M I L L , F AY, G A I N , G E N I E , M I U

NERVE CELL / NEURON

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CNS - Central Nervous System

Brain

Spinal

PNS - Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves

Autonomic Nerves
NEURON
Cells of nervous system

The longest and the oldest cell in your body (lived as

long as you're living)

No cell dividing (when you get older ,If neuron died ,

the died neuron can not be replace)

There are three main parts of the neuron ,which are

Soma, Dendrites ,and Axon.
OVERVIEW
FUNCTION

Receiving signal/ information

Coordinate incoming signal

Convey signals to target cells

CELL BODY / SOMA
CELL BODY / SOMA
Soma needs to produce a lot
of protein, so it is a place that
protein synthesis occur
Metabolism of Neuron.
Part of neuron that contains
organelles.
contains important organelle
such as Nucleus.
Connected to
Dendrites ,which brings
electrical signals from other
neuron to the cell body and
sent pass through Axon.
Make ATP and Protein
synthesis for neurotransmitter.
ORGANELLES
 ORGANELLES

GOLGI BODY
NUCLEUS ENDOPLASMIC - PA C K A G I N G
- CONTROLLER
RETICULUM - PROTEINS ARE IN
- C O N TA I N S VESICLES WHICH
- O R G A N E L L E S T H AT
NUCLEOLUS AND LOOK LIKE BUBBLES.
WORK FOR
C H R O M AT I N , W H I C H - WHEN VESICLES
ENDOMEMBRANE
A R E T I G H T LY COME TO GOLGI
SYSTEM.
PA C K E D B O D Y T H AT A C T
- I M P O R TA N T F O R
DNA(GENETIC) AND LIKE MAIL ROOM /
THE PROTEIN
PROTEIN POST OFFICE.
SYNTHESIS
- SENT MRNA OUT OF - IT DECIDES WHERE
-CLASSIFY TO TWO
NUCLEUS TO THE VESICLES ARE
TYPES: SER RER
CYTOPLASM. S E N T.
WHICH HAS
R I B O S O M E AT TA C H E S .
 ORGANELLES

CYTOSKELETON RIBOSOME
- C E L L S S H A P E
MITOCHONDRIA - NEED A LOT
- THE CELL POWER RIBOSOME TO MAKE
SUPPORT
HOUSES PROTEIN FOR
- CONTROL THE
- S U P P LY E N E R G Y DENDRITE
SHAPE OF
IN THE FORM OF - P O LY R I B O S O M E ;
DENDRITES
AT P M A K E M U LT I P L E C O P Y
- NEURON NEED OF THE SAME
BIG AMOUNT OF PROTEIN
ENERGY
 ORGANELLES

VA C U O L E
- C O N TA I N S A F L U I D -
FILLED SAC SYNAPTIC VESICLE
- A SMALL
- S T O R E S S A LT, W AT E R , VESICLE
MEMBRANE SAC.
MINERALS, - AT S Y N A P S E .
- STORES AND
NUTRIENTS,, - S T O R E S VA R I O U S
TRANSPORTS
PIGMENTS, AND NEUROTRANSMITTE
S U B S TA N C E S
PROTEIN WITHIN A R S T H AT A R E
THROUGHOUT
MEMBRANE BARRIER R E L E A S E D AT T H E
THE CELL
CALLED A SYNAPSE
TONOPLAST
NEURITE

Dendrites

Axon
DENDRITES
DENDRITES
Function:

bring electrical signals to the soma.

connect to other nerve cells.

a lot of branches.

contains, Mitochondria, Neurofilament join as tufts

around the dendrites.

have receptor
AXON
AXON

Axon is long thin body that connect to the soma with

smooth surfaces unlike dendrites.

Most neurons have one axon.

Function:

take information away from the soma (cell

body)
AXON
Axon is covered by Myelin sheath

Myelin sheath is made by support cells

called glia

develop from Schwann cell

make the electrical signal move

faster

Axon terminal: transmits signals to the

next neuron

Axon hillock: part of axon that connect

to the soma
SYNAPSES

Connect neuron to neuron

Located at the end of the Axon

Function:

sending message to other neurons

control direction of the electrical impulse

SYNAPSE

Chemical synapse

In each synaptic knob have vesicle that contains

neurotransmitter

Electrical synapse

Using electric field that happen between nerve

cell (that are very close together)
TYPES OF NEURONS
TYPES OF NEURONS

Can be classified in two ways

Structurally classified

By the function (direction of the information that

they send)
S T R U C T U R A L LY
CLASSIFIED

Unipolar - found in invertebrate

Pseudo-unipolar - found in human

connect from skin to spinal

cord

have one process

S T R U C T U R A L LY C L A S S I F I E D

Bipolar - have two processes

Found in the retina of the eye,

and ear

One side is dendrite and another

side is axon

Information: Dendrites Axon

S T R U C T U R A L LY C L A S S I F I E D

Multipolar (majority) - have one axons process and

many dendrites

Located in the brain and spinal cord

BY THE FUNCTION (OVERALL)
BY THE FUNCTION

Sensory Neurons - carry information TOWARD the

CNS

Dendrites that connect with sense organs (receptor)

Can be both bipolar and multipolar

BY THE FUNCTION

Motor Neurons - send signals away form CNS to

effector (muscle, gland, internal organs)

have longest Axon

BY THE FUNCTION

Interneurons - communicate between sensory

neurons and motor neurons

Mostly located in CNS

NEURONS
MALFUNCTION
 MOTOR NEURONE DISEASE

Stephen Hawking
an English theoretical physicist
MOTOR NEURONE DISEASE
The nerve cells dont allow the muscles to move, speak, breath, and
swallow

The disease attacks motor neurones in the brain and spinal cord (the
message gradually stop reaching muscles)

affect a persons ability

walk

speak

swallow

breath
SYMPTOMS

- Weakness of the leg muscles

- Difficult to hold the object because of hand muscle(weakness).

- Difficult to swallow or speak

- Cramps and muscle twitching

- Breathing difficulties ( from decreased lung capacity caused by muscle

weakness).

- Insomnia

- Some pain or discomfort.

REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Khan Academy. (n.d.). Overview of neuron structure and
function. Retrieved February 1, 2017, from https://
www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/
neuron-nervous-system/a/overview-of-neuron-structure-and-
function

Organization of Cell Types (Section 1, Chapter 8)

Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the
Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy -
The University of Texas Medical School at Houston. (n.d.).
Retrieved February 02, 2017, from http://
neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/chapter08.html#nucleolus
REFERENCES

What is MND? (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2017, from

https://www.mndaust.asn.au/Get-informed/What-is-
MND.aspx