=0) and
non-zero for a duty-cycle (d>0).
In taking the general expression for the exponential Fourier coefficients (Dn) for a square
wave with any duty-cycle (d),

= = sin() 0
2

() = 0
=

The exponential Fourier series for a pulse train with duty cycle (d) is given by:


() = + sin() 0 , 0

=

The amplitude of the pulse train (A) has been taken as 1V. The Graph is for the two-sided
amplitude spectrum. The Fourier coefficient (bn) was found to be zero for all n and therefore the
Phase Spectrum is also zero.

RC Circuit
= 1
(0 ) = 1
(0+ ) = 1

() = ()
() + () + () = 0
() + () + () = 0
1 ()
( + ) () =

Characteristic polynomial:
1
+

Characteristic Equation:

1
+ =0

1
1 =

Characteristic mode

0 () = 1

() = [() ()]()
 1

=( ) ()

1
=
1 + ()2
1

() =
1
+
1
=
1 +

1 + ()2
|()| =
1 + ()2
1
() =
1 + (2)2

RL Circuit

() + + + = 0

( + )() = ()
()
( + ) () =


( + ) () = ( + )()

Characteristic Polynomial

+

Characteristic Equation

+ =0


1 =

Characteristic mode


0 () = 1

() = [() ()]()

= [( + ) ]()
+
2
=( + ) ()
+

2
= ( + ) () + ()

+
= ( )
+ +
+
() = =( )
+ +
+
() = ( )
+ +
+
=
+
( + )( )
=
2 + ()2
+ ()2 + ( )
=
2 + ()2