Lecture-5 Sec 2.

Directional Overcurrent Relays

 IEEE C37.2 Device Numbers

50 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay

51 Time Overcurrent Relay
67 Directional Overcurrent Relay
21 Distance Relay
87 Differential Relay
 Overcurrent Relays

Detect current above normal

and trip
Two types
Instantaneous (ANSI Code 50)
Inverse Time (ANSI Code 51)
 Overcurrent Relay Types
Instantaneous (50, 50N)
Time-Delayed (51, 51N)
T
Inverse
Time
Definite
Time

IPU I
Inverse Time OC (ANSI Code 51)

Works like a fuse

Trip fast for high overcurrent
Trip slow for small overcurrent

Desirable attribute for many

protection problems
 Application of OC Relays

Commonly used for:

Primary fault protection for radial
feeders
Backup fault protection for more
sophisticated relay schemes
Supervisory elements for more
sophisticated relay schemes
Overload protection
Overcurrent Application
Overcurrent Application
Overcurrent Application
Overcurrent Application
Summary for Overcurrent Relays

Measure Rating
Sensitivity Poor
Selectivity Poor
Speed Depends
Simplicity Best
Cost Best
Directional Overcurrent Relays

ANSI Code 67
Two criteria
Determine that current is flowing
in a particular direction
Detect current above normal and
trip
More selective
How do we determine direction?
Which way did he go?
AC current reverses direction every
half cycle!
How do we determine direction?
We need a reference
Called a polarizing quantity

Phase angle of current with respect to

voltage for example
 Application of Directional Relays

Twice as selective as 50/51 relays

Used in applications that need
more selectivity such as:
Networked lines with fused loads
Bus mains and ties
Supervisory elements for more
sophisticated relay schemes
Directional Relay Application
Summary for Directional Relays

Measure Rating
Sensitivity Depends
Selectivity Good
Speed Good
Simplicity Moderate
Cost Higher
PROTECTION OF A THREE-PHASE
FEEDER
Protection of a Three-phase Feeder
PROTECTION OF A THREE-PHASE
FEEDER
Protection of a Three-phase Feeder
PROTECTION OF A THREE-PHASE
FEEDER
 DIRECTIONAL OVER-CURRENT RELAY
Will it be possible to implement the desired
zones using simple over-current relays?

Consider fault Fa. As per the desired zones, only

CBs 4 and 5 should trip. However, j it can be
easily seen that if plain OC relays are used, CBs 3,
4, 5, and 6 will all trip.
Directional Over-current Relay
 DIRECTIONAL OVER-CURRENT RELAY
The desired relay response is shown

Whenever the fault power flows away from

the bus, it is desired that the OC relay should
trip.
 DIRECTIONAL OVER-CURRENT RELAY
It may be noted that directional relays with tripping
direction away from the bus will be required at locations
'2' and '3'. However, at locations '1' and '4', non-
directional over-current relays will suffice.
Directional Over-current Relay
 DIRECTIONAL OVER-CURRENT RELAY
A fault in any section causes only the CBs associated with
that section to trip out, and because of the ring topology,
power flows from the alternate path.
Characteristics of directional relay
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECTIONAL
RELAY
Characteristics of directional relay
Protection of a Three-phase Feeder
Criterion to get MTA
Requirements
 3-Phase: Directional phase fault protection

Consider a directional relay for protection against all phase

faults involving phase a, i.e. a-b, a-b-g, a-c, a-c-g, a-b-c,
and a-b-c-g faults. Let us consider an a-b fault. It is logical
to choose current Ia, to energize the current coil. However,
the choice of voltage to be applied to the pressure coil is
not immediately apparent.
3-Phase: Directional phase fault protection

Figures 2.24, 2.25 and 2.26 from Book.

 DIRECTIONAL PHASE FAULT
PROTECTION
A-B FAULT Let us consider an a-b fault. It is logical to
choose current Ia, to energize the current coil. However,
the choice of voltage to be applied to the pressure coil is
not immediately apparent
 DIRECTIONAL PHASE FAULT
PROTECTION
Relationship between the unity power factor
(UPF) position of Ia & and these voltages
during the pre-fault condition.
 DIRECTIONAL GROUND FAULT
PROTECTION
Residual current Io
Residual voltage Vo
DIRECTIONAL OC PROTECTION OF A
THREE-PHASE FEEDER