FULLY WORKED SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER

1 FUNCTIONS

Focus on STPM 1
1 (a) g(x) = 16 x2
For g(x) to be defined, 16 x2 0
3 First, consider only g(x) = 1 x 2 . The
2
(4 + x)(4 x) 0 graph of g(x) is as shown below.
y

y= 1x+2
x 2
4 4 y= 1x2
2
2
Hence, the domain of g is
x
{x | -4 x 4, x P }. O 4
2
(b) y The graph of g(x) is
actually part of a circle

5
1 x + 2, x < 4,
with the equation
y 2 = 16 x 2 x 2 + y 2 = 42.
2
4 Thus, g(x) =
y = 16 x 2
1 x 2, x 4.
2
4 O 4
x
Next, consider only h(x) = 1 x + 2 . The
2
(c) The range is {y | 0 y 4, y P }. graph of h(x) is as shown below.
y
y= 1x+2
2 (a) f : x x2 9 2

f(x) = x2 9 y= 1x2
2
For f(x) to be defined, x2 9 0 2

(x + 3)(x 3) 0 4 O
x

5
1 x 2, x < 4,
x 2
3 3 Thus, h(x) =
1 x + 2, x 4.
Hence, the domain of f is 2
{x | x -3 or x 3, x P }.
(b) y Therefore,

y = x2 9 for x < 4, f(x) = 1x + 2 1x 2

2 2 1 2
=4
3 O 3
x 1 1
for 4 x < 4, f(x) = x + 2 x + 2
2 2 1 2
(c) The range is {y | y 0, y P }. = x

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 for x 4, f(x) = 1x 2 1x + 2
2 2 1 2 The range of g is
{y | y , y 0}.
= 4 (b) g f = g[f(x)]
4, x < -4, = g[(x + 1)2 + 2]
Hence, f(x) = -x,
5
-4 x < 4,
-4,x 4.
= 1
(x + 1) + 2 2
2

1 , x -1
=
(x + 1)2
(a) The graph of f(x) is as shown below.
The domain of g f is
y
{x | x , x -1}.
y=4
4
The range of g f is
{y | y > 0, y P }.
y
y = x
4
x
4 O
y = g f(x)

= 1
(x + 1)2
4
y = 4 x
1 O

(b) The range of f is 5 (a) (i) f(x) = x 2

{y | -4 y 4, y P }. y

4 (a) (i) f(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2 y= x2

y
x
O 2
y = (x + 1)2 + 2
3
The domain of f is
(1, 2)
{x | x 2, x P }.
x
O The range of f is
{y | y 0, y P }.
The domain of f is {x | x }. (ii) g(x) = x2 3
The range of f is y

{y | y 2, y P }.

(ii) g(x) = 1
x2
x
y O
y = x2 3
3
y= 1
x2
x
The domain of g is
O
1
2 {x | x }.
2
The range of g is
{y | y -3, y P }.
The domain of g is (b) g f exists because Rf Dg.
{x | x , x 2}.
g f = g[f(x)]

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 = g1 x 22 7 (a) (i) f(x) = 1
x2
= 1 x 2 22 3 y
=x-5
(c) For f g to be defined, Rg Df.
Rg Df

{
{
x2 3 2
x
O
x2 5 0 1
2
2
1x + 521x 52 0
Hence, the required set of values of x is
{x | x - 5 or x 5, x P }.
The domain of f is
6 (a) (i) f(x) = 25 x2 {x | x , x 2}.
y The range of f is
{y | y , y 0}.
(ii) g(x) = 2
5

x+4
y = 25 x 2 y

x
5 O 5
1
2 x
The domain of f is 4 O

{x | -5 x 5, x P }.
The range of f is
{y | 0 y 5, y P }. The domain of g is
(ii) g(x) = x2 5
{x | x , x -4}. ... 1
y The range of g is
{y | y , y 0}.
(b) f g = f[g(x)]

O
x
= f 2
x+41 2
= 1
y = x2 5
5
12 2
x+4 2
The domain of g is {x | x }. x+4
The range of g is =
2 2(x + 4)
{y | y -5, y P }. x+4
= - + , x -3... 2
x 4
(b) f g does not exist because Rg Df. =
-6 - 2x 2x + 6
(c) For f g to be defined, Rg Df. Combining 1 and 2 , the domain of
Df Rg Df f g is {x | x R, x -4, x -3}.
}
}
}

5 x2 5 5 x
0 x2 10 8 (a) For f: x  , the domain is
x +1
Hence, the required set of values of x is
{x | - 10 x 10, x P }. {x | x , x -1}.

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Chapter 1.indd 3 6/20/2016 3:17:38 PM

 x+2 (d) h g  f because the domain and the
For g: x  , the domain is
x range of g  f are not the same as the
{ x | x , x 0}. domain and the range of h.

(b) g  f = g f ( x ) = g  
x
x 1
9 f: x 
1
x
, x  \ {0} means  0
x g : x  2 x 1, x 
+2
= x +1 f  g = fg ( x )
x
x +1 = f ( 2 x 1)
x + 2 ( x + 1) =
1
,x
1
= 2x - 1 2
x
3x + 2 The domain of f  g is
= 1
x x | x , x .
2 2
= 3+ ,x 0
x 10 (a) Let y = f1(x)
Other than x 0, the domain of g  f f(y) = x
also has to follow the domain of f, 2+ y1 =x
i.e. x , x 1. y1=x2
Hence, the domain of g  f is y 1 = (x 2)2
y 1 = x2 4x + 4
{ x x , x 0, x -1}. y = x2 4x + 5
2 [ f (x) = x2 - 4x + 5
-1
If x 1, then g f ( x ) 3 + , i.e.
( 1) The domain of f1 is the same as the
g f ( x ) 1. range of f, i.e. {x | x 2, x P }.
The range of f1 is the same as the
Thus, the range of g  f cannot
domain of f, i.e. {y | y 1, y P }.
take the value 1. Other than that,
(b) The graphs of y = f(x) and y = f1(x)
based on the graph in (c), the
are as shown below.
range of g  f also cannot take the y
value 3. Hence, the range of g  f if y = f 1(x)

{ y | y , y 1, y 3}.
5
y = f (x)
2 4
(c) For h : x 3 + , the domain is 3 The graph of y = f 1(x) is
x 2 the reflection of the graph of

{x x , x 0} and the range is

y = f (x) in the straight line y = x.
1
x
O1 2 3 4 5

{ y y , y 3}. y
=
x

2
h(x) = 3 +
x
The point of intersection of the graphs
of y = f(x) and y = f1(x) is the same as
3
the point of intersection of the curve y
x
= f1(x) = x2 4x + 5 and the straight

2
3
O
line y = x.
y = x2 4x + 5 ... 1
y = x... 2

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 x2 4x + 5 = x 12 (a) y

x2 5x + 5 = 0
x = (5) (5) 4(1)(5)
2

2(1)
5 5 1
x=
2 x
x = 1.38 or 3.62 0

x = 1.38 is not accepted

x = 3.62 As seen from the graph, f is not a
y = x = 3.62 one-to-one function. Therefore, f has
Hence, the required point of no inverse.
intersection is (3.62, 3.62). (b) k = 0
11 (a) The graph of y = f(x) = x2 3x is as (c) Let f 1 ( x ) = a f ( a ) = x
shown below. 1 a
y 2
( e + e-a ) = x
e a + e -a = 2x
y = f(x) = x 2 3x
e 2 a - 2 xe a + 1 = 0
x
O 3
2x 4x2 - 4
ea =
2
(112 , 2 14 )
ea = x + x2 - 1
f1 does not exist because f is not a a = ln x + x 2 - 1

one-to-one function.
(b) In order for f1 to exist, the domain f -1 ( x ) = ln x + x 2 - 1 ,

of f must be restricted to only
xP , x 1
5x | x 1 1 , x P .
2 6 e ex e2x 1
x
13 (a) f ( x ) = = ,
Let y = f1(x) ex + ex e2x + 1
f(y) = x as x , f ( x ) 1
y2 3y = x
y2 3y x = 0 e x e x 1 e 2 x
f (x) = = ,
(3) + (3)2 4(1)(x) e x + e x 1 + e 2 x
y=
2(1) as x , f ( x ) 1
3 + 9 + 4x Range of f = {y | 1 < y < 1}
y=
2 (b) y

3 + 9 + 4x
[ f-1(x) =
2 1

The domain of f1 is the same as 0

the 1

range of f, i.e.

5
 x | x -2 1 , x P .
4 6

As seen from the graph, f is a one-
to-one function. Therefore f has an
inverse.

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 a + 2 a + 1
-1
(c) Let f ( x ) = a f ( a ) = x Range of g  f is
, ..
3 2
ea - e-a
=x ( x 1) + a + 1
2

ea + e-a h( x ) = ,0  x 1
( x 1) + 2
2
e2a - 1
=x
e2a + 1 a -1
h( x ) = 1 +
e 2 a - 1 = xe 2 a + x ( x - 1)2 + 2
(1 - x ) e 2 a = 1 + x For x2 > x1 , h( x2 ) > h( x1 ).
1+ x Hence, h is an increasing function.
e2a =
Since ( x - 1)  0"x, both ( x - 1) +
2 2
1- x
a + 1 and ( x - 1) + 2 > 0 "x .
2
1 1+ x
a = ln
2 1- x So h(x) > 0 "x . Hence h is an increasing
1 1+ x function.
f -1 ( x ) = ln ,
2 1 - x
y

15 (a)
xP , 1 < x < 1
y
14 (1, 3)
MATHS FILE
x Only one-to-one
0
2
function has an
y = f(x) y = ff1(x) inverse.
1

f ( x ) = x - 2 x + 3
2
y = f1(x)

= ( x - 1) - 1 + 3
2
0 1 2
x

Range of f, Rf is [1,2] and domain of g, = ( x - 1) + 3
2

Dg is [0,3]. f is not a one-to-one function.

As Rf Dg , the composite function g  f  For f -1 to exist, f must be a one-to-
exists. one function.
The greatest value of k is 1.
g  f ( x ) = g( x 2 2 x + 2 ) -1
Let f ( x ) = a,
x2 2x + 2 + a f ( a ) = x,
=
x2 2x + 2 + 1
( a - 1)2 + 2 = x,
( x 1) + a + 1
2

= a =1 x - 2
( x 1) + 2
2
By inspection, a = 1 - x - 2 ,
Domain of g  f is the same as the
, ,xx 22
f -1 ( x ) = 1 - x - 2 , x P
domain of f, that is 0  x  1.
(b) Range of f, Rf is [3, ] and domain
( 0 - 1) + a + 1 a + 2
2

gf ( 0 ) = = ; of g, Dg is [1, ].
( 0 - 1) + 2
2
3
As Rf Dg , the composite function
(1 - 1) + a + 1 a + 1
2
g  f exists.
gf (1) = =
(1 - 1) + 2
2
2

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 (c) g  f ( x ) = g ( x 2 2 x + 3 )
17 4 x 2 - 3x - 7

= ln ( x 2 2 x + 3 ) 1
)
x 2 + 5 4 x 4 - 3x3 + 13x 2 + 30 x + 9
4x 4 + 20 x 2
-3x - 7 x 2 + 30 x
3

= ln ( x 2 2 x + 2 ) -3x3 -15x
-7 x + 45x + 9
2

= ln ( x 1) + 1
2
-7 x 2 - 35
45x + 44
\ g  f ( x ) = ln ( x - 1)2 + 1 , x P
, ,xx 1 1
Remainder is 45x + 44
Range of g  f is {y | y 0}. 18 Let p(x) = (x 1)(x + 1)q(x) + ax + b,
where a and b are real numbers.
16 (a) y
Given p(1) = 4 a + b = 4 ... 1
and p(1) = 2 a b = 2 ... 2
g 1( x) 2
1 + 2
g( x) 1 2a = 2, a = 1, MATHS FILE
In2
x
b=3 When p(x) is divided by
0 2
In2 1 quadratic expression,
Therefore,
the remainder is ax + b.
remainder is
x + 3.
1
Let g ( x ) = a, MATHS FILE
19 Since (x 2) is a factor of p(x) = qx3
Since g is a one-
g( a ) = x, to-one function, rx2 + x 2,
ln( 2 a ) = x,
g 1 exists. p(2) = 0
q(2)3 r(2)2 + 2 2 = 0
2 a = ex , 8q 4r = 0
a = 2 ex 2q r = 0 ... 1
\ g -1 ( x ) = 2 - e x , x P
 .
p(x) has a remainder of 12 when it is
divided by (x + 1).
1
Range of g ( x ) is {y | y < 2} p(1) = 12
The graph of g1 is the reflection of the q(1)3 r(1)2 1 2 = 0
graph of g in the straight line y = x. q r = 3 ... 2
1 2:
(b) gh( x ) = g ( )
3 x = ln 2 3 x 2q r = 0
q r = 3
\ gh( x ) = ln 2 - 3 - x , -1 < x  3 3q = 3
q = -1
Range of gh is { y | y  ln 2} From 1 , 2(1) r = 0
r = -2
(c) Take note that g(x) = ln(2 x), p(x) = x3 + 2x2 + x 2
g(x 1) = ln[2 ( x 1)] = ln(3 x)
20 Since q(x) is divisible by x2 + x 6 =
\ 3 - ln(3 - x ) = hg( x - 1) (x 2)(x + 3), then it is also divisible by
(x 2) and (x + 3).

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 q(2) = 0 p(2) =
 [2 (2) 1](0)q(x) + (2a + b)
m(2) 5(2) + k(2) + 54 = 0
3 2 = 1 2a + b = 1... 2
8m + 2k = 34 Solving 1 and 2 , a = 1, b = 1.
4m + k = 17... 1 Hence, the remainder when p(x) is
q(3) = 0 divided by 2x2 + 3x 2 is ax + b = x + 1.
m(3) 5(3) + k(3) + 54 = 0
3 2
23 x3 + x 2
27m 3k = 9 x 4 2 x 3x3 2x2 4x + 8
2 5

9m + k = 3 ... 2 x5 4x3
2 1 : 5m = 20 m = 4 x3 2x2 4x + 8
From 1 , 4(4) + k = 17 k = -33 x3 4x
2x2 +8
21 Since (x + 2) is a factor of p(x), then 2x2 +8
p(2) = 0 0
(2)3 + 4(2)2 h(2) + k = 0 The remainder is 0.
2h + k = 8 Since the remainder is 0, (x2 4) is a
k = 2h 8... 1 factor of p(x).
When p(x) is divided by (x h), the p(x) = (x2 4)(x3 + x 2)
remainder is h3. Let q(x) = x3 + x 2.
p(h) = h3 If x = 1, q(x) = 13 + 1 2 = 0
h + 4h h + k = h3
3 2 2 (x 1) is a factor of q(x).
3h2 + k = 0 ... 2 p(x) = (x2 4)(x 1)(x2 + x + 2)
Substituting 1 into 2 , When p(x) = 0,
3h2 2h 8 = 0 x2 4 = 0 or x 1 = 0 or x2 + x + 2 = 0
(3h + 4)(h 2) = 0 x = 2, x = 1,
x2 + x + 2 = 0 has no real solutions
h = - 4 or 2 because
3
b2 4ac = 12 4(1)(2) = 7 (< 0)
When h = 4 , k = 2 4 8 = - 16
3 3 31 2 The roots of p(x) are 2 and 1.
24 (a) x2 1 = (x 1)(x + 1)
When h = 2, k = 2(2) 8 = -12 p(1) = 12n (m + 2)(1)2 + m + 1
=1m2+m+1=0
22 When a polynomial p(x) of degree n 2 Thus, (x 1) is a factor of p(x).
is divided by 2x2 + 3x 2 = (2x 1)(x + p(1) = (1)2n (m + 2)(1)2 + m + 1
2), the remainder is an expression in the =1m2+m+1=0
form ax + b, where a and b are constants. Thus, (x + 1) is a factor of p(x).
i.e. p(x) = (2x 1)(x + 2)q(x) + (ax + b) Since (x 1) and (x + 1) are factors of
When p(x) is divided by (2x 1), the p(x), then (x 1)(x + 1) = x2 1 is a
remainder is 3 . factor of p(x).
2
(b) When m = 8,
p 1 2
1
2 2 1 2 2
= (0) + 2 q(x) + 1 a + b = 3
1
2 p(x) = x2n (8 + 2)x2 + 8 + 1
a + 2b = 3... 1 = x2n 10x2 + 9
When p(x) is divided by (x + 2), the Since (x 3) is a factor, then
remainder is 1. p(3) = 0
3 10(3) + 9 = 0
2n 2

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 32n = 81 Therefore, ( x 1) is another factor of
32n = 34 p(x).
2n = 4
x2 - 4
n=2
Hence, p(x) = x 10x2 + 9
4 )
x - 1 x3 - x 2 - 4 x + 4

= (x2 9)(x2 1) (
- x3 - x 2 )
= (x + 3)(x - 3)(x + 1)(x - 1) - 4x + 4
25 (a) p ( x ) = x + ax 7 x 4 ax + b
4 3 2
- ( -4 x + 4 )
Since x + 3 is a factor of p(x), 0
p(3) = 0 Hence,
( 3)4 + a ( 3)3 7 ( 3)2 4a ( 3) + b = 0 p ( x ) = ( x + 3) ( x 1) x 2 4( )
81 27a 63 + 12a + b = 0 = ( x + 3)( x - 1)( x + 2)( x - 2)
15a + b = 18 ... 1
When p(x) is divided by ( x 3) , the 26 (a) p ( x ) = 2 x + 4 x +
3 2 1
xk
remainder is 60. 2
Therefore, p (3) = 60 Since ( x + 1) is a factor of p(x), then
p ( 1) = 0
34 + a (3) 7 (3) 4 a (3) + b = 60
3 2

1
2( -1) + 4 ( -1) + ( -1) - k = 0
3 2
81 + 27a 63 12a + b = 60  2

15a + b = 42 ... 1 1
-2 + 4 - - k = 0
1 + 2 , 2b = 24 2
b = 12 3
From 1 , -15a + 12 = -18 -k=0
2
a=2
3
p( x ) = x + 2 x 7 x 2 8 x + 12
4 3
k=
2
x3 x 2 4 x + 4 1 3
(b) p ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 + x
)
(b) x + 3 x 4 + 2 x 3 7 x 2 8 x + 12 2 2
(
x 4 + 3x 3 ) 2x2 + 2x
3

)
2
x3 7 x 2 1 3
x + 1 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + x
(
x 3 3x 2 ) 2 2
4 x 2 8x (
2x + 2x
3 2
)
(
4 x 2 12 x ) 1
2x2 +
2
x
4 x + 12
(
2x2 + 2x )
( 4 x + 12)
3 3
0 x

 
2 2
3 3
Let f ( x ) = x 3 x 2 4 x + 4 x
2 2
f (1) = 1 1 4 (1) + 4 = 0
3 2
0

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 Hence,
(
p ( x ) = ( x + 2) ( x 2) 6 x 2 7 x 3 )

p( x ) = ( x + 1) 2 x + 2 x
3
2
2
 = ( x + 2)( x - 2)(2 x - 3)( 3 x + 1)

= ( x + 1)  4x2 + 4x 3
2
 (b) p ( x ) = ( x + 2) ( x 2) ( 2 x 3) (3 x + 1)

= ( 2 x 3)( x + 2)( x 2)(3 x + 1)

1
= ( x + 1)(2 x + 3)(2 x - 1)
2 ( )
= ( 2 x 3) x 2 4 (3 x + 1)
27 (a) Since ( x + 2) is a factor, then
(
= ( 2 x 3) 3 x 3 + x 2 12 x 4 )
p ( 2) = 0
= ( 2 x 3) (3 x 41 + 37
3
 +x  12x ) 2

6 ( 2) a ( 2) b ( 2) +
4 3 2
q( x )
28 ( 2) + 12 = 0 q ( x ) = x 2 - 12 x + 37
96 + 8a 4b 56 + 12 = 0 = x 2 - 12 x + ( -6 ) - ( -6 ) + 37
2 2

8a 4b = 52
= ( x - 6) + 1
2

2a b = 13 ... 1
Since ( x 2) is a factor, then 28 By carrying out long division x 2 + x + 3
p ( 2) = 0 x2 + x + 3
6 ( 2) a ( 2) b ( 2) +
4 3 2
2

x4
)
x - 4 x + x - x 2 - 2 x - 17
4 3

- 4x2
28 ( 2) + 12 = 0 x 3 + 3x 2 - 2 x
x3 - 4x
96 8a 4b + 56 + 12 = 0
3x 2 + 2 x - 17
8a 4b = 164 3x 2 - 12
2a + b = 41  ... 2 2x - 5
1 + 2: 4 a = 28
\ p( x ) = ( x 2 - 4)( x 2 + x + 3) + (2 x - 5)
a= 7
(a) q( x ) = x 2 + x + 3
From 1 , 2( 7 ) - b = -13
2 2
b = 27 1 1
= x + - +3
p ( x ) = ( x + 2) ( x 2) g ( x ) 2 2
2
6x2 7x 3 1 11
= x + +
)
x 4 6 x 7 x 27 x 2 + 28 x + 12
2 4 3 2 4
()6x4 24 x 2

1
2

Since x +  0 "x.
7 x 3 3x 2 + 28 x + 12 2
\ q( x ) > 0"x
( ) 7x3 + 28 x
(b) p(x) < 2x 5
3x 2 + 12
( x 2 4 )( x 2 + x + 3)
( ) 3x 2 + 12
+ ( 2x 5) ( 2x 5 ) < 0
0
( x 2 - 4 )( x 2 + x + 3) < 0

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Chapter 1.indd 10 6/20/2016 3:18:32 PM

 As q(x) > 0, x 2 4 < 0 Letting x = 1, 8 = A + (B + C)(2)
Solution set is {x | 2 < x < 2, x P } 8 = 2 + (B 1)(2)
8 = 2 + 2B + 2
29 (a) p( x ) = ax + bx + 2 x - 2
4 2
2B = 4
p(1) = 0 a + b = 0 ... 1 B=2
p(2) = 10 4a + b = 3 ... 2 4x2 x + 3
+ 2x - 1
2

2 1 : 3a = 3 x3 1 x - 1 x2 + x + 1
a = 1 31 Since the remainders when p(x) is divided
b=1 by (x + 1) is 0, p(1) = 0.
(b) p( x ) = - x + x + 2 x - 2
4 2
p(1) = 0
= ( x - 1) ( - x3 - x 2 + 2 ) (1)3 + m(1)2 + 15(1) + k = 0
1 + m 15 + k = 0
= - ( x - 1 ) ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
2
m + k = 16 1
(c) Quadratic factor is (x2 + 2x + 2) Since the remainders when p(x) is divided
(i) - ( x 2 + 2 x + 2 ) = - ( x + 1) + 1 by (x + 2) is 4, p(2) = 4.
2

p(2) = 4
< 0" x (2)3 + m(2)2 + 15(2) + k = 4
(ii)Maximum value is 1 when 8 + 4m 30 + k = 4
x = 1 4m + k = 34 2
(d) p( x ) > ( x - 1) (1 - 6 x )
2 2 1 : 3m = 18 m = 6
From : 6 + k = 16 k = 10
1
( x 1)2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2 ) > ( x 1)2
(1 6 x ) p(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 15x + 10
Since the remainders when p(x) is divided
( x 1)
2
(x 2
+ 2 x + 2 ) + ( x 1)
2
by (x + 1) is 0, (x + 1) is a factor of p(x).
(1 6 x ) < 0 x2 + 5x + 10
x + 12 x + 6x2 + 15x + 10
3
( x - 1) x 2 + 2x + 2 + (1 - 6x ) < 0
2

x3 + x2
( x - 1) ( x 2 - 4x + 3) < 0 5x2 + 15x
2

5x2 + 5x
( x - 1) ( x - 1)( x - 3) < 0
2
10x + 10
( x - 1) ( x - 3) < 0 10x + 10
3

0
}
Solution set is {x | 1 < x < 3, x P
p(x) = (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 10)
4x2 x + 3 x+7 x+7
30 4x 3 x + 3
2

x 1 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1) p(x) (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 10)
Bx + C
A Bx + C A + 2
+ x + 1 x + 5x + 10
x 1 x2 + x + 1 x + 7 A(x2 + 5x + 10) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)
4x2 x + 3 A(x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) Letting x = 1, 6 = 6A A = 1
(x 1)
Letting x = 0, 7 = 10A + C
Letting x = 1, 6 = 3A A = 2
7 = 10(1) + C
Letting x = 0, 3 = A + C(1)
3=2C C = 3
C = 1 Letting x = 1, 8 = 16A + 2B + 2C
8 = 16(1) + 2B + 2(3)

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Chapter 1.indd 11 6/20/2016 3:18:37 PM

 2B = 2 x2 6x + 5
0
B = 1 x
x+7 (x 1)(x 5)
x 0
(x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 10)
+
x 3
1 + 2
x5 0

x + 1 x + 5x + 10 + + x1 0

1 2 x+3 + + +
x  0
x + 1 x + 5x + 10 x
0 + 1 5 +
32 16 x 4x + 4x 16 0
3 2

When 16 x3 4x2 + 4x 16, The required set of values of x is

x3 4x2 + 4x 0 {x | x < 0 or 1 x 5}.
x(x2 4x + 4) 0
x(x 2)2 0 We write < and not
because x 0.
Since (x 2)2 0,
in order that x(x 2)2 0, then x 0
 1 34 x x 3 < 4
When x3 4x2 + 4x 16 0, |x|
<4
we let f(x) = x3 4x2 + 4x 16. |x 3|
f(4) = 43 4(4)2 + 4(4) 16 = 0 |x| < 4|x 3|
Thus, (x 4) is a factor of f(x). x2 < 16(x 3)2
x2 < 16x2 96x + 144
x2 + 4
0 < 15x2 96x + 144
x 42 x 4x2 + 4x 16
3
0 < 5x2 32x + 48
x3 4x2
0 < (x 4)(5x 12)
4x 16
4x 16 + +
5x 12  0
0
+
x4 0
x 4x + 4x 16 0
3 2
x
(x 4)(x2 + 4) 0 + 12 4 +
5
Since x2 + 4 > 0, "x,
in order that (x 4)(x2 + 4) 0, then Hence, the required set of values of x is
x 4 0 x 4 2 5
x | x < 12 or x > 4 .
5 6
Combining 1 and 2 ,
the required set of values of x is Alternative method
{x | 0 x 4}. 4 < x < 4
x3
3x 5 For the left-end For the right-end
33 x3 inequality, inequality,
x
3x 5
x+30 4 < x x <4
x x3 x3
3x 5 x2 + 3x x + 4 0 x 4<0
0 >
x x3 x3
x2 + 6x 5 x + 4(x 3) x 4(x 3)
0 > 0 <0
x x3 x3

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Chapter 1.indd 12 6/20/2016 3:18:38 PM

 x 4x 12 3x + 12 The x-coordinate of point A is
+ > 0 <0
x3 x3 3 + 5
x = .
5x 12 3(x + 4) 2
> 0 <0
x3 x3 Based on the graphs, the solution set of x
for which |x + 2| > 1 is
+
x30 + + x+1
x + 4  0
-3 + 5
+ +
5x 12  0
x
+ +
x30 5
x | x < -1 or x >
2
. 6
x
12 3 3 4
+ + +
5
This is the set of values of x where the
graph of y = |x + 2| is above the graph of
x < 12 or x > 3 1 1
5 y= .
x+1
x < 3 or x > 4 2
Combining 1 and 2 :
x < 3 or x > 4
36 y

x < 12 or x > 3
5 y=x1
x
12 3 4 y = x 1 y= x +1
A
5 1
x
The required set of values of x is 1 O 1 3
1
5
x | x < 12 or x > 4 .
5 6
1 To determine the x-coordinate of point
35 The graphs of y = |x + 2| and y = is
x + 1 A, solve
as shown below.
y
y = x 1 1
y = x + 1 2
y=x+2
y = x 2
2
Substituting 1 into 2 ,
A y= 1 x1= x+1
x+1
x
2 1 O (x 1)2 = x + 1
x 2x + 1 = x + 1
2

x2 3x = 0
x(x 3) = 0
y = x + 2 1 Thus, the x-coordinate of point A is x = 3.
1 The part of the x-axis where the graph of
y=  2 y = x + 1 is above the graph of
x+1
Substituting 1 into 2 , y = |x| 1 is 1 x 3.
Hence, the required set of values of x is
x + 2 = 1
x+1 {x | -1 x 3}.
x2 + 3x + 2 = 1
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 37 p(x) = 2x3 + hx2 + kx + 36
3 32 4(1)(1) Since (x 3) is a factor, then
x = p(3) = 0
2(1)
3 5 2(3)3 + h(3)2 + k(3) + 36 = 0
x = 9h + 3k = 90
2

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Chapter 1.indd 13 6/20/2016 3:18:40 PM

 3h + k = 30 1 9p 3q = 33
p(x) = (x + 2)f(x) 30 means that the 3p q = 11 2
remainder when p(x) is divided by (x + 2) p 2q = 23 1
is 30. 6p 2q = 22 2 2
p(2) = 30 5p = 45
2(2)3 + h(2)2 + k(2) + 36 = 30 p= 9
4h 2k = 50 From 1 : 9 2q = 23 q = 16
2h k = 25 2
1 + 2 : 5h = 55 h = -11 p(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 16x + 6
From 1 : 3(11) + k = 30 x2 + 4x + 6
k=3 2x + 12 2x + 9x2 + 16x + 6
3

Therefore, p(x) = 2x3 11x2 + 3x + 36. 2x3 + x2

2x2 5x 12 8x2 + 16x
x 32 2x 11x2 + 3x + 36
3
8x2 + 4x
2x3 6x2 12x + 6
5x2 + 3x 12x + 6
5x2 + 15x 0
12x + 36
12x + 36 Let q(x) = x2 + 4x + 6
2 2
0
2 12 12
= x2 + 4x + 4 4 + 6
2
Therefore, p(x) = (x 3)(2x2 5x 12)
= (x + 2) + 2 [> 0]
2
[Shown]
= (x - 3)(2x + 3)(x - 4)
p(x) = (2x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 6)
Since x2 + 4x + 6 is positive for all real
x
values of x, then p(x) < 0 only if
3 3 4
2 2x + 1 < 0 x < 1.
2
The sets of values of x such that p(x) 0
5
Hence, the solution set is x | x < - 1 .
2 6
5
is x | - 3 x 3 or x 4 .
2 6
1
38 p(x) = 2x + px2 + qx + 6
3 39 Sketch the graphs of y = x 2 and y = .
x
Since (2x + 1) is a factor of p(x), then y

p 1 = 0
2 1 2 y=
1
3 2 x

1 2
1 1
1 2 1
2 + p + q + 6 = 0
2 2 2 1 2 y = x + 2
2 y=x2
1 1 1
+ p q + 6 = 0 P
4 4 2 Q
1 + p 2q + 24 = 0 O
x
1 2
p 2q = 23 1 1
y=
When p(x) is divided by (x + 3), the x 1+ 2

remainder is 15.
p(3) = 15
2(3)3 + p(3)2 + q(3) + 6 = 15

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Chapter 1.indd 14 6/20/2016 3:18:41 PM

 To determine the x-coordinates of the
points of intersection of the graphs of x 2 <
1
x
{
is x | 0 < x < 1 + 2 , x 1 . }
1
y = x 2 and y = , solve the following
x
This is the range of values of x where
simultaneous equations.
the graph of y = |x - 2| is below the
Case 1 (for point P) 1
graph of y = .
x
1
y= ... 1
x 4
40 y =
y = x + 2 ... 2 x 1
4
Substituting 1 into 2 : x 1, x > 1.

 
1 y=
= x + 2
x 4 , x < 1.
x 1
1 = x2 + 2x
x2 2x + 1 = 0 As y , x 1 0
x 1
( x 1)2 = 0
x =1 Thus, x = 1 is the asymptote.
As x , y 0.
Case 2 (for point Q)
3
1 y = 3
y= ... 1 x
x
As y , x 0.
y = x 2 ... 3 Thus, x = 0 (the y-axis) is the asymptote.
Substituting 1 into 3 : As x , y 3.
1 Thus, y = 3 is the asymptote.
= x2
x y

1 = x2 2x 4
y=
x1
x 2x 1 = 0
2

( 2) ( 2)2 4 (1) ( 1) 3
y=3
x
x=
2 (1) 4

3 A 3
2 8 22 2 y=
4 y=3
= = x1 x
2 2
= 1 2 x
O 1 3

x = 1 2 is not accepted because x must

be positive.
x = 1+ 2 The x-coordinate of point A is obtained
by solving the following equations
Hence, the solution set for the inequality simultaneously.

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Chapter 1.indd 15 6/20/2016 3:18:46 PM

 42 (a) p( x ) = ax + x + bx + 4
4 2
4
y=  ... 1
x 1 p( 2 ) = 16 a( 2 )4
3 +( 2 )2 + b( 2 ) + 4 = 16,
y = 3  ... 2
x 8a - b = -12  ... 1

4 3 p(1) = 8 a(1) + (1) + b(1) + 4 = 8,
4 3

= 3 x
x 1 a+b=3 ... 2
4 3x 3 1 + 2 : 9a = 9
= x a = 1, b = 4
x 1
\ p( x ) = - x 4 + x 2 + 4 x + 4
(3x 3) ( x 1) = 4 x
(b) By using factor theorem,
3x 2 6 x + 3 4 x = 0
p( 1) = ( 1)4 + ( 1)2 + 4( 1) + 4 = 0
3 x 2 10 x + 3 = 0
(x + 1) is a factor of p(x).
(3x 1) ( x 3) = 0
p( 2 ) = ( 2 )4 + ( 2 )2 + 4( 2 ) + 4 = 0
1
x = or 3 (x 2) is a factor of p(x).
3
p(x) = (x + 1)(x 2)q(x), where q(x)
1 is a quadratic factor.
x= is not accepted.
3 p(x) = (x2 x 2)( x2 + cx 2)
Thus, x = 3 Compare the coefficient of
x : 2 2c = 4,
The solution set for which c = 1
4 3 q(x) = - x 2 - x - 2
> 3 is given by the part of
x 1 x (c) q(x) = - x 2 - x - 2
4
the graph where the curve y =
x 1 2
1 1
2

( x 2 + x + 2 ) = x + + 2
3 2 2
is above the curve y = 3 , that is
x 1 7
2
{x | 0 < x < 1 or 1 < x < 3}. = x + +
2 4
2
x 1 1 7
41  As x + + > 0"x,\ q( x ) is
x+1 x+1 2 4
x 1 always negative for all real values
+
0 x10 of x.
x+1 x+1 + + (d) p(x) > 0 becomes (x + 1)(x 2) < 0
x+1>0
x1 since q (x) < 0.
0 1 1
x
x+1 + + Solution set is { x | -1 < x < 2, xxP} }
Hence, the required set of values of x is 43 p(x) = 2 x3 + 9x 2 + 16 x + 6.
{x | x < 1 or x  1}
Let 2x + 1 = 0, MATHS FILE
1 If (x + a) is a
x= factor of p(x),
2
then f(a) = 0.

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Chapter 1.indd 16 6/20/2016 3:18:54 PM

 1 1 1
3 2
x+3
p = 2 + 9 =
2 2 2 ( 2 x + 1)( x 2 )( x + 3)
1 1
+ 16 + 6. =

2 ( 2 x + 1)( x 2 )
1 9 1 h k
= - + -8+6 = 0 +
4 4 ( 2 x + 1)( x - 2 ) 2 x + 1 x - 2

(2x + 1) is a factor of p(x).
1 h( x - 2 ) + k ( 2 x + 1)
p(x) = 2 x3 + 9x 2 + 16 x + 6.
Substitute x = 2,1 = k ( 4 + 1)
= ( 2 x + 1) ( x + ax + 6 )
2
1
k=
Comparing the coefficient of x : 16 5
= a + 12, a = 4 1 5
Quadratic factor of p(x) is ( x + 4 x + 6 ) Substitute x = - , 1 = -
2
2 2
2
( x + 2 ) 22 + 6
2
h=-
5
= ( x + 2 ) + 2 > 0x.
2
x+3 1 2
- -
p(x)  0 becomes ( 2 x + 1)  0 since
p( x ) 5( x - 2) 5(2 x + 1)

(x 2
+ 4 x + 6 ) > 0. (d) p(x) > 4x(x 2)(x +3)
(2x + 1)(x 2)(x + 3) > 4x(x 2)(x +3)
2x + 1  0 ,
(2x + 1)(x 2)(x + 3) 4x(x 2)(x
1
x- +3) > 0
2
(2x + 1 4x)(x 2) (x + 3) > 0
1 (1 2x)(x 2)(x + 3) > 0
Solution set is {x | x  - , x P }
2 Solution set is
44 (a) p(x) = (2x + 1)(x 2)(x + 3) 1
{x | x < 3, < x < 2, x }
2

( 2x + 1) ( x 2 + x 6 )
= 2 x3 + 2 x 2 12 x + x 2 + x 6 STRATEGY
Do not simplify the
= 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 - 11 x - 6 common factors

(b) (x 3) is a factor of p(x) + ax 45

p(3) +3a = 0 y
y = 2(x 3)
(6 + 1)(3 2)(3 + 3) + 3a = 0, y = 2x + 6
a = 14 y = x 3
B
y=x+3

x+3
(c) 6 A
p( x ) 3
STRATEGY
x
Simplify the expression 3 0 3
before expressing in partial
fractions.
To find the x-coordinate of B, solve
equations y = x + 3 and y = 2(x 3).

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Chapter 1.indd 17 6/20/2016 3:19:02 PM

 (c) y
STRATEGY
x + 3, x  -3
y = x +3 =
-( x + 3), x < -3

2(x - 3), x  3 x
y =2x -3 = 1 O
-2(x - 3), x < 3
y = ln (x)

2x 6 = x + 3, x = 9
1
To find the x-coordinates of A, solve
48 x 2
+ 2x1 = 15
equations y = x + 3 and y = 2(x 3). 1 2
+ 2 1x 2
1

x + 3 = 6 2x, x = 1 x 2 2
= 15
1
1
Inequality x + 3 > x - 3 becomes Let x =u 2
2
u + 2u2 = 15
|x + 3| > 2|x 3|
2u + u 15 = 0
2
Referring to the graph, solution set is
(2u 5)(u + 3) = 0
{x | 1 < x < 9, x }
u = 5 or u = 3
46 y 2
When u = 5, When u = 3,
2
1 1
x 2 = 5

y = e x
2 y = 2e x x 2 = 3
1 2
x 2
[Not possible because
1 O
2
x1 = 5
2 12

1
x 2 > 0 for all real
y = e x 1
1 = 25 values of x.]
y = e x x 4
x= 4
25
47 (a) y

49 8x + 6(8x) = 5
y = |ln x| 8x + 6x = 5
8
x
O 1 Let 8x = u
u+ 6 =5
u
u2 + 6 = 5u
(b) y
u2 5u + 6 = 0
(u 2)(u 3) = 0
y = ln (x) y = ln x
u = 2 or u=3
x
8 = 2
x
8x = 3
1 O 1 2 =2
3x 1
x lg 8 = lg 3

3x = 1 x = lg 3
lg 8
x = 1 x = 0.528
3

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Chapter 1.indd 18 6/20/2016 3:19:05 PM

 50 log2 x logx 8 + 2log2h + h logx 4 = 0 2
52 Simplify first.
log2 8 log2 4 log 2 a
log2 x
log2 x
+ h + h 1
log2 x 2
=0
2 2
=
log2 23 log2 22 log 2 a 1
y
y
+ h + h
y 1 =0 2 log a 2
y3+h+h 2 =0
y y 12 = 2 log a 2

y 3 + hy + 2h = 0
2 = log a 22
= log a 4
y 2 + hy + 2h - 3 = 0
[Shown] 22
log 44 aa )) +
log aa ((33 xx log aa 33 xx =
+ log = log a
1 2
When h = 1, y 2 1y + 2 1 3 = 0 log 22 a
22aa ))
log a ((11
4 4 4 +
+ log a
4y y 14 = 0
2
log 44 aa )) +
log aa ((33 xx log aa 33 xx =
+ log log aa 44
= log
(4y + 7)(y 2) = 0
+ log
+ 22aa ))
log a ((11
y = 7 or 2
a

4 log aa 33 xx ((33 xx
log 44 aa )) = log aa 44 ((11
= log 22aa ))
44 aa )) =
33 xx ((33 xx 22aa ))
= 44 ((11
Given y = log2 x, then x = 2y.
7

When y = 7, x = 2 4 = 0.297. 99 xx 2
2
12 ax +
12ax + 88aa
44 =
= 00
4
When y = 2, x = 22 = 4. ( 12a ) ( 12a)2 4 (9) (8a 4)
x=
2 (9)
51 2 logc x 3 logx c = 5
12a 144 a 2 288a + 144
logc c =
2 logc x 3 1
logc x 2
=5 18
12a (12a 12)2
2 logc x 3 1 1
logc x
=5 2 =
18
12a (12a 12)
Let logc x = u =
18
12
2u 3 1 = 5
u =
24 a 12
or
12
2u2 3 = 5u 18 18
4a 2 2
2u2 5u 3 = 0 = or
3 3
(2u + 1)(u 3) = 0 1 4a 2
For 0 < a < , x = is not accepted
u = 1 or u=3 2 3
2 because when it is substituted into the
logc x = 1 logc x = 3 given equation, it produces log a ( ve )
2
1 which is undefined.
1
x = c 2 = x = c3 2
c x =
3

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Chapter 1.indd 19 6/20/2016 3:19:07 PM

 53 log a 
x
a2
= 3 log a 2 log a ( x 2a )
y
In the non-modulus form,
y = |sin x| is

0  x  p,


sin x,
y = sin x y = sin x f(x) =
x sin x, p  x  2p.
log a = log a 23 log a ( x 2a ) 1
a2
x
log a
a2

+ log a ( x 2a ) = log a 8
O
p
2
p 3
2
p
2p
x

x
a
 (
log a 2 x 2a ) = log a 8

The graph of y = sin x for
0 < x < 2p is as shown below.
x y
( x 2a ) = 8
a2
x ( x 2 a ) = 8a 2 1

x 2ax 8a = 0
2 2

( x + 2a ) ( x 4 a ) = 0 O
p p
x
3 2p
x = 2a or 4 a 2 2
p

x = 2a (is not accepted) 1

x = 4a

54 (9 - log 2 x ) log 2 x 8 = 2.
Hence, the function f(x) = |sin x| sin
STRATEGY x in the non-modulus form is:

{
Use log with base 2
sin x sin x, 0 < x < p
f(x) =
log 2 8 sin x sin x, p < x < 2p
(9 - log 2 x ) = 2.


log 2 2 x
log 2 23
f(x) = {
0, 0 < x < p
-2 sin x, p < x < 2p
(9 + log 2 x ) = 2. (b) Hence, the graph of y = f(x) = |sin
log 2 2 + log 2 x
x| sin x for 0 < x < 2p is as shown
3 below.
(9 - log 2 x ) =2
1 + log 2 x y

3(9 - log x ) = 2 (1 + log 2 x )
2 2
27 - 3 log 2 x = 2 + 2 log 2 x

5 log 2 x = 25 y = f (x )

log 2 x =5
x = 25 O x
p p
= 32 3
p
2p
2 2
55 (a) The graph of y = |sin x| is as shown
The range of f(x) is
below.
{y | 0 < y < 2, y P }.

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 (c) By using the horizontal-line test, sin2 q
=
there are two intersection points sin q sin q cos q
between the horizontal line and
1 cos2 q
the graph of y = f(x) = |sin x| sin =
sin q(1 cos q)
x. Hence, f(x) is not a one-to-one
function. (1 + cos q)(1 cos q)
=
y sin q(1 cos q)
Two intersection points

2 = 1 + cos q
sin q
1 cos q tan q
= +
sin q tan q
y = f (x)
tan q + sin q
=
O
p p 2p
x sin q tan q
3
p
2 2 = RHS
sin q tan q tan q + sin q
56 (a) LHS = cos4 q + sin2 q [ [Proven]
tan q - sin q sin q tan q
= 1cos2 q22 + sin2 q
= 11 sin2 q22 + sin2 q 58 LHS = tan (P + Q) tan P
= 1 2 sin2 q + sin4 q + sin2 q sin (P + Q) sin P
= sin4 q + 1 sin2 q =
cos (P + Q) cos P
= sin4 q + cos2 q
cos P sin (P + Q) sin P cos (P + Q)
= RHS =
cos P cos (P + Q)
[ cos4 q + sin2 q sin4 q + cos2 q
 [Proven] cos P (sin P cos Q + cos P sin Q)
sin P (cos P cos Q sin P sin Q)
(b) LHS = sin (q + a) + cos (q a) =
= sin q cos a + cos q sin a + cos P cos (P + Q)
cos q cos a + sin q sin a cos P sin P cos Q + cos2 P sin Q
= sin q cos a + cos q cos a + sin P cos P cos Q + sin2 P sin Q
=
sin q sin a + cos q sin a cos P cos (P + Q)
= cos a(sin q + cos q) + cos2 P sin Q + sin2 P sin Q
=
sin a(sin q + cos q) cos P cos (P + Q)
= (sin q + cos q)(cos a + sin a)
sin Q (cos2 P + sin2 P)
= RHS =
cos P cos (P + Q)
[ sin (q + a) + cos(q - a)
sin Q ? (l)
(sin q + cos q)(cos a + sin a) =
cos P cos (P + Q)
 [Proven]
sin Q
sin q tan q =
57 LHS = cos P cos (P + Q)
tan q sin q
sin q = RHS
sin q 1cos q 2 \ tan (P + Q) tan P
=
sin q sin Q
sin q  [Proven]
cos q cos P cos (P + Q)

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Chapter 1.indd 21 6/20/2016 3:19:13 PM

 cos C (sin A cos B + sin B cos A)
+ sin C cos A cos B
=
cos A cos B cos C
cos C sin ( A + B ) + sin C cos A cos B
=
cos A cos B cos C
cos C sin (180 C )
59 LHS = csc 2q cot 2q + sin C cos A cos B
=
= 1 cos 2q cos A cos B cos C
sin 2q sin 2q cos C sin C + sin C cos A cos B
=
1 cos 2q cos A cos B cos C
=
sin 2q sin C (cos C + cos A cos B )
=
cos A cos B cos C
= 1 (1 2 sin q)
2

sin 2q sin C{cos [180 ( A + B )]

2 sin2 q + cos A cos B}
= =
2 sin q cos q cos A cos B cos C
sin q sin C{ cos ( A + B ) + cos Accos B}
= =
cos q cos A cos B cos C
sin C (sin A sin B cos A cos B +
= tan q
cos A cos B )
= RHS =
cos A cos B cos C
[ csc 2q - cot 2q tan q [Proven] sin A sin B sin C
=
tan 22.5 = csc 2(22.5) cot 2(22.5) cos A cos B cos C

1 1
= tan A tan B tan C [Shown]
=
sin 45 tan 45
(b) sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C
= 1 1 = sin 2 A + sin 2C + sin 2 B
1 1
2

= 2 - 1[Shown]
= 2 sin 
2 A + 2C
2
cos  
2 A 2C
2
+ 
sin 2 B
= 2 sin ( A + C ) cos ( A C ) + sin 2 B
60 Since A, B and C are angles of a triangle,
then A + B + C = 180. = 2 sin (180 B ) cos ( A C ) + sin 2 B
= 2 sin B cos ( A C ) + sin 2 B
(a) tan A + tan B + tan C

= 2 sin B cos ( A C ) + 2 sin B cos B
sin A sin B sin C = 2 sin B[cos ( A C ) + cos B ]
= + +
cos A cos B cos C

=
sin A cos B cos C + sin B cos A cos C
+ sin C cos A cos B

= 2 sin B 2 cos


AC + B
2

cos A cos B cos C
cos C (sin A cos B + sin B cos A) 
cos
A B C
2



+ sin C cos A cos B
=
cos A cos B cos C
cos C sin ( A + B ) + sin C cos A cos B

= 2 sin B 2 cos


A+ B C
2

=
cos A cos B cos C
cos C sin (180 C ) 
cos
A(B +C)
2


 
+ sin C cos A cos B
= 180 C C
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Chapter 1.indd 22
cos A cos B cos C
sin C (cos C + cos A cos B ) 
cos
A (180 A)
2
 6/20/2016 3:19:16 PM
  2


= 2 sin B 2 cos


A+ B C
2

cos A(B +C)
2



 
62 cos 3x = cos2 x
180 C C
= 2 sin B 2 cos 4 cos x 3 cos x = cos2 x
3

2 4 cos3 x cos2 x 3 cos x = 0

 
cos x (4 cos2 x cos x 3) = 0
A (180 A) cos x (4 cos x + 3)(cos x 1) = 0
cos
2 cos x = 0, 3 , 1

 
4
180 2C When cos x = 0,
= 2 sin B 2 cos
2 x = 90, 270

cos 
2 A 180
2


 When cos x = 3 ,
4
x = 138.6, 221.4
= 4 sin B cos ( 90 C ) cos ( A 90 ) When cos x = 1,
= 4 sin B [sin C sin A] x = 0, 360
= 4sin A sin B sinC [Shown ] [ x = 0, 90, 138.6, 221.4, 270, 360

1 p4 2 cos 1A + p4 2
61 (a) LHS = 2 sin A + 63 sin 3q + sin2 q = 2
p sin 3q = 3 sin q 4 sin3 q
= sin 2 1A + 2
4
p (3 sin q 4 sin3 q) + sin2 q 2 = 0
= sin 12A + 2
2 4 sin3 q sin2 q 3 sin q + 2 = 0
p p (sin q + 1)(4 sin2 q 5 sin q + 2) = 0
= sin 2A cos + cos 2A sin
2 2
= (sin 2A)(0) + (cos 2A)(1) sin q + 1 = 0 or 4 sin2 q 5 sin q + 2 = 0
= cos 2A When sin q + 1 = 0
= RHS sin q = 1
p p q = 270

\ 2 sin A +
4 +
cos A +
4 + For 4 sin2 q 5 sin q + 2 = 0, there are
; cos 2A [Proven] no real roots because b2 4ac = (5)2
p p
(b) LHS = 2 cos B +

41 2
cos B
4 1 2 4(4)(2) = 7 (< 0)
[ q = 270
p p
1
= cos B + + B
4 4
+ 2 4 sin2 q 5 sin q + 2
p p sin q + 1 24 sin3 q sin2 q 3 sin q + 2
3
cos B + B
4 4 1 24 () 4 sin3 q + 4 sin2 q
p
= cos 2B + cos 5 sin2 q 3 sin q
2
= cos 2B + 0 () 5 sin2 q 5 sin q
= cos 2B
= RHS 2 sin q + 2
p p () 2 sin q + 2
\ 2 cos B + 4
cos B -+ 4 + 0
; cos 2B [Proven]

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Chapter 1.indd 23 6/20/2016 3:19:17 PM

 64 tan x + cot x = 8 cos 2 x 5 3
cos A + cos A
sin x cos x 66 LHS = 2 2
+ = 8 cos 2 x 3 A
cos x sin x sin A + sin
2 2
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
sin x cos x
1
= 8 cos 2 x

=
2 cos
1
2
 5
2
3
A + A cos
2
 
1 5
2 2
3
A A
2

   
= 8 cos 2 x
sin x cos x 1 3 1 1 3 1
2 sin A + A cos A A
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 8 cos 2 x
2 sin x cos x 1
2 cos 2 A cos A
2 = 2
= 8 cos 2 x 1
sin 2 x 2 sin A cos A
1 = 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x 2
cos 2 A
1 = 2 ( 2 sinn 2 x cos 2 x ) =
sin A
1 = 2 sin 4 x
cos 2 A sin 2 A
1 =
sin 4 x = sin A
2
cos 2 A sin 2 A
p If 0 < x < p, then =
Basic = 0 < 4x < 4p sin A sin A
6
cos A
1 5 13 17 = cos A sin A
4x = p , p , p , p sin A
6 6 6 6
= cot A cos A sin A
1 5 13 17
x = p, p, p, p = RHS
24 24 24 24
5 3
65 sin 3 x sec x = 2 tan x cos A + cos A
2 2 cot A cos A - sin A
sin 2 x sin x  1
cos x
= 2 tan x
3
[Proven]
2
1
sin A + sin A
2
sin 2 x tan x = 2 tan x cos 2 A 2 cos 4 A + cos 6 A
sin 2 x tan x 2 tan x = 0 67 LHS =
cos 2 A + 2 cos 4 A + cos 6 A
(
tan x sin 2 x 2 = 0 ) cos 6 A + cos 2 A 2 cos 4 A
=
tan x = 0 or sin x = 22
cos 6 A + cos 2 A + 2 cos 4 A
When tan x = 0,
x = 0 or p
2 cos  6A + 2A
2
 
cos
6A 2A
2

2 cos 4 A
=
   
When sin 2 x = 2,
6A + 2A 6A 2A
sin x = 2 2 cos cos
2 2
[sin x = 2 is not possible because it is + 2 cos 4 A
out of the range of 1  sin x  1]. 2 cos 4 A cos 2 A 2 cos 4 A
=
Hence, x = 0 or p. 2 cos 4 A cos 2 A + 2 cos 4 A
2 cos 4 A (cos 2 A 1)
=
2 cos 4 A (cos 2 A + 1)
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Chapter 1.indd 24 = 2
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 2 cos 4 A
=
2 cos 
6A + 2A
2
cos  
6A 2A
2

+ 2 cos 4 A
2 cos 4 A cos 2 A 2 cos 4 A
=
2 cos 4 A cos 2 A + 2 cos 4 A
2 cos 4 A (cos 2 A 1) The largest value of the expression occurs
= when sin q = 1.
2 cos 4 A (cos 2 A + 1)
2
cos 2 A 1 1 19
= Largest value = -1 - + = 7
cos 2 A + 1 2 4
1 2 sin 2 A 1 The smallest value of the expression
= 1
2 cos 2 A 1 + 1 occurs when sin q =
2 sin 2 A 2
= 2
2 cos 2 A 1 1 19 19
Smallest value = - + =
sin 2 A 2 2 4 4
=
cos 2 A
70
= tan 2 A
1 + t2
= RHS 2t
cos 2 A - 2cos 4 A + cos 6 A
\ = - tan 2 A
cos 2 A + 2cos 4 A + cos 6 A q
[Proven] 1 t2

68 sin x sin 3x + sin 5x = 0 (a) LHS = csc q cot q

sin 5x + sin x sin 3x = 0 1 t2 1 t2
5x + x 5x x = +
2 sin1 2 2 cos 1
2 2
sin 3x = 0 2t 2t
1 t 1 + t2
= +
2
2 sin 3x cos 2x sin 3x = 0
sin 3x (2 cos 2x 1) = 0 2t
= 2t 2

sin 3x = 0 or cos 2x = 1 2t
2
=t
When sin 3x = 0
q
3x = 0, 180, 360, 540 = tan
2
x = 0, 60, 120, 180
= RHS
q
When cos 2x = 1 , [ csc q - cot q ; tan
2
2
2x = 60, 300 (b) LHS = sec q tan q
x = 30, 150
= + 2 2t 2
1 t2
[ x = 0, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180 1t 1t
[ x = 0, 1 p, 1 p, 2 p , 5 p, p 1 + t 2 2t
6 3 3 6 =
1 t2
p
= t 2t +2 1
2
x = x rad.
180 1t
69 sin2 q - sin q + 5 (t 1)2
=
2 2 (1 + t)(1 t)
1 1
= sin q - - + 5 (1 t)2
2 2 =
(1 + t)(1 t)
2
1 19 1t
= sin q - + =
2 4 1+t

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Chapter 1.indd 25 6/20/2016 3:19:25 PM

 p q 73
tan tan 8 sin q 3 cos q =
4 2 4
=
p q
1 + tan tan 73 sin (q 20.56) = 73
4 2 4
p q 1
= tan 1
4 2 2 sin (q 20.56) =
4
= RHS q 20.56 = 14.48, 165.52
p q q = 35.0, 168.1
[ sec q - tan q ; tan 4 - 2+ [Correct to the nearest 0.1]
csc q cot q = sec q tan q 72 Let 4 sin q 3 cos q ; r sin (q a)
q p q r = 42 + (3)2 = 5
First quadrant tan 2 = tan 4 2 1 2
q p q q p q
12
a = tan1 3 = 36.87
4
= or = p +
2 4 2 2

4 2 1 2 [ 4 sin q 3 cos q = 5 sin (q - 36.9)
Third quadrant 4 sin q 3 cos q = 3
p
q= or q = 5 p 5 sin (q 36.87) = 3
4 4
sin (q 36.87) = 3
71 8 sin q 3 cos q = r sin (q a) 5
= r(sin q cos a cos q sin q 36.87 = 36.87, 143.13
a) q = 73.7, 180.0
= r sin q cos a r cos q
sin a 73 Let cos x + 3 sin x r cos( x - a ), where
By comparison, r > 0 and a acute angle.
r cos a = 8 1 cos x + 3 sin x r cos x cos a
r sin a = 3 2 + r sin x sin a

Squaring and adding 1 and 2 : Rearrange,
r 2 (cos2 a + sin2 a) = 82 + 32
r 2(1) = 73 cos x + 3 sin x r cos a cos x + r sin a sin x
r = 73 Comparing the coefficient of
cos x: r cosa = 1
2 r sin a 3
: = Comparing the coefficient of
1 r cos a 8
sin x: r sina = 3
tan a = 3
8 ( r cos a )2 + ( r sin a )2 = 4 r = 2
a = tan1 3
8 12 r sin a 3
= tan a = 3 ,
= 20.56 r cos a 1
[ 8 sin q 3 cos q = 73 sin (q 20.56) p
a=
= 73 sin (q - 20.6) 3
[Correct to the nearest 0.1] p
The maximum value of 8 sin q 3 cos q cos x + 3 sin x 2 cos x -
3
is 73.
The minimum value of 8 sin q 3 cos q Equation cos x + 3 sin x = 1 becomes
is 73. p
2 cos x - = 1
3

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 p 1 b = 4 2 + 32 = 5
cos x - =
3 2 b sin a 3
and tan a = =
p p p b cos a 4
x - = p , 2p -
3 3 3 \ f ( x ) = 7 + 5sin( 2 x + a )

x=
2p
, 2p (a) f(x) is greatest when sin( 2x + a ) =1.
3 Greatest value of f(x) = 7 + 5 = 12
74 cos(A + B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB (b) f(x) is least when sin( 2x + a ) = 1.
cos 2x = cos(x + x) Least value of f(x) = 7 5 = 2
= cos 2 x - sin2 x y

= cos 2 x - (1 - cos 2 x ) 12
10
= 2 cos 2 x - 1 8
1
\ cos 2 x = (1 + cos2 x ) 6

2 4

1 2
cos 2 x = (1 + cos 2 x ), x
2 0 3 2

1 2 2
1 - sin2 x = (1 + cos 2 x )
2
75
1
sin2 x = 1 - (1 + cos 2 x ) y

2
1
= (1 - cos 2 x )
2
f ( x ) = 10 cos 2 x + 4 sin2 x
1 y = cos 2x

+ 8 sin x cos x y= 1
2

1 x
= 10 (1 + cos 2 x ) O 3 7

2 8 4 2 4 8

1 1 1
+ 4 (1 cos 2 x ) + 8 sin 2 x
2 2
= 5(1 + cos 2x) + 2(1 cos 2x)
cos 2 x = 2 cos 2 x 1
+ 4sin2x
= 7 + 3 cos 2x + 4 sin 2x 2 cos 2 x = 1 + cos 2 x
4 sin 2 x + 3 cos 2 x b sin( 2 x + a ) 2 2 cos 2 x = 2 + 2 cos 2 x

b cos a sin 2 x + b sin a cos 2 x 2 2 cos 2 x  1 + 2 becomes
Compare the coefficient of sin 2x : 2 + 2 cos 2 x  1 + 2
b cosa = 4 .
1
Compare the coefficient of cos 2x : cos 2 x 
bsina = 3 . 2

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Chapter 1.indd 27 6/20/2016 3:19:57 PM

 1 1
when cos 2 x = cos 2 x =
2 2
p p p p p p
2x = , 2p 2 x = , p , p + , 2p
4 4 3 3 3 3
p 7p p p 2 5
x= , x = , , p, p
8 8 6 3 3 6
Solution set is Solution set is
p 7p p p 2 5
{x 0  x  ,  x p} {x 0 < x < , < x < p , p < x < p }
8 8 6 3 6 6
y
76

y = 2cos 2x
2

1 y=1

x
0 3

4 2 2

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