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Documenti di Cultura
Social Disorganization
Emile Durkheim defined social disorganization as a state of disequilibrium and a lack of social solidarity or
consensus among the members of a society. W.I. Thomas and Florien Znaniecki conceived of social
disorganization as a decrease of the influence of existing rules of behaviour upon individual members of the
groups.
According to Mowever, social disorganization is the process by which the relationships between members of a
group are shaken.
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff when the harmonious relationship between the various parts of culture is
disturbed, social disorganization, ensue. According to R.E.L. Faris, Social disorganization is a disturbance in
the patterns and mechanisms of human relations. According to Elliott and Merrill, Social disorganization is the
process by which the relationship between members of the group are broken or dissolved.
According to Queen and Harper, If social organization means the development of relationships which persons
and groups find mutually satisfactory, then disorganization means their replacement by relationships which
bring disappointment, thwarted wishes, irritation, and unhappiness. Social disorganization often brings
personal disorganization, since a person is a social creation and his self a social product.
Family Disorganization
It may include not only the tensions between husband and wife, but also those arising between children and
parents as well. It has been referred as irreversible damage of the relationships between a husband and a wife
and sometimes between children and their parents. It is also associated with loss of significant roles of elders
who served as central or main part for the family support (Joseph, 2011).
Family Disorganization manifests in desertions, separations, divorces, court litigation, and domestic violence on
women, aged and children. Ogburn (1955) has discussed family disorganization as resulting from the loss of
functions. In short, woman desertion, as a form of marital conflict, results out of family disorganization.
Individual disorganization
Stress, anxiety & other mental disorders/illness.
Hopelessness.
Sense of un-security/loneliness.
After divorce of parents, children have low or no warmth feelings.
Low self-esteem.
Stubbornness.
Pessimism.
Criminals/social evils.
Prostitution
Beggary
Alcoholism
Juvenile delinquency
Emotionally & mentally unsatisfaction/disturbance.
Attempt suicide.
Lack of empathy.
Vagabond
Drunkard
Desertion types
1. Constructive Desertion: There may exist a fact of desertion even if both the spouses reside in the same
home or roof.
2. Willful Neglect: Willful neglect of matrimonial duties constitutes desertion according to Hindu
Marriage Act, 1955.
3. Actual Desertion
4. Permanent Desertion
5. Temporary Desertion
6. Family Disorganization Theory: According to Memoria (1981) and Madan (1965), desertion/ divorce
are the byproducts of family disorganization.
7. Domestic Violence: Studies conducted on domestic violence indicate that young married women are
likely to desert the family due to the violence perpetrated on them. The most common family violence
against women is the harassment by husbands and in-laws for dowry or any other reason.
Child Abuse
Child abuse is when a parent or caregiver, whether through action or failing to act, causes injury, death,
emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child. There are many forms of child maltreatment, including
neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, exploitation and emotional abuse.
1. Physical Abuse. Physical abuse of a child is when a parent or caregiver causes any non-accidental
physical injury to a child. There are many signs of physical abuse. If you see any of the following signs,
please get help right away. 28.3% of adults report being physically abused as a child.
2. Sexual Abuse. Sexual abuse occurs when an adult uses a child for sexual purposes or involves a child
in sexual acts. It also includes when a child who is older or more powerful uses another child for sexual
gratification or excitement. 20.7% of adults report sexually abused as a child.
3. Emotional Abuse. When a parent or caregiver harms a childs mental and social development, or
causes severe emotional harm, it is considered emotional abuse. While a single incident may be abuse,
most often emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior that causes damage over time. 10.6% of adults
report being emotionally abused as a child.
4. Child Neglect. Child neglect is when a parent or caregiver does not give the care, supervision, affection
and support needed for a childs health, safety and well-being. Child neglect includes:
a. Physical neglect and inadequate supervision
b. Emotional neglect
c. Medical neglect
d. Educational neglect
The Issue of Child Abuse retrieved on 08 February 2017 from https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse/
Illegitimacy
The term illegitimacy is derived from the Latin illegitimus, meaning not in accordance with the law. An
illegitimate child is one conceived and born outside of the regulatory sanctions of marriage.
There are three basic measures of illegitimacy: number, ratio, and rate. The number of illegitimate births
indicates the total volume of illegitimacy and is used to compute the ratio and rate. The illegitimacy ratio is the
number of illegitimate births per 1,000 live births. This measure indicates the proportion of all reproduction
occurring outside of marriage and is used to show whether illegitimacy is increasing or decreasing in a specific
population. The illegitimacy rate, in the technical sense of the term, is the number of illegitimate births per
1,000 unmarried females of childbearing ages; it indicates whether illegitimacy is increasing or decreasing in
relation to the opportunities for it. The term rate of illegitimacy is used frequently in a less technical sense to
denote the illegitimacy ratio as a percentage of 100, in which case a 4 per cent rate of illegitimacy indicates a
ratio of 40 illegitimate births per 1,000 live births.
Sexual orientation
Sexual orientation refers to a persons emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female).
Sexual orientation is typically divided into four categories:
1. heterosexuality, the attraction to individuals of the opposite sex;
2. homosexuality, the attraction to individuals of ones own sex;
3. bisexuality, the attraction to individuals of either sex;
4. and asexuality, no attraction to either sex.
Heterosexuals and homosexuals may also be referred to informally as straight and gay, respectively.
Celibacy
Celibacy is the state of not being married. People associate it with priesthood, in the Latin rite of the Church, the
norm is to be unmarried to be celibate.
Prostitution
Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment or some other
benefit. It is sometimes called as commercial sex or hooking.