Homework #2 Solutions

1
Given: variables constants
Ti = 100 K n = 3 mol
Pi = 0.1 MPa CP = 7R/2
Pf = 0.7 MPa

Others
ideal gas
closed system (no mass transport across boundaries)
piston/cylinder
compressed
CV = 5R/2 from CP = CV + R

Find: U, H, Q, WEC for:

a) isothermal
b) isochoric (constant volume)
c) adiabatic
Solution:

Be careful U, H, Q, WEC are not underlined meaning that they are intensive properties:
i.e. the number of moles is irrelevant.

a) isothermal Ti = Tf = 100 K T = 0 K
Tf

U CV dT CV T = 0 J/mol
Ti
Tf

H C P dT C P T = 0 J/mol
Ti

Vf Vf Vf
RT 1
WEC PdV dV RT dV
Vi Vi
V Vi
V
V P
RT ln i
RT ln f (using RT=PV)
P

Vi f
0.1 J
8.314 100 ln molK K
0.7
= 1617.8 J/mol

U = Q + WEC = 0 J/mol
WEC = -Q

Q = -1617.8 J/mol
b) constant volume Vi = Vf = const V = 0 m3
Vf

WEC PdV PV = 0 J/mol

Vi

Ti Pf 100 K 0.7 MPa

Tf 700 K
Pi 0.1MPa

U = Q + WEC with WEC = 0

Tf

U Q CV dT CV T (CV = const)
Ti

5 5 J
U R T 8.314 (700 K 100 K )
2 2 molK
U = Q = 12471 J/mol

7 7 J
H R T 8.314 (700K 100K )
2 2 molK
H = 17459 J/mol

c) adiabatic Q = 0

U = Q + WEC with Q = 0
Vf Vf
RT
U WEC PdV dV
Vi Vi
V
Tf Vf Tf Vf
RT CV 1 1
T CV dT V V dV
R T T dT V V dV
i i i i
CV
CV T f Tf R Vf V
ln ln ln ln i
R Ti V
Ti Vi f
CV R R
Tf R V Tf Pf CP Pf CP
i T f Ti
V
Ti f Ti Pi Pi
2
0 .7 7
T f 100 K 174.36 K
0 .1
174.36K 100K
5 J
U WEC CV T 8.314
2 molK
 U = WEC = 1545.6 J/K

174.36 K 100K
7 J
H C P T 8.314
2 molK
H = 2163.8 J/K

a) Given: variables constants

Ti = 0C m = 2 kg
Pi = 0.3 MPa
Tf = 150C others
Pf = 0.2 MPa final state = steam

Find:

Solution:

Find Hf for final state: Hf(150C, 0.2MPa)

Use steam table 1 (saturated temperature) Psat at 150C = 0.476200 MPa

Psat(150C) > Pf(150C) superheated steam (need to use steam table 3 superheated
steam for final state)

From table 3: Pf = 0.2 MPa HV(150C, 0.2MPa) = 2769.1 kJ/kg = Hf(150C, 0.2MPa)

Find Hi for initial state: Hi(0C, 0.3 MPa)

Use steam table 1 (saturated temperature) Psat at 0C = 0.000612 MPa

Psat(0C) < Pi(0C) compressed liquid (need to use steam table 4 compressed liquid
for initial state)

Here we encounter the problem that the compressed liquid table is only given for P =5, 10,
15, 20 MPa, etc, but not for 0.5 MPa. It follows that we need to (i) interpolate between
0 MPa and 5 MPa or (ii) use H = VP approximation for compressed liquids.

(i) Interpolation for Hi(0C, 0.3MPa):

Point 1: T1 = 0.01C P1 = 0.000612 MPa H1L = 0 kJ/kg (steam table 1)
Point 2: T2 = 0C P2 = 5 MPa H2L = 5 kJ/kg (compressed liquid table 4)
Point 3: T3 = 0C P3 = 0.3 MPa H3L=Hi(0C, 0.3MPa)
 H 2L H 1L
H H
L L
P3 P1
P2 P1
3 1

kg 0 kg
5 kJ kJ

H 3 0 kg
L kJ
0.3MPa 0.000612MPa
5MPa 0.000612MPa
H 3L 0.299 kJ
kg H (0C ,0.3MPa )
i

(ii) H = VP valid for TR = T/TC < 0.75

TC of H2O = 373.95 C=647K T = 273.15 K TR < 0.75 (can use H = VP)

H = VP
Hi Hsat = Vsat (Pi-Psat)

Hi = Hsat + Vsat (Pi-Psat)

Triple point: Hsat,L = 0 kJ/kg; Psat = 0.000612 MPa; Vsat = 0.001m3/kg (from steam table1)

Hi(0C, 0.3MPa) = 0 kJ/kg + 0.001m3/kg(0.3 0.000612 MPa)

Hi(0C, 0.3MPa) = 0.299 kJ/kg

Note that result from i) and ii) are identical.

Calculate enthalpy change:

H = Hf(150C, 0.2MPa) - Hi(0C, 0.3MPa) = 2769.1kJ/kg - 0.300 kJ/kg

H = 2768.8 kJ/kg

H(for 3kg) = 2768.8kJ/mol 2 kg

5537.6 kJ

The enthalpy change required is 5537.6 kJ.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b) Given: variables constants
Ti = 3C m = 1 kg
Pi = 0.4 MPa
Tf = 150C others
Pf = 0.3 MPa final state = steam
Find: H (because m = 1 kg)

Solution: H = Hf - Hi

Find Hf for final state: Hf(150C, 0.3MPa)

Use steam table 1 (saturated temperature) Psat at 150C = 0.476200 MPa

Psat(150C) > Pf(150C) superheated steam (need to use steam table 3 superheated
steam for final state)

From table 3: Pf = 0.3 MPa HV(150C, 0.3MPa) = 2761.2 kJ/kg = Hf(150C, 0.3MPa)

Find Hi for initial state: Hf(3C, 0.4MPa)

Use steam table 1 (saturated temperature) Psat at 3C not given in table, interpolate:

Point 1: T1 = 0.01C P1 = 612 Pa (steam table 1)

Point 2: T2 = 5C P2 = 873 Pa (steam table 1)
Point 3: T3 = 3C P3

P2 P1
P3 P1 T3 T1
T2 T1
873Pa 612 Pa
P3 612 Pa 3C 0.01C
5C 0.01C
P3 768Pa

P3 = Psat at 3C = 768 Pa

Psat(3C) < Pi(3C) compressed liquid (need to use steam table 4 compressed liquid
for initial state)

From Table 4: HL(0C, 5 MPa), HL(5C, 5 MPa) and

From Table 1: HL(0.01C, 612 Pa), HL(5C, 873 Pa)
But we need: HL(3C, 0.4 MPa)

i) via Interpolation:
Need to triple interpolate:
a) find HL(3C, 5 MPa)
b) find HL(3C, 768 Pa)
c) use a) and b) to find HL(3C, 0.4 MPa)
ia) find HL(3C, 5 MPa)

Point 1: T1 = 0C H1L = 5 kJ/kg (compressed liquid table 4)

L
Point 2: T2 = 20C H2 = 88.6 kJ/kg (compressed liquid table 4)
L L
Point 3: T3 = 3C H3 = H (3C, 5 MPa)
 H 2L H 1L
H H
L L
T3 T1
T2 T1
3 1

kg 5 kg
88.6 kJ kJ

H 3 0 kg
L kJ
3C 0C
20C 0C
H 3L 17.5 kJ
kg H (3C ,5 MPa )
L

ib) find HL(3C, 821 Pa)

Point 1: T1 = 0.01C H1L = 0 kJ/kg (steam table 1)

Point 2: T2 = 5C H2L = 21.02 kJ/kg (steam table 1)
Point 3: T3 = 3C H3L = HL(3C, 768 Pa)

H 2L H 1L
H 3L H 1L T3 T1
T2 T1
kg 0 kg
21.02 kJ kJ

H 3 0 kg
L kJ
3C 0.01C
5C 0.01C
H 3L 12.6 kJ
kg H (3C ,768 Pa )
L

ic) use ia) and ib) to find HL(4C, 0.4 MPa)

Point 1: T1 = 3C P1 = 768 Pa H1L = 12.6 kJ/kg (from ib)

Point 2: T2 = 3C P2 = 5 MPa H2L = 17.5 kJ/kg (from ia)
Point 3: T3 = 3C P3 =0.4 MPa H3L = HL(3C, 0.4 MPa)

H 2L H 1L
H 3L H 1L P3 P1
P2 P1
kg 12.6 kg
17.5 kJ kJ

H 3L 12.6 kJ 0.4MPa 0.000768MPa

kg
5MPa 0.000768MPa
H 3L 13.0 kJ
kg H (3C ,0.4 MPa )
L

(ii) using H = VP valid for TR = T/TC < 0.75

TC of H2O = 373.95 C=647K T = 276.15 K TR < 0.75 (can use H = VP)

H = VP
Hi Hsat = Vsat (Pi-Psat)
Hi = Hsat + Vsat (Pi-Psat)
At 3C: Hsat = 12.6 kJ/kg (from ib); Psat = 0.000821 MPa (from above); Vsat = 0.001m3/kg
Hi(3C, 0.4MPa) = 12.6 kJ/kg + 0.001m3/kg(0.4 0.000768 MPa)
Hi(3C, 0.4MPa) = 13.0 kJ/kg
Note that result from i) and ii) are identical.

Calculate enthalpy change:

H = Hf(150C, 0.4MPa) - Hi(4C, 0.4MPa) = 2761.2 kJ/kg 13.0 kJ/kg

H = 2748.2 kJ/kg

H(for 1kg) = H mwater

H(for 1kg) = 2748.2 kJ/mol 1 kg
H(for 1kg) = 2748.2 kJ

The enthalpy change required is 2748.2 kJ.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c) Given: variables constants
Ti = 250C Pi = Pf = 0.7 MPa isobaric

others
final state = saturated liquid

Find: H

Solution: H = Hf - Hi

Find Hf for final state: Hf(Tsat,0.7MPa)

Use steam table 2 (saturated pressure) Tsat at 0.7 MPa = 164.95C

Saturated liquid: Hf(164.95C, 0.7 MPa) = HL(164.95C, 0.7 MPa) = 697.00 kJ/kg

Find Hi for initial state: Hf(250C, 0.7MPa)

Use steam table 1 (saturated temperature) Psat at 250C = 3.97620 MPa

Psat(250C) > Pi(250C) superheated steam (need to use steam table 3 superheated
steam for initial state)

Use steam table 3 Hi at 0.7 MPa not given in table, interpolate:

Point 1: P1 = 0.6 MPa H1 = 2957.6 kJ/kg (steam table 3)

Point 2: P2 = 0.8 MPa H2 = 2950.4 kJ/kg (steam table 3)
Point 3: P3 = 0.7 MPa H3 = Hi(250C, 0.7MPa)

H 2L H 1L
H 3L H 1L P3 P1
P2 P1
 kg 2950.4 kg
2957.6 kJ kJ

H 0L kJ
0.7 MPa 0.6MPa
0.8MPa 0.6MPa
3 kg

H 3L 2954.0 kJ
kg H ( 250C ,0.7 MPa )
L

Calculate enthalpy change:

H = Hf(170.41C, 0.7MPa) - Hi(250C, 0.7MPa) = 697.00 kJ/kg 2954.0 kJ/kg

H = -2257.00 kJ/kg

The enthalpy change required is -2257.00 kJ/kg.

a) Given: variables constants

(see table) n = 1 mol (CH4)
CP = 44 J/molK
A B C D
P 5 MPa 0.2 MPa PC PD
V VA VB VC = VB VD = VA
T 600 K 600K 300K 300 K

others
CP is T-independent ideal gas A
thermodynamic cycle
pressure

QH2 QH1
QH1 added in Step 1
D
QH2 added in Step 2 B
Closed system (no mass transfer)

Find: (i) U, Q, WEC for each step C

(ii) U, Q, WEC for complete cycle
W EC ,cycle volume
(iii) thermal efficiency :
Q H1 Q H 2

Solution:

(i)
Step 1: isothermally Point A Point B

isothermal : T = 0 K

u2 gz
d U dQ d W EC d W S
2g c g c
 u2 gz
d U dQ d W EC d W S
2g c g c

U = Q + WEC

Find U:
TB

U CV dT CP is T independent, CP = CV + R, i.e., CV is T-
TA

independent
U CV T
U = 0 J because T = 0 K

new energy balance: 0 = Q + WEC

Find Q and WEC
VB

WEC Q PdV PV , but PV = nRT

VA
VB V
B
nRT 1
WEC Q dV nRT dV
VA
V VA
V
VB P
W EC Q nRT ln nRT ln A
VA PB
5MPa
WEC Q 1mol 8.314 molK
J
600 K ln
0.2MPa
WEC = -Q = -16057 J for 1 mole of methane

A B (Step 1) BC(Step 2) CD(Step 3) DA(Step 4)

U 0J
Q 16057 J
WEC -16057 J

Step 2: isocore Point B Point C

isocore : V = 0 m3

u2 gz
d U dQ d W EC d W S
2g c g c
u2 gz
d U dQ d W EC d W S
2g c g c

U = Q + WEC
 Find WEC
VC

WEC PdV PV
VB

WEC = 0 J because V = 0 m3

new energy balance: U = Q

Find U and Q:
TC

U Q CV dT CV is T-independent
TB

U Q CV T (C P R) (TC TB )
U Q (44 molK
J
8.314 molK
J
) (300 K 600 K )
U = Q = -10706 J for 1 mole methane
A B (Step 1) BC(Step 2) CD(Step 3) DA(Step 4)
U 0J -10706
Q 16057 J -10706
WEC -16057 J 0

Step 3: isothermally Point C Point D

isothermal : T = 0 K

U = Q + WEC (see Step 1)

Find U:
U = 0 J because T = 0 K (see Step 1)

new energy balance: 0 = Q + WEC

Find Q and WEC
V V P
W EC Q nRT ln D nRT ln A nRT ln B
VC VB PA
0.2MPa
WEC Q 1mol 8.314 molK
J
300 K ln
5MPa
WEC = -Q = 8029 J for 1 mole of methane

A B (Step 1) BC(Step 2) CD(Step 3) DA(Step 4)

U 0J -10706 J 0J
Q 16057 J -10706 J -8029 J
WEC -16057 J 0J 8029 J

Step 4: isocore Point D Point A

isocore : V = 0 m3

U = Q + WEC (see step 2)

Find WEC

WEC = 0 J because V = 0 m3 (see step 2)

new energy balance: U = Q

Find U and Q:
U Q CV T (C P R) (T A TB )
U Q (44 molK
J
8.314 molK
J
) (600 K 300 K )
U = Q = 10706 J for 1 mole methane
The values for U, Q, and WEC for each step of the cycle are summarized in the Table.

A B (Step 1) BC(Step 2) CD(Step 3) DA(Step 4)

U 0J -10706 0J 10706 J
Q QH1 = 16057 J -10706 -8029 J QH2 = 10706 J
WEC -16057 J 0 8029 J 0J

(ii) calculate Ucycle, Qcycle, WEC,cycle

Ucycle = UAB + UBC + UCD + UDA

= 0 J + (-10706 J) + 0 J + 10706 J
=0J

Qcycle = QAB + QBC + QCD + QDA

= 16057 J + (-10706 J) + (-8029 J) + 10706 J
= 8028 J

WEC,cycle = WEC,AB + WEC,BC + WEC,CD + WEC,DA

= -16057 J + 0 J + 8029 J + 0 J
= - 8028 J

U, Q, and WEC for the complete cycle are 0 J, 8028 J, and -8028 J, respectively.

(iii) thermal efficiency :

W EC ,cycle

8028 J 0 .3
Q H1 Q H 2 16057 J 10706 J

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 0.3.

b) Given: variables constants
(see table) n = 1 mol (CH4)
CP = 44 J/molK
A B C D
P 5 MPa 3.92 MPa 0.1 MPa 0.128 MPa
T 600 K 600K TC TD

others
CP is T-independent ideal gas
thermodynamic cycle

pressure
A QH1
QH1 added in Step 1 B
QH2 added in Step 2 D
Closed system (no mass transfer) C

Find: (i) U, Q, WEC for each step

(ii) U, Q, WEC for complete cycle volume
W EC ,cycle
(iii) thermal efficiency :
Q H1
Solution:

(i)
Step 1: isothermally Point A Point B

isothermal : T = 0 K

U = Q + WEC (see above)

Find U:
U = 0 J because T = 0 K (see above)

new energy balance: 0 = Q + WEC

Find Q and WEC
P
W EC Q nRT ln A (see above)
PB
5MPa
WEC Q 1mol 8.314 molK
J
600 K ln
3.92MPa
WEC = -Q = -1213.91 J for 1 mole of methane

Step 2: adiabatically Point B Point C

adiabatic : Q = 0 J
 R
TC PC CP

TB PB
J
R 8.314 molK
P CP
0.1MPa J
44 molK
TC TB C 600 K 300 K
PB 3.92MPa
U = WEC (see above)

Find U and WEC

U WEC CV T (C P R) (TC TB )
U WEC (44 molK
J
8.314 molK
J
) (300 K 600 K )
U = WEC = -10706 J for 1 mole methane

Step 3: isothermally Point C Point D

isothermal : T = 0 K

U = Q + WEC (see Step 1)

Find U:
U = 0 J because T = 0 K (see above)
new energy balance: 0 = Q + WEC

Find WEC and Q:

PC
W EC Q nRT ln (see above)
PD
0.1MPa
WEC Q 1mol 8.314 molK
J
300 K ln
0.128MPa
WEC = -Q = 615.7 J for 1 mole of methane

Step 4: adiabatically Point D Point A

adiabatic : Q = 0 J

U = WEC (see above)

Find U and WEC

U WEC CV T (C P R) (TC TB )
U WEC (44 molK
J
8.314 molK
J
) (600 K 300 K )
U = WEC = 10706 J for 1 mole methane
The values for U, Q, and WEC for each step of the cycle are summarized in the Table.

A B (Step 1) BC(Step 2) CD(Step 3) DA(Step 4)

U 0J -10706 0J 10706 J
Q QH1 = 1213.9 J 0 -615.7 J 0J
WEC -1213.9 J -10706 615.7 J 10706 J

(ii) calculate Ucycle, Qcycle, WEC,cycle

Ucycle = UAB + UBC + UCD + UDA

= 0 J + (-10706 J) + 0 J + 10706 J
=0J

Qcycle = QAB + QBC + QCD + QDA

= 1213.9 J + 0 J + (-615.7 J) + 0 J
= 598.2 J

WEC,cycle = WEC,AB + WEC,BC + WEC,CD + WEC,DA

= -1213.9 J + (-10706 J) + 615.7 J + 10706 J
= -598.2 J

U, Q, and WEC for the complete cycle are 0 J, 598.2 J, and -598.2 J, respectively.

(iii) thermal efficiency :

W EC ,cycle

598.2 J 0.49
Q H1 1213.9 J

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 0.49.