CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 1

4 amp; during a third period of 20 sec the DC CIRCUITS (Part 1) IV. CURRENT:
13. Two 30-ohm resistors are connected in current decreases linearly to 3 amp. The rate of charge flow.
series. When a resistor R is connected Determine the average current.
across one of them, the total circuit A. 2.2 C. 3.3 I. VOLTAGE:
resistance is 40. Find the ohmic value B. 2.3 D. 3.4 Energy per unit charge. Q
of R. I=
21. Two resistors R1 and R2 in parallel has an t
A. 30 C. 15 equivalent resistance of 10/3. When a W
B. 45 D. 10 current enters the parallel circuit, it V=
Q I the current in amperes
14. Determine the resistance of an alloy wire divides between the resistors in the ratio
at 900C if its resistance is 18 at 40C 2 to 1. Determine the R1 and R2. q the charge in coulombs
and the temperature coefficient is 6.8 x A. 3 and 1.5 C. 20 and 10
V the voltage in volts t the time in seconds
-3
10 at 100C. B. 10 and 5 D. 15 and 7.5
22. A 12-V battery has a 50 ampere-hours W the energy in joules
A. 343.7 C.196.0
B. 473.5 D. 234.5 capacity. The internal resistance is 0.1 Q the charge in coulombs The electron has a charge of 1.602
ohm. A 5-ohm load is connected for 5 1019 C.
15. Three resistors with resistances 10, 20 hours. How many ampere-hours are still
and 50 ohms are connected in parallel
across a 120-V source. What is the total
left? II. THE IDEAL INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE
A. 28.51 C. 41.24
SOURCE V. THE IDEAL INDEPENDENT CURRENT
power?
A. 9,600W C. 360 W
B. 38.23 D. 35.29 SOURCE:
B. 180W D. 83.3 W 23. Four equal resistances are connected in This is a circuit element that
parallel across a certain supply producing maintains a prescribed voltage across This is a circuit element that
16. Three resistors with resistances 10, 20 P power. How much power will be its terminals regardless of the current maintains a prescribed current in its
and 50 ohms are connected in parallel produced if the resistors are connected in terminals regardless of the voltage
across a 120-V source. Find the power through it.
series? across it.
dissipated by the 10-ohm resistor. A. 16P C. 1/16 P
A. 720 W C. 1,440 W B. 4P D. 1/4 P
B. 288 W D. 180 W +
24. A 12-V battery with a 0.3 internal V I
17. A storage battery which gives 32.5 resistance is to be charged from a 15-V -
amperes on short circuit will supply a source. If the charging current should not
current of 7.5 amperes to a resistance of exceed 2A, what is the minimum
1.2 ohms connected across its terminals. resistance of a series resistor that will Figure Figure
What is the emf of the battery? limit the current to this safe value?
A. 8.75 V C.11.68 V A. 1 C. 2.4
B. 12.24 V D. 6.5 V B. 1.8 D. 1.2 III. THE IDEAL DEPENDENT VOLTAGE
18. A no.0000 Copper feeder, 0.46 inch in VI. THE IDEAL DEPENDENT CURRENT
25. A person wants to move a 20-watt FM SOURCE
diameter is to be replaced by aluminum radio from a junked car with a 6-volt SOURCE:
one of the same length and resistance. If battery to a new car with a 12-volt This is a voltage source in which
the conductivity of Aluminum is 62 battery. What is the resistance of the This is a current source in which
percent that of copper, what will be the either a voltage or a current at some
resistor that should be connected in either a voltage or a current at some
circular milage of the aluminum feeder. other part of the circuit determines the
series with the radio to limit the current? other part of the circuit determines the
A. 362,330 C C. 575,000 CM A. 2.4 C. 1.2 voltage across its terminals.
current in its terminals.
B. 325,785 CM D. 330,625 CM B. 1.8 D. 2
19. A 10-ohm resistor is in series with a 26. A lead wire and an iron wire are
parallel combination of two resistors of 15 connected in parallel. Their respective V +
and 5 . If the constant current in the 5- specific resistances are in the ratio of - I
ohm resistor is 6 amperes, what total 49:24. The former carries 80 percent
power is dissipated in the three resistors? more current than the latter and the latter
A. 880watts C. 620watts is 47 percent longer than the former. Figure
B. 320watts D. 150watts Determine the ratio of their cross- Figure
20. The current in a conductor varies as sectional areas.
follows: during the first 8 sec there is a A. 2.4 C. 2.5
linear change from zero to 4 amp; during B. 2.6 D. 2.7
the next 15 sec the current is constant at GOD BLESS

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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 1

VII. POWER AND ENERGY: G the conductance of the conductor, resistor and a 100-ohm 1-watt
Practice Problems: resistor without exceeding the power
Power is the time rate of expending or Siemens
the conductivity of the conductor 1. If a 12-V car battery has a 0.1- rating of either resistor?
absorbing energy. A. 24 V C. 18 V
resistance, what terminal voltage
causes a 4-amp current to flow into B. 50 V D. 25 V
W Resistivity Length Area
P= I the positive terminal? 8. A string of Christmas tree lights
t L A A. 13.6 V C. 12.4 V consists of eight 6-W bulbs
-m m sq.m B. 14.2 V D. 10.2 V connected in series is plugged into a
P the power in watts -cm cm sq.cm 120-V outlet. What is the hot
2. Two resistors R1 = 3000ohms and R2
W the energy in joules -CM/ft ft CM resistance of each bulb?
= 4000ohms are joined in series and
t the time in seconds connected to a 120-volt supply. The
A. 2.4 k C. 2.5 k
B. 37.5 D. 42.8
voltage drop across R1 and R2 are
VIII. HEAT: X. RECTANGULAR CONDUCTOR: measured successively by a 9. Two resistors A and B are connected
voltmeter having a resistance of in series across a 120-V source.
Energy in transit
a 50,000 ohms. What is the sum of the When a 30,000 voltmeter is
two readings? connected across A and then across
Q heat T b
A. 116.02 V C. 132.5 V B, the instrument deflection is 48V in
m mass B. 98.5 V D. 125.2 V each case. What are the ohmic
Figure
C specific heat 3. The resistance of the copper wire at values of the resistors?
T change in temperature 100C is 126.48 ohms and 100 ohms A. 24 k C. 15 k
Area = a b (sq unit) at 30C. Determine the temperature B. 14 k D. 18 K
1 kcal is the amount of heat required to coefficient of resistance of copper at 10. Two resistors Ra=1.95 and
raise the temperature of 1-kg of water by 0C. Rb=0.05 are connected in parallel
10C. A. 0.00427/C C. 0.00256/C and take a total of 50amp. What is
XI. CYLINDRICAL CONDUCTOR: B. 0.06615/C D. 0.00356/C the current through each resistor?
4. A heater draws 3 amperes at 12 V A. 1.25A, 48.75A C. 2.75A, 47.25A
IX. RESISTANCE: dc. How many joules does it B. 1.75A, 48.25A D. 2A, 48A
The opposition to the flow of current. d consume in 10 minutes?
11. A 50hp, 230-V motor operates at full
A. 12,000 C. 720
load at an efficiency of 90 percent. It
Figure B. 21,600 D. 10,800
L L2 V is 560 feet from a generator and the
R 5. The 60-W, 100-W and 200-W light
A V A 2 wires connecting the motor and
bulbs are connected in parallel
Area = [d ] sq. unit
2 generator are AWG#0000 wires.
across a 120-V line. Obtain the What current does the motor take?
where: equivalent hot resistance of the (AWG#0000 has 0.049 /1000ft at
combination from the individual hot 20C)
R the resistance in ohms, if d is expressed in mils resistances of the bulbs. A. 210 A C. 94 A
the resistivity or specific resistance A. 80 C. 40 B. 180 A D. 125 A
of the conductor Area = d2 (CM) B. 22 D. 38
L the length of the conductor 12. A telegraph circuit consists of a 250-
6. A 90-V source is in series with five relay in series with the fine wires
A the area of the conductor resistors having resistances of 4, 5,
CM = circular-mils having a resistance of 50. If it takes
V the volume of the conductor 6, 7, and 8 ohms. Find the voltage 72mA to operate the relay, what
across the 6-ohm resistor. voltage must be impressed at the
1 1 1 inch = 1000 mils A. 18 V C. 20 V sending end of the circuit?
G= = B. 14.5 V D. 22 V A. 36.2 V C. 24.2 V
R
7. What is the maximum voltage that B. 21.6 V D. 12.8 V
can be applied across the series
combination of a 150-ohm 2-watt

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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 1

Example 10: An energy of 20 the variable resistor be set when the Resistivity of Some Inferred Absolute Zero Temperature
Joules is required in moving a charge of power in the 5-ohm resistor is 20 watts? Common Materials Material T (oC)
2Coulombs from point X to Y. What is the Example 20: A resistor R in series with Resistivity
potential difference between X and Y? Material Aluminum 228
an 8- resistor and absorbs 100W when -m -CM/ft Annealed Copper 234.5
Example 11: Calculate the energy in the two are connected across a 60-V line. Aluminum 10-8 17.02 Hard-Drawn Copper 241.5
joules converted in 24 hours by a 100-W Find the unknown resistance? Copper 10-8 10.371 Iron 180
lamp. Example 21: Two lamps are connected Gold 10-8 14.676 Silver 243
Example 12: The average electric-flat- in series across a voltage source of 220- Iron 10-8 589.4
iron is rated 550W at 220V. How many volts. Lamp A has a rating 100-watts, Silver 10-8 9.805
disk revolutions will a watt-hour meter 110-volts, while lamp B has a rating of XIII. OHMS LAW:
make after using it for 90 minutes 50-W, 110-volts. If the resistances of the XII. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON In an electrical circuit, the current is
assuming the disk makes 12rev/kWh? lamps are taken as constants, determine RESISTANCE OF CONDUCTORS: directly proportional to voltage and is
Example 13: An electric heater draws 25 the voltage drop across lamp A. inversely proportional to resistance.
kcal in 10 minutes at 220 volts. Calculate Example 22: A resistor having a rating of
the current. 220-volts, 75-watts is to be connected to V
R2 R I= I= G
Example 14: An electric heater rated a 110-volts source. Calculate the power it R1 R
110-volts, takes 1000-watts to boil 1 liter will draw if this resistor is connected to a
of water. Calculate the time in minutes voltage source of 110-volts. I current in amperes
t
required to raise the temperature of the
o
Example 23: Two batteries in parallel t1 V voltage in volts
water from 20 C to boiling. The heater supply a common load of 2 . Batteries A T
t2
R resistance in ohms,
has an over-all efficiency of 95%. and B have open-circuit voltages and Figure G conductance in Siemens
Example 15: If a resistor rated at 2-watts internal resistances of 10 V, 2 ; and 8
V, 2 respectively. Determine the load
R 2 Figur
and 6-volts is connected across a battery XIV.KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
with an open circuit voltage of 6-volts, current. R1

what is the internal resistance of the Example 24: A 30 ohms resistor is T t1 T t 2e The algebraic sum of all voltages in a
battery if the resulting current is 0.3 connected in series with the parallel circuit taken around a closed path is
ampere? combination of 150 ohms resistor and a zero.
Example 16: A storage battery has an load resistor RL. The combination is
connected across a voltage source of Convention:
open-circuit voltage E of 12 volts and has
120-volts. Calculate the value of RL that R2 = R1 [1 + 1 (t2 - t1)]
an internal resistance RB of 0.1.
Calculate the terminal voltage VT if the will result in maximum power transferred a Path b-a:
load current IL is 20 A. (Ans. _______ ) to it. Also determine the maximum power Potential Rise = +V
transferred. V Path a-b:
Example 17: A 12- resistor is 1 Potential Drop = -V
connected in parallel with a series Example 25: A series combination of two 1 b
combination of resistors of 8 and 16 . If resistors 1k and 4 k is connected to a T t1
voltage source of 100 volts. A voltmeter Figure
the drop across the 8- resistor is 48V,
determine the total impressed emf. having an internal resistance of 12 k is
placed across the 4 k resistor. What is a
Example 18: When two resistors are the reading of the voltmeter? R2 resistance at temperature t2 Path b-a:
connected in series, the total resistance R1 resistance at temperature t1 R Potential Rise = +Vr
is 108; when connected in parallel, the + Path a-b:
T inferred absolute zero temperature Vr
equivalent resistance is 24. What is the 1- temperature coefficient of
Potential Drop = -Vr
value of each unit? I
resistance at temperature t1
Example 19: A parallel combination of 5- b
ohm and 20-ohm resistors is connected
Figure
in series with a variable resistor and to a
50volt source. To what ohmic value will
Figur
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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 1

XV. KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW The same current I exist on each resistor XIX. TWO RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL:
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
(KCL)
The algebraic sum of all currents
V = V1 + V2 + n R 1R 2 Example 1: How much current flows
RT = 19
entering and leaving a node is zero. R1 R2 through a wire if 7.488x10 electrons
R1 R 2
The source voltage V is the summation of pass a given point every minute?
Convention: the voltages across each resistor. Example 2: The current in a conductor
Figure
varies as follows: during the first 8 sec
Current entering a there is a linear change from zero to 4
RT = R1 + R2 + .. Rn
I3
I2
node: + sign Figur
XX. SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT:
amp; during the next 15 sec the current is
constant at 4 amp; during a third period
node
Current leaving a
node: - sign The total resistance RT is the sum of the
e of 20 sec the current decreases linearly
I1 R 1R 2 to 3 amp. Determine the average current.
individual resistances. R1 RT = R1 +
R2igureR3
I4
R1 R 2 Example 3: How much voltage is
required to cause a current of 500mA to
Figure 1 1 1 1
RT = = + +.. flow for 2 minutes if the work done to
G T G1 G 2 Gn Figure
move the electron is 3kJ?
igureI1 - I2 - I3 + I4 = 0 Example 4: The resistivity of a certain
Figur conductor in SI is 0.46-m. Determine
XXI. PARALLEL-SERIES CIRCUIT: its resistivity in c-mil/ft.
XVIII. RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL: e
Example 5: Calculate the resistance of
XVI. ELECTRICAL POWER: R1[ R 2 R 3 ] 1km long cable composed of 19 strands
R2
IT
R1 gure RT =
R1 R 2 R 3 of similar copper conductors each strand
2 R1 R2 Rn R3 being 1.32mm in diameter. Allow 5%
P = I R (watts) I (watts) increase in length of the twist of each
V
I1 I2 In strand in complete cable. Resistivity of
2 Figure copper may be taken as 1.72x10-8 -m.
V Figure
P= (watts)
R Example 6: A 2 meter wire of has a
Figur
XXII. CURRENT DIVIDER:
diameter of 3 cm is stretched until its
; IFigur
V V V
I1 = 2= ; In = e resistance is 50 times the initial
XVII. RESISTANCES IN SERIES:
R1
e R2 Rn IT
I1 =
IT [ R 2 ]
resistance. Calculate the new resistance
Example 7: The resistance of 120
R1 R 2
V1 V2 Vn The same voltage V exists across each
gure R R2
meters of wire is 20-. What is its
1
conductance?
resistor.
I1 I2 I T [ R1 ] Example 8: A 100-m conductor has a
R1 R2 Rn I2 =
IT = I1 + I2 + .. In R1 R 2 2
cross-sectional area of 2 mm and having
V Figure a resistance of 15-. Calculate its
I
conductivity.
Figure The total current IT is the sum of Figig DIVIDER:
XXIII. VOLTAGE Example 9: The resistance of a wire is
individual current passing through each 126.46 ohms at 100C and 100 ohms at
ure
V1Figur
resistor. V [ R2 ] 30C. Determine the coefficient of the
V V R1 V2 = wire at 0C.
I= = 2 = n R1 R 2
R 1e R 2 Rn GT =
1
=
1
+
1
+
1 V
R T R1 R 2 Rn R2 V2
igure
Figure
4 5
Figig
ure