Unix Commands Reference

Unix commands the first thing needed by a Unix sys admin, who are starting to work in
Unix operating system. Unix operating systems comes with online manual system,
which can be used to see the command details, syntax options and examples on while
working on a Unix system. Unix manual can be accessed using man <command name>
and it requires the man package installed and MANPATH set to man directories. The
manual page directories may differ in different Unix operating systems and man package
may no be installed in all systems.

Following are a few of the most popular and useful commands used in Unix operating
system.

WILDCARD Characters

* The * wildcard character substitutes for one or more

characters in a filename. For instance, to list all the files in
your directory that end with .c enter the command ls *.c

? (question mark) serves as wildcard character for any one

character in a filename. For Instance, if you have files
named porg1, prog2, prog3 in your directory, the Unix
command: ls prog?

DIR

Change cd dir Change to directory d

Make mkdir dir Create new directory d
Move mv dir1 dir2 Rename directory d1 as d2
Remove rmdir dir Remove directory d

FILE

list, no details only names ls filename, filename with wildcard

characters.
list, details ls -l filename, filename with wildcard
characters.
move to directory mv filename dirname (wildcard characters
supported)
copy file to other / current directory cp file directory / newfile or cp directory /
oldfile.
delete the file rm file , rm rf directory - Recursively
remove files &
directly without any warning.
file file filename, file command tries to
determine the file type, text , executable etc
after comparing the values in /etc/magic.

vi vi full screen editor vi filename, Opens a existing file or creates

ed Line Text editor ed filename
count Line, word , & char wc filename
Text content display List contents cat filename
of file at once
Text content display by
screen : List contents of file screen by more filename
Concatenate file1 & file2 into file3 cat file1 file2 >file3

File operations

Change read/write/execute mode of chmod mode file

file
chown chown [-R] [-h] owner [:group] file
move(rename) file mv file1 file2 Rename file file1 as file2
remove rm file delete (remove) file f
Compare two files cmp file1 file2
copy file file1 into file2 cp file1 file2
sort Alphabetically sort file
sort Numerically sort -n file
split f into n-line pleces split [-n] f
match pattern grep pattern file Outputs lines that
List file differences diff file1 file2
Head f output beginning of file head file
Output end of file tail file

BROCESS

Suspend current process CTRL/z*

Interrupt processes CTRL/c*
Stop screen scrolling CTRL/s*
Resume screen scrolling CTRL/q*
Sleep for n seconds sleep n
Print list of jobs jobs
Kill job n kill %
Remove process n kill -9 n
Status process status stats ps
Resume background jab n bg [%n]
Resume foreground job n fg [%n]
Exit front shell exit

User admin
Add a new user login to the system

#useradd u 655 g 20 d /home/ttes testlogin loginname

-u is user id , if not specified system takes highest available.
-g group id should be existing in /etc/group, if not specified other or user is
assigned.
-d home directory, default is to use user as the directory name under the home
directory.
Login name new login name to be created.

#useradd testlogin will create a user by the name testlogin with all default values.

Password change passwd <user>

Alias (csh/tcsh) create command alias name1 name2
Alias (ksn/bash) create alias command alias name1=name2
Alias remove alias unalias name1[na2]

Printer

Output file f to line printer lp -d printer file

System status

Display disk quota quota

Print date & time date
List logged in users who
Display current user whoami
Output user information finger [username]
Display recent commands history

Environment variable

set set command alone display the environment

variables, it is used to set options in ksh like
set o vi
export export variable, export makes variable in
sub shells.
Set Environment variable (csh/tcsh) to sentenv name v
Value v
Set Environment variable (ksh/bash) to export name=v example : export
TERM=vt100 Value v

Connectivity

Connecting to a remote host $telnet hostname/IP address or $telnet


two hosts.
Securely connecting to a remote host
username
Copy files from/to remote host
Telnet brings up the login prompt of remote
host and expects you to enter your user
name & password. With out argument it
enters command mode (telnet>) and accepts
command listed by ? at telnet> prompt.
Communication is not encrypted between
Ssh username@hostname or ssh -l
hostname
Depending on ssh setting for your account
you may or may not be asked a password to
login. Your login/passwd will be same login
password as you would use with telnet
connection.
Communication is encrypted between two
hosts so if someone intercepts your
communication he will not be able to use it.
ftp hostname
ftp expects you to enter your
username/passwd or if it is ftp only account
it will require ftp account password.
Put, mput (multipleput) command is used to
transfer files to remote host.
get, mget (multipleget) command is used to
transfer files from remote host.
ftp allows some limited number of
commands to be executed at ftp> prompt &
summary of ftp command can be found by
using ? at ftp> prompt

Securely copy files from/to remote host sftp username@hostname:remotefile

localfile
Communication is encrypted between two
hosts.
Test the tcp/ip connectivity between Ping hostname
two hosts If you can ping a host the host is reachable
from the machine that you are using.
Router/firewall configuration may prevent
ping to succeed.

Backup and Restore

Backup and restore using tar, Tar tvf filename.tar --- View the table of content of a
tar
Tapearchive archive
 Tar xvf filename.tar --- Extract content of a
tar archive
Tar cvf filename.tar file1 file2 file3 ---
Create a tar archive called filename.tar using
file1, file2, file3
tar cannot copy the special files, device files.
Not suitable for taking root backup.

Backup and restore using cpio
Find files, directories
Find files, directories
cpio is mostly used in conjunction with other
commands to generate a list of files to be
copied:
#ls cpio o > /dev/rmt/c0tod0 --- copy the
contents of a directory into a tape archieve :
#find . -depth -print | cpio -pd newdir ---
copy entire directory to other place :
#find . -cpio /dev/rmt/c0t0d0 ---copy files
in current directory to a tape.
cpio can copy special files and hence useful
in taking root backup containing device file.
Find command is used to find the files,
directories and to run commands on the list
of files thus generated by default, find does
not follow symbolic links.
find . -name *.log -print ---Simple find to
list log files.
find . -name *.log -exec rm {} \; ---Simple
find to find log files and delete them.
find accepts a long list of options to find the
files based on different parameters such as
create time, modified time, of certain size
etc. please refer to man find for more option.

Technical questions asked of unix admins

1. What editor do you use (hint : a wrong answer here will heavily influence the
interview)
What is on ALL Unix systems?
Ans:- Vi full screen editor
ed line text editor
2. What shell do you use? (hint: a wrong insert here will affect your chances)
Ans:- zsh bash ksh bourne shell
3. What is the best shell for root why is that the best shell for root?
Ans:- zsh bash

4. why is that the best shell for root?

Ans:-
5. List the operating systems you are familiar with and the versions?
Ans:- Sco Unix, HP, IBM, Linux, AIX, Solaries,
6. How do you backup your system?
Ans:- Full backup
7. What commercial tools have you used for backup and archive?
Ans:- TIVOLI
8. What UID does root have across an NFS mount by default?
Ans:-
9. What file contains the mounted file systems in Solaris?
Ans:- /etc/vfstab
10. What file contains the mounted file systems in HP Unix?
Ans:- /etc/fstab
11. What command identifies the NIS server you are bound to
Ans:-
12. What is the name of the administrative tool for SUN?
Ans:- SM (Solaries Management Tool)
13. What is the name of the administrative tool for HP?
Ans:- SAM (System Administration Manager)
14. What is the name of the administrative tool for IBM?
Ans:- SMIT (System Management Interface Tool)
15. If you are going to modify CDE files, which directory should you edit /usr/dt
or /etc/dt?
Ans:- /usr/dt
16. What differs between the NIS entry in the /etc/passwd file between HP and SUN?
Ans:-
17. In Solaris 2.5 What is the name of the file with the NFS exported files?
Ans:-
18. In Solaris 2.6 What is the name of the file with the NFS exported files?
Ans:-
19. Identify some differences between CDE in Solaris 2.6 and Solaris 2.7?
Ans:-
20. How can you tell what is attached to the SCSI chain on a SUN system?
Ans:-
21. How can you tell what is attached to the SCSI chain on an HP system?
Ans:-
22. What command will tell you have much memory a system has in Solaris?
23. What command will tell you have much memory a system has in HP Unix?
24. Where are system messages logged in Solaris?
25. Where are system messages logged in HP Unix?
26. How would you break an nfs mount on a system that has users on it?
27. Explain how you could stop and start a process without rebooting?
28. What command will tell you how long a system has been running?
29. What is lvm?
30. What is an hfs?
31. What is fsck?
 32. What is jxfs or vxfs?
33. How do you get a Sun system to single user mode?
34. How do you get an HP system to single user mode?
35. What files control basic hostname and network information on a Sun?
36. Hint what files control basic hostname and network information on an HP?
37. Hint what command will provide status of your file systems on a Sun?
38. What command will provide status of your file systems on a HP?
39. What command will provide status of your file systems on a Linux system?
40. What file do you edit to permit non console login of root on a Solaris system?
41. What command with path launches open windows on a Sun os system?
42. What command provides information on the health and performance of nfs?
43. What command provides information on your network connection?
44. What are some of the tags in html that do not require a closing tag?
45. What command can you use to find the path to an application?
46. What option can you use with ftp to automatically transfer using wildcards?
47. What character show up in an asxii file created in masos or windows when ftpd in
Binary mode
48. What does the Io scan command do?
49. What does the lan scan command do?
50. What command in Solaris shows disk partitions?
51. What are the tar commands to display the contents of an archive?
52. What directory are programs like perl and netscape installed in?
53. What is the recommended ration of swap to memory for X-windows?
54. What command tell s you who is logged into a file system?
55. What is the command to shutdown and halt a Sun system?
56. What is the command to shutdown and halt an HP system?
57. How do you mount a file system?
58. What command can you use to identify a hostname or IP address?
59. What character is used to launch an application and run it in the background?
60. What command lists the current running bobs?
61. How do you kill a running job?
62. Where are startup scripts for an HP Unix 10.20 system?
63. Where are startup scripts for a Solaris 2.6 system?
64. What command is used to display NIS host information for an IP address share f
NFS o ro sun sunl sun data share f nfs o anon o data provides read and write
permission share f nfs o ro sun share to see the permissions showmount -e to see
the permissions showmount -e to see the mounts df mounts which all client has
mounted the nfs directories nistab to ser nfs servers dfshare to see the server
shared directories csfadm c mycache mount f cachefs o backfstype nfs cachedir
myache sun naveen naveen mount f tmpfs o size 50 swap naveen
65.
Choose all the correct answers in Solaris

1. How many disk slsices a disk can have?

8 7 6 1
2. Which file is used to set the default mask in Solaris?
 etc profile profile etc etc inittab
3. What are the advantage for making disk partitions?
Easy to maintain Easy for backing up
Limits problems to one partition only Space can be monitored easily
4. What does a sign in etc hosts?
Indicates all hosts are allowed only known hosts are allowed
all users are allowed unknown hosts are also allowed
5. Which command is used to mount local file system ?
mount mountall mount mount -f
6. Which command line option gives a run level and output headings?
who -b who -r
who -rh who -rh
7. Which command is used to change the auto boot feature in Sun ultra eeprom amto boot
true eeprom auto boot true eeprom autoboot true eepromn auto boot true if patch id is
123456 10 sthen its revision number is 123 456 10 6-10
8. Which commands can be used to make a device alias?
devalias ok prompt dvalias at root prompt
nvram at ok prompt drvconfig at root prompt
9. Where in Solaris encrypted passwords are stored?
etc passwd etc shadow
etc default passwd etc inittab
10. What is required in a diskless workstation for Solaris workstation?
CPU, monitor, keyboard, hard disk CPU, monitor, keyboard, cdrom drive
CPU, monitor, keyboard, Ethernet card CPU, and Ethernet card only
11. Which of the following points to virtual file system?
dev disk cotodos3 dev rdsk cotodos3
dev mnd dsk cotodos3 dev vx rdsk data voll

12. Which Solaris command is used to correct file system problems?

newfs fasck
mkfs Format
13. Which is the configuration file for the tip command?
etc tip conf etc remote
etc inittab d profile
14. When auto mount daemon needs to be restarted?
when direct map is changes when indirect map is changes
no need to restart when a new user is created
15. What is the default configuration cluster in Solaris installation developer core end user
entire distribution?

16. Which utility is used to administer the port monitor?

sacadm pmadm
ttyadm adjmmintool

14. What is the command to assign a IP address to QFE network interface write the
vommand 10 30 usr bin log info entry in cron Jab will execute the program every at 10.30
every Thursday at 10.30 every Saturday 10.30 every Wednesday at 10.30 what do you
need for a fresh Solaris installation host name ip address net mask domain name how can
you see the prom version show version prom banner version

15.Which file enables you to disable root login on terminals?

etc default login etc system
16. Which directory contain run level control scripts?
etc rc2 d etc init
etc rc3 d
17. Which command show the patch installed in the system?
patchadd show rev show patch patch list
18. What are the advantage of having a virtual file system?
Large capacity volumes Increased file system size
performance enhancement backup becomes easy
19. Which file is used to define default run level for init process at booting time?
etc ttyyab etc btyadm
etc inittab etc profile
20. Which command shows kernel parameters and driver module information?
sysconfig prtconfig
dmesg prucobf a multiuser operating system
is one in which many users can work simultaneously many process can work
simultaneously a large number of users can be created a number of user home directories
can be created
21. What is true about software packages it is group of files, directories they are grouped
to form clusters it is standard way of delivering software in Solaris, they can be installed
using pkgadd command.
22. What type of names are used for administering disk drives in Solaris environment?
Physical logical virtual disk instance
23. How many run level in Solaris?
answer :- 8 run level
there are Solaris network daemon answer inetd
24. How to stop the process using process name?
answer:- pkill process name Solaris kernel name answer kernel sparcy9 Unix
25.How to recover root password?
answer:- boot form the cdrom mount the cotodoso timp open estc shadows file
delete the encrypt entry boot the systems and you can login with no password.
26. What does fmthard do?
answer:- fmthard is tools or copy vroc one hard drive to other hard drive answer fmthard
is a very useful command during the time of systems recovery it helps in rebuilding the
files system as it was before crash fmthard take the output of prtvtoc and rebuilds the
slices fmthard can be used to format many hard disks at the same time are kernel
parameters tunable during runtime answer in etc systems file

What is the difference between nfs version 2 and nfs version 3?

answer :- nfs 2 default 8kb transfer rate, it did not check the authentication at the time
connection client wants to access
Unauthorized file it shows error messages like write error read error nfs 3 32 kb transfer
rate. It check at the time connection acl support

What is rpc?

Answer:- remote procedure call Solaris used for transaction in nis

Answer:- remote procedure call The application will cause the code to be executed in
remote host and return the value back to the application. Until that time, application will
be suspended. The RPC is synchronous kind.

What is jass?

Answer :- The Solaris Security Toolkit, formerly known as the jumpstart Architecture and
Security Scripts (jass) toolkit, lprovides a flexible and extensible mechanism to harden
and audit Solaris operating systems (oss)

How do you boot from a network with jumpstart?

Answer:- ok boot net-install (for install the OS in client system)

Ok boot net to boot client system from network
Answer:- jumpstart hand off installation, like windows ghost.

What is jumpstart?

Answer:- By using jumpstart we can install OS at a time on multiple systems, by this we

can save the time this id done by keeping OS dump in a system, from this system we can
install the OS
For this, the system architecture should be same.
How do you boot from CD-Rom
Answer:- boot cdrom booting from cdrom boot net booting from network card
Answer:- command boot crfrom s we can use this command

What does init 0 do?

Answer:- init 0 is ok boot prom level

What does init 5 do?

Answer:- init 5 system halt mode

Answer:- shutdown

What does ndd do?

Answer:- Several of the network settings discussed in this artic are configured using the
ndd command. It is used to examine and set kernel module parameters, namely the
Transmission Control Protocol Internet protocol (TCP/IP) drivers Most kernel parameters
accessible through ndd can be modified without rebooting the system. To see which
parameters are available, use the following ndd commands.
Ndd dev arp
Ndd dev icmp
Ndd dev ip
Ndd dev tcp
Ndd dev udp

What is etc system for?

Answer:- etc system is a kernel configuration file The etc system file is the control file for
modifying which modules and parameters are to be loaded by the kernel at boot time. By
default, all lines in this file are commented out.
Modifying the kernels behavior (or configuration) requires editing the etc system file.
Altering this file allows you to modify the kernels treatment of loadable modules as well
as to modify kernel parameters for some performance tuning

What is an alternative to the top command on Solaris?

Answer:- prstat

What is OBP and how do you access it?

Answer:- open boot Prom this is 0 run level in Solaris stop + A or in command mode init
0

How do you get system diagnostics information?

Answer:- dmesg

How do you view shared memory statistics?

Answer:- vmstat S
Answer:- As said above, vmstat S and you can check the shared memory with ipcs a

How do you create a Solaris package?

Answer:- pkgadd d dir host

What does the pkgadd command do?

Answer:- it used for Software installation like third party tools

What is rpc why do I need it?

Answer:- RPC is simply known as Remote Procedure call this is the fundamental in NFS
(Network File System)
Difference between NFS version 2 and Fns version 3?

Answer:- NFS version 2 supports 8Kb transfer rate, client can access unauthorized file
they give errors
NFS Version3 supports 32 kb transfer rate, first check the permissions after that they give
connection permission

What is OBP and how u r going to access it?

Answer:- Open boot Prom stop + A or init 0

How can you set EEPROM settings from Solaris?

Answer:- using eeprom command

Tell me some of the differences between Solaris and sun OS
Answer sun OS is BSD based
Solaris is used system V kernel

Security point of view, whats there in NIS+ than NIS?

Answer :- NIS =Centralized domain

NIS+=centralized and multiple domains as well as used as ADS in windows server
Answer :- NIS+ means to control centralized domain like ADS
Nis means it is a centralized domain used as single domain

If you have forgotten the root password for a server, how do you get back in?

Answer :- boot net S

Mount/dev dsk cotdos0 a
Cd a etc
Term=vt100
Export TERM
Vi shadow
//remove passwd field after save the file
Cd/
Umount/a
Sync
Init 6
You can receive e-mail, but when u try to send e-mail u cant send any what is
wrong?

Answer :- problem may be in RELAY ONS lookup

Answer :- The problem can be with the outgoing port number used.
Answer :- The SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is may not be run.
If you have multiple Ethernet interfaces, how do you keep it from routing between
them?

Answer :- touch etc notrouter

What is uadmin and what does it do?

Answer :- uadmin is command control for basic administrative functions

How would you truncate a log file that is growing too large if you dont have space to
compress it or to move it somewhere else? How would you do it?

Answer :- cp dev null File Name

When you ping server and ping server domain name you get different results why?

Answer :- If you give ping hostname the server will give the result from etc hosts file if
you give ping hostname domain name then I will search through internet.
Answer :- if your are pointing to the DNS server why you need to add it in a etc hosts
If you are not able to ping through hostname just type dns in etc nsswitch conf file if you
try to access through hostname it read the nsswitch. Conf file this file will point to dns
server

How do you give a user access to an application or program that needs to run as root
without giving them the root password?

Answer : Update the etc sudoers with a sudo rule.

Answer :- write RBAC (Role Based Access Control) rules for that specific program or
application
If fsck is running one thind u should not do whats that?

Answer :- fsck is a useful command to bring back a corrupted file system back into
working condition one important thing u should note while using this command is that
never never fsck on a mounted file system and while it is running never try to restart the
system

If you mistype a password how do you clear it out to retype the password again?

Answer :- clear password filed in etc system file

Answer :- if you are in the middle of typing a Solaris Unix password and you fat finger it
Ctrl U& will clear the incorrect text you have entered and you can immediately retype the
entry while at the same prompt

If you can ping a server but cant telnet or ssh to it what wrong?
Answer :- if service not enable the server uncomment tcp ssh service in etc inetd conf
You can ping servers on the subnet your workstation is on, but not other subnets why
Answer :- need to update the routing table with a route to the subnet in question route add

Suppose if u want to reconfigure the kernel then how you are going to do?

Answer :- touch reconfigure

Boot r

What are the files in /etc directory?

Answer :- The files in /etc directory are all configuration files

Answer :- The files in /etc are all binary executable files usually required for system
administration.
Answer :- etc directory contains configuration files of all the services.

What is the main advantage of creating links to a file instead of copies of the file?

Answer :- The main advantage is not really that it saves disk space (though it does that
too) but, rather, that a change of permissions on the file is applied to all the link access
points. The link will show permissions of irwxrwxwx but that is for the link itself and not
the access to the file to which the link points. Thus if you want to change the permissions
for a command, such as su , you only have to do it on the original. With copies you have
to find all of the copies and change permission on each of the copies
Etc default login etc system

Which directory contain run level control scripts?

Etc rc2 d etc init d etc rc3 d usr bin

Which command show the patch installed in the system?

Patchadd p showrev p showpatch patchlist

What are the advantage of having a virtual file system?

Large capacity volumes increased file system size performance enhancement backup
becomes easy

Which file is used to define default run level for init process at booting time?

Etc ttyyab etc ttyadm

Etc inittab etc profile

Which command shows kernel parameters and and driver module information?
Sysconfig prtconfig dfmesg prtconf

A multiuser operating system is one in which?

Many users can work simultaneously many processes can work simultaneously
A large number of users can be created A number of user home directories can be created

What is true about software packages?

It is group of files directories they are gouped to form clusters

It is standard way of delivering software in Solaris They can be installed using pkgadd
command.

What type of names are used for administering disk driven in Solaris environment?

Physical logical Virtual disk instance

What is the command to check the system configuration (ex Memory size Hard disk
capacity No of Processor?

Answer cfgadm a

What is difference between Process and Daemon?

A daemon is a software process that runs in the background (continuously) and provides
the service to client upon request
Server process run runs one time when called by a daemon Once done it will stop For
example telnetd (in telnetd) or ftpd called from kinetd inetd daemon

How do you determine which Run Level the system is running?

Who

How will you add a virtual IP address to a server. Given the interface hme0/eth0/qe0
and IP 10.76.176.1?

#ifconfig qe0:1 plumb

#ifconfig qe0:1 10.10.1150 up

What is sticky bit?

When this is set on a directory only the file in that directory can be removed or renamed
if:
a user owns the directory
User owns the file
Super User
How many different kill signals are there?

Ans :- 47
EXIT HYUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP ABRT EMT FPE KILL BUS SEGV SYS PIPE
ALRM TERM USR1 USR2 CLD PWR WINCH URG POL STOP TSTP CONT TTIN
TTOU VTALRM PROF XCPU XFSZ WAIATING LWP FREEZE THAW CANCEL
LOST XRES RTMIN RTMIN+1 RTMIN+2 RTMIN+3 RTMAX-3 RTMAX-2 RTMAX-1
RTMAX

What setting determines the default permissions for files and directores?

Ans umask

How can you come to the home directory?

Ans cd $Home

How can we find RAM size in solaris server?

Ans Use this command

# psrinfo grep memconf

How to do see the processor information?

#psrinfo
#psrinfo-v to see which processor are online and offline

How to change processor operation status?

#psradm a n to set all processor online

#psradm f 2 3 make processor 2 and 3 offline

How to make processor 4 offline?

#psradm f4 offline

How to make processor 3 online?

#psrinfo V to see the status

#psrinfo a 3 online

How to see the kernel version and supported by it?

#isainfo
How to see the default boot device from the boot prom #setenv boot-device disk
Boot-device=disk?

#reset-to make the changes

How to see all the information of the hardware related from bootprom?

#banner or #prtconf

How to see the physical disk connected to the system?

#probe-scsi

How to see all pci slots?

#probe-pci-slots
Or
#probe-pci-all

How do you check your loop back or network devices ok test net?
How to check the clock devices?

Ok netwatch-clock

How to set environment variable in NVRAM #invalias /pcirarp to set scsi for
booting of client?

#nvalias net dhcp to boot from dhcp

#nvunalias net remove the alias

How to configure newly attached hardware?

#devfsadm Or
#drvconfig

What are raid0, raid1 and raid5?

How to create state database replica?
#metadb

How to see the state bases?

#metadb

How to change the default level from 8kb to 4kb?

#metadb -a -f l 4096 c0t0d0s1

How to create 2 database replicas?

#metadb a f c 2 c0t0d0s1

How to create raid 0 concatination?

#metainit d0 2 1 c0t0d0s1 1 c0t1d0s1

How to see the meta device information?

#metastat
Newfs /dev/md/rdsk/d0
Mount /dev/md/dsk/d0 /nav

How to differentiate concatenation and strippong?

when used metastat command stripping with show an interlace value 32kb this shows it is
striped.

How to create raid 0 stripping?

#matainit d1 1 2 c0t0d0s1 c0t0d0s2

#metastat
#newfs /dev/md/rdsk/d1
#mount /dev/md/dsk/c1 /naveen

How to clear metadevices?

#metaclear d0
#metaclear d1

How to create mirroring raid l?

#metainit d1 1 1 c0t0d0s1
Metainit d2 1 1 c0t0d0s2
Metainit d3 m d1
Metattach d3 d2
Metastat

How to create stripe with parity?

#metainit d1 raid5 c2t0d0s0 c0t0d0s0 c0t2d0s0

Metastat
Newfs /dev/md/rdsk/d1
Mount /dev/md/rdsk/d1 /naveen
How to grow the size of the volume?

#growfs M /naveen c0t0d0s1

How to create raids using volume manager?

#vxassit g rootdg make vo101 20g

#newfs /dev/vx/rdsk/rootdg/vo101
#mount /dev/vx/dsk/rootdg/vol101 /naveen

b) vxassit g rootdg make vo102 20g layout=stripe st_width=32

#newfs /dev/vx/rdsk/rootdg/vo102
#mount /dev/vx/dsk/rootdg/vo102 /naveen

c) vxassit g rootdg make vo103 20g layout=mirror

newfs /dev/vx/rdsk/rootdg/vo103
mount /dev/vx/dsk/rootdg/vo103 /naveen

d) vxassit g rootdg make vol4 20g layout=raid5.nologs

newfs /dev/vx/rdsk/rootdg/vol4
mount /dev/vx/rdsk/rootdg/vol4

How to print plexes , subdisk , volumes?

Vxprint pt for plexes

Vxprint st subdisk
Vxprint vt volumes

How to increase the size of the volume?

Vxassit r rootdg growby vol01 20g

/usr/lib/fs/fsck F ufs M /naveen /dev/vx/rdsk/rootdg/vol01 40980 (offset volue by
typing the vxprint vt command)

What is the top command used for its lists all the processes with the process id Cpu
utilization and idle cpu Memory utilization and idle memory?

Swap utilization and ideal swap application using maximum cpu utilization with pid

What is lofs used for?

Lofs list open files is used for to check a problem encounter with a file or process

What is the use of truss command?

Trace system call for every running file

Whats are the fields in vfstab ?

Mount device-raw device for fsk-mountpoint-filesystem-fsckcheck-mount at boot and it

contain all the mounted filesystem

How to break root password ?

#ok boot cdrom s

TERM=ansi
Export TERM
Mkdir /naveen
Mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /naveen
Vi /naveen/etc/passwd
Root:KHGHGHGGFG:-remove this junk passwd
Wq!
Reboot it logins with out asking for password
Password enter new password

How to create a user ?

useradd u uid g gid d /export/home/naveen m s /bin/sh naveen

Whats are the files which maintain user information?

/etc/passwd
/etc/group
/etc/shadow

Fields in /etc/passwd ?

user-passwd-uid-gid-homedirectory-shell

Fields in /etc/group ?
groupname-gid

Fields in /etc/shadow ?

username:encrypted passwd min-max-lastchange-warn-expire

How to create a quotas?

cd /export/home
Touch quotas
Chmod u+rw quotas
Edquota naveen
Soft=5000 hard=6000 inodes=5000 inode=5500
Quotan v /export/home
Repqupota v /export/home or quota v naveen to see quota

How to create a nis master?

Domain name sun.com

Echo sun.com etc default domain
Vi etc hosts
Sun1 192.168.0.1
Sun2 192.168.0.2 add all the host connected to the network
Wq
Cp etc nsswitch. Nis etc nsswithc.sonf
Vi etc nsswitch.conf
File nis-add this entry
Wq
Cd vary p
Ypinit-m master server
Enter host 192.168.0.1
Stop at errors say no here
Yes-yes-yes
Cd vary p
User/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstop
/usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart
Here you can see all the deamon get restarted

Which command display the default nis server ?

Ypwhich

Which command will display all the master and slave servers ?

Ypcat k ypservers

How to see the nis users ?

Ypeat passwd

What are the deamons for nis master ?

Ypserv ypbind ypxfrd rpc.ypassword rpc.ypupdates

How to create nis slave server (192.168.0.2) ?

Vi/etc/host
Sun 192.19\68.0.1 master server ip
Wq
Cp etc nsswitch.nis etc switch.conf
Vi nsswitch.con
Files nis
Wq
Domainname sun.com
Echo sun.com etc defaultdomain or to maintain more security vary p ypservers
Cd vary p
Ypinit s sun1 (master server)
Yes give master server ip or hostname
Error say no
Yes-yes
Cd var up if u u in that directory then its okay
Usr lib netsvc yp ypstop
Usr lib netsvc yp ypstart
Ypserv ypbind
Ypwhich-will display master and slave servers
Ypcat-k ypservers-list master and slave server

What are the daemon for nis slave server ?

Ypserv ypbind

Who to see nis user from the slave ?

Ypcat passwd

How to configure nis client ?

Vi etc hosts
Sun1 192.168.0.1 master
Sun2 192.168.0.2 slave
Wq
Cp etc nsswithc nis etc nsswitch.conf
Domainname sun.com
Echo sun.com etc defaultdomain or vary p ypservers
Cd vary p
Ypinit c
Add the slave if available or master
Yes
No at errors
Cd vary yp
User lib netsvc yp ypstop
Usr lib netsvc yp ypstart
Daemons for nis clients are ypbind
To see nis server and master from the client
Ypcat k ypservers

How do you update slave servers from th master ?

Cd vary p
User ccs bin make passwd
Or yppush

How to create nis+ server and client ?

Cp etc passwd export home nisfiles

Cp etc group export home nisfiles
Cp etc hosts export home nisfiles
Vi auto_master

Remove all entries and keep only user name home directories ?

Host1 192.168.0.1:/export/home
Host2 192.168.0.1:/export/home
Wq
#domainname sun.com
#echo suns.com etc defaultdomain
#nisserver r Y
Reboot
#cd/export/home
#nspopulate v F

How to create nis+ client ?

#cp/etc/nsswitch.nis etc nsswitch. Conf

Files nisplus
Wq
#domainname sun.com
#echo sun.com etc defaultdomain
#nisclient -1 h 192.168.0.1 d sun.com
Listing table & objects in NIS+
#nisis ;Gives the total objects in NIS+
#nisis org dir ;Listts the tables listed in the directory

Listing a contents of tables

#niscat passwd.org dir

Listing table structure

#niscat o passwd.org dir lists structure of password table.
Adding A user
#niscat -0 passwd.org dir ;lists structure of password table.

Adding A user
#niscat a name=john uid=123 gid=111 home=/home/john shell=/bin/sh passwd.org dir
Changing the user information in passwd table (Super user only)
Fill in the corresponding values in
#nistbladm a name= passwd= uid= gid= home= shell= passwd.org_d

Example
#nistbaldm a name=john uid=123 gid=234 home=/home/john shell=/bin/sh
passwd.org_di
To change only shell
#nistbaldm m shell=/usr/local/bin/bash [name=john], passwd.org_dir
Changing user passwd
As root
#nispasswd user name user has to update his key through chkey p
As user $ nispasswd ;update encrypted key
$chkey p (user NIS+ passwd and login passwd are the same
$chkey p ;(user NIS+ passwd and login passwd are the same)

Adding user credentials

#nisaddcred p 123 p john local

#nisaddered p unix 123@planet.com P john.planet.comd des
123 is userid and john is the user name.

Adding/removing a user dir entry in auto home table :

#nistbladm a key=john value=10.20.40:/home/john auto_home.org_dir

#nistbladm r key=john auto_home.org dir :if key is not unique then more fields needs to
be defined
Removing a user
#nistbladm r name=john passwd.org_dir

Modifying the tables for multiple entries.

#nisaddent d passwd tmp passwd Dump the table to a file

#vi /tmp passws ;Edit the dumped file
#nisaddent r f etc passwd passwd put back the dumped file nisaddent command is
available only for some of the standard tables, for others either nispopulate stbladm has to
be used

How to create backup by usf dump ?

Ufsdump-0(zero) cvf/dev/rmt/0/naveen
How to list the files ?

Ufsrestore tvf/dev/rmt/0
Ufsdump uvf/dev/rmt/0/naveen to updates
Ufsrestore ivf/dev/rmt/0/naveen

How to back up using tar ?

Tar cvf/dev/rmt/0naveen
Tart tvf/dev/rmt/0
Tar dvf/dev/rmt/0/naveen
Tar xvf/dev/rmt/0/naveen

What are the deamon for nfs server and what are each used for

Nfsd- it enables file system exporting and file access request from the client
Mount-it handle mount request from the client
Lockd-provides locking facility for server and client
Mohntd-it checks lockd to provide crash and recovery finctions

How do you share and access a file from using nfs ?

Vi/etc/dfs/dfstab
Share-F nfs/naveen
Wq
#Exportfs-va
#cd/etc/inet.d
Sh nfs.server stop
Sh nfs. Server start
Sh rpc stop
Sh rpc start
Or we can use
Svcadm restart svc:/network/nfs/server deafault
CLIEN
Nfstab-to see nfserver and shared directory
Mount f nfs sun1:/naveen/naveen
Vi /etc/fstab
Sun1:/naveen -/naveen nfs-yes-
Wq
#sharp-F nfs o ro=sun1 /data