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Various Processes
(1) Constant Pressure ( isobaric / isopiestic Process)
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OR
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P2V2 P1V1
2
PdV
1
1 n
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n = (constant V)
n=0 (constant P)
n=1 ( constant T)
n= 2,3,... ( polytrophic
Process)
n = ( Adiabatic
Process)
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Ideal-gas Equation
Of State
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Or
ideal-gas
equation of state.
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Value units
8.31447 kJ/kmol .K
8.31447 kPa.m3/ kmol .K
Ru
0.0831447 bar. m3/ kmol .K
1.98588 Btu / lbmol. R
10.7316 psia.ft3 / lbmol. R
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Pulley
impellers weights
Water at
Temperature T1.
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Q21
1
25
J as,
These results can be put Q W
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is the symbol for cyclic integral of heat
Q
transfer.
Q W
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Q W
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Q W 29
Q
1
a Qb Wa Wb
2 1 2
Now, consider another
cycle in which the closed
system changes from
state 1 to state 2 by
process c and then
returns to state 1 by
process b.
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Q
1
c Qb Wc Wb
2 1 2
Q1
a Q
2
c W
1
a W
2
c
2 2
(Q W ) (Q W )
1
a
1
c
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dE (Q W )
Integrating the above equation from state 1 to
state 2,
E2 E1 1Q2 1W2
Here, E1 and E2 are the initial and final values of
the energy of the closed system,
is the heat transferred to the closed system
Q
1 2 during the process, and
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E = U + KE + PE
All the terms in above equation are point
functions, so
dE = dU + d(KE) + d(PE)
Now, we can write the first law of
thermodynamics for a change of state as,
dE = dU + d(KE) + d(PE) = Q W.
In the absence of motion & elevation
dE = dU = Q W
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Enthalpy
Consider a closed system undergoing a
quasi-equilibrium, constant-pressure
process. Assume that theres no
changes in kinetic & in potential
energy, and that the only work done
during the process is associated with
the boundary movement.
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1 Q2 U 2 U1 1W2
The work done can be given as 2
W2 PdV
1
1
Since the pressure is constant
2
1W2 P dV P(V2 V1 )
1
1 Q2 U 2 U1 P2V2 P1V1
1 Q2 (U 2 P2V2 ) (U1 P1V1 )
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39
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Specific Heat
Specific heat for any substance is
defined as the amount of heat required
per unit mass to raise the temperature
by one degree.
(1)Specific heat at constant volume.
(2) Specific heat at constant pressure.
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Cv =
By 1st law
dU = Q W
Therefore (Q)v =
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So remember
Heat transfer in isochoric process is
(Q)v =
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Also
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and
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Free Expansion
Consider a thermally insulated rigid tank, which is
initially divided into two compartments by a
membrane.
One part contains an ideal gas and the other is
completely evacuated.
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P2,V2
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P1,V1
P1,V1
PA,VA
P
PB,VB
P
P2,V2 PCVC PD,VD
P2,V2
PE,VE
V
V
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53
By 1st law
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55
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57
Or
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Numerical
Problems
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Ques 1
It is desired to compress isothermally 1Kmol of NH3
from initial state of 30 m3/Kmol and 300K to the
final state of 5m3/Kmol and 300K. It is known
that NH3 obeys:
and
Where a = 422.55 Pa(m3/Kmol)2;
b = 0.037 m3/Kmol
Cv = 27.24 KJ/Kmol K and R = 8.314 KJ/Kmol K.
Calculate the heat and work interactions.
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W = -4414.03 KJ/Kmol.
Now Heat interaction
Isothermally and integrate to U.
U = -70.425 KJ/Kmol.
By 1st law Q W = U ; Q = -4484.485 KJ/Kmol.
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Ques 2
Consider a gas enclosed in a piston cylinder
arrangement. Gas is initially at P = 500 KPa
and occupies V = 0.2 m3.Gas is taken to final
state of P = 100 KPa. Calculate the work done
by the gas by each case:-
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W = 160.94 KJ.
PdV
1
1 n W = 92.15 KJ.
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Ques 3
A non-flow reversible process occurs for which
P and Volume are correlated as
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Now
2
And W = PdV
1
and integrate
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Ques 4
1 mol of ideal gas at 0.5 MPa and T = 310 K is
heated at constant P till the volume is doubled
and then allowed to expand at constant
temperature till volume is doubled again.
Make calculations for total work done.
(Take R = 8.314 J/mol K)
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V
Process 1-2 ( constant Pressure)
W1-2 = P( V2-V1) and V2= 2V1 . So W1-2 = RT1.
Process 2-3 ( constant Temperature)
W2-3 =
W2-3 = 2RT1ln2.
Therefore total work = W1-2 + W2-3 = 6150.3 Joule.
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Ques 5
A piston cylinder m/c contains fluid , which passes
thru a complete cycle of 4 different processes.
During the cycle, sum of all heat transfer is -
200KJ. System completes 150 cycles/min.
complete the following table and compute net
rate of work output in KW.
Process Q ( KJ/min) W (KJ/min) E ( KJ/min)
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Q W
Process 4-1: Q=?; W =?
System completes 150 cycles/m.
Total heat transfer = -200KJ/cycle x 150 cycles/min
= -30,000 KJ/min. ( = total work Transfer)
Q12+Q23+Q34+Q41 = -30,000 KJ/min.
Q41= -49900 KJ/min.
Also in a cycle E = 0, Hence E12+ E23+ E34+ E41=0
E41 = 16000KJ/min. And W41 = -65900KJ/min.
Rate of work output is = -500KW.
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Ques 6
A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of
following processes:-
Process 1-2 :- Constt. P = 1.4 bar, V1= 0.028m3,
W12=10.5KJ.
Process2-3:- Compression with PV = Constt. , U3 = U2.
Process3-1:- Constt. V and U1-U3 = -26.4 KJ.
No significant change in KE and PE.
Sketch Cycle on PV diagram.
Calculate net work for the cycle (in KJ).
Calculate Q12.
Show Q W
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