Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
f.
Proposals for
.
Restoration Work at
Srirangam Temple
by G.R.H. Wright
Page
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEMSCONCERNINGSRIRANGAMTEMPLE.....,......... 3
II. ..............................
CONSERVATIONAND RESTORATIONOF MONUMENTS 7
.
A. The background to its application in the present connexion........ 7
D. Walls ............................................................. 24
F. Flooring .......................................................... 27
G. Painting .......................................................... 28
H. Sculpture ......................................................... 30
J. Gopuras ........................................................... 32
IV. ................................
NOTICES OF OTHER SOUTH INDIAN MONUMENPS 49
Not only do such Interests as these conflict, but the actual exercising of
authority to ensure execution of mise en valeur measures is by no means pre-
determined matter of routine in a land where society has assumed a very new and
popular complexion. In the face of these circumstances the real difficulties
confronting a programme of work at Srirangam are almost everything but architectural.
The huge "Rcrya Gopura", constituting the main entrance way to the temple
city, was begun by the ViJayanagar King, Achyuta Raya, probably to commemmorate
a victory, and it was abandoned unfinished because of a crushing defeat. Because
of the pregnant historical association of this monument for the present-day peo-
ple of Tamilnad, they may well consider that they will be "discharging a saored
duty by completing the Gopuram". Such a proJect may be advisable and meritorious
from the ethnic and social point of view; it is inadvisable from the aesthetic/
archaeological point of view. From thelatter point of view it is most desirable
that tho magnificent masonry of the gopuram be brought fully into view. However,
simply to permit observation requires the demolition and clearance of modern
premises which abut directly on the ancient masonry. These premises include not
only houses, shops, offices, but also a popular modern temple built 40 years ago!
Serial No. 1222
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Again consider the TollowIng rather "human" and "everyday" matters. Within
the temple complex, there are numerous individual shrines - each oi which has a
community of local worshippers. Such a shrine may be of intellectual interest to
a few scholars, it may become a curiosdty interest for foreign tourists, to the
community it is simply their parish church, the focus of a part of their lives as
it was of their parents' lives. Without much knowledge of the Shastras or Agamas,
and certainly without any knowledge of architectural history, they desire to show
their reverence for the Deity by the adornment of his house. This they do in the
vernacular manner which has meaning for them. How else 3 Otherwise it could
barely be said to be their offering. Any frustration of this offering by the
intervention of esoteric concepts of artistic worth will be to them a grief and
annoyance which they will resist.
However, to many educated Europeans religion is conceived of as a sort of perva
sive spirituality inevitably Involving refined artistic taste. This IS partly
baaed on the fact that in previous epocha the master-works of art have been created
in service of religion. It Is also baaed on the fact that with the decline of
traditional religion in the West reverence for art has become in itself a substl-
tute religion. That God can be properly venerated in a milieu of acultural, com-
mercial decoration is unpalatable to this outlook.
Such a conflict of considerations as these last has often been noted, but
generally the considerations apply to developments (or decadence) within one
cultural tradition - Le. where the religious and the artistic sentiment are of
the same formation. The circumstances at Srlrangam are further complicated by
the fact that here the religious sentiment and the artistic sentiment applied are
of two different cultural formations.
This is, of course, a "grotesquerie". What from one point of view are un-
desirable things come into being just as Intentionally as desirable ones. They
represent something sufficiently deslrable from some other point of view to be
wortn the troubic of execution. Some interest was responsible for their creation;
and if they are to be expunged, forbidden or altered, some interest will consider
that it has suffered. This interest will consider Itself as valid as any other
interest and consider It has a right to maintain itself. Failure to recognize
this obvious fact leads to the familiar cycle of expensively worded plans, little
result, and much subsequent recrimination.
.
A3 modern Western art and arohitecture has become less and less traditional
in essence, it has been found impossible to retain an organic unit of development
with the past. Accordingly the expression of,and even the formal train5ng in,
art and architecture has split into two. One part Is concerned with "Modern Art
and Architecture" and the other part is concerned with "Traditional Art and Archl-
tecture" and Its "Conservation and Restoration". The conservation and restoration
of monuments is thus one branch of contemporary Western European Architecture. It
is an art (perhaps a minor one on most analyses) and it must be approached In the
same way as any other art. It Is a manifestation of a spiritual awareness - an
awareness derived from all the clroumstances of the age, and one which changes
with the age itself. An awareness limited in any one age to a certain community
of spiritual possessions, 30 that those standing outside this community do not
share in the awareness.
This experience is one met with in praotice over and over again. All the
important steps of the work have been completed while some small finishing opera-
tion remains. If this is done spont3neously by someona not trained in these pro-
cedures, It will be done in a manner utterly at verianoe with the artistic aim of
the work. For that aim simply has no reality to the person concerned.
--- ll_--_-l-_.
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strengthened in situ. A5cordingly the blocks are numbered, the wall dismantled,
and then re-erected. In theory correct. But the theory has an aim - to restore
a structurally strengthened wall to its original appearance. This meana each
block must be set back In position with its face unchanged (what happens to its
inner parts is immaterial as they wili not be visible); and also that the jointing
of the rna3onry Is reproduced in exactly the same manner as the original. In
practice what happens Is that large numbers are pa%nted on the visible face of
the blocks to remain after re-erection, and the fine dry jointing is concealed by
a non-functional,auperfluous mortar point%. Whatever may have been the under-
Standing of those responsible, the numbering and pointing (a laborious work) is
in reality directed towards one aim only - to change the original appearance of
the wall. In terms of the professionally conceived aim of the operation it would
be more sensible and less laborious to demolfsh the wall and build a new one, say,
of concrete.
Now it must be golnted out that the above analysis is of fact only. The
obvious question of value" to which these facts lead cannot be anmvered here;
nor is the writer able to answer it in any connexion. The question, of course,
is "Whether the canons of the contemporary Western European art of conservation
and restoration of monuments should be applied automatically to the conservation
and restoration of a monument of another culture carried out (presumably) fn the
interests of a people who may share to some degree this culture rather than that
of Western Europe".
With this new concern for 'conservation and restoration" goes a lack of
understanding of their real, practical limitations. These words do not mean
magic. All that Is material is subject to decay - stones and men alike. By
intelligent research, methods may be discovered to stay or slow down this decay:
but these results are limited in time, they are all more or less temporary. Just
because Twentieth century man is scientifically concerning himself with conserva-
tion and restoration of ancient structures, it does not mean that he can bring
the state of <any material back to its condition when set in place and that he can
keep It in this condition indefinitely. Not no more than he can work like miracles
with his own body and days. Sometimes results can be achieved which will last for
a more or less limited time. Results cannot always be achieved. And no results
can be guaranteed for ever.
Such is 811 indication of the vital planning stages, i.e. the programme nnd
specifications of 3 work of conservation and restoration. Next follows the exe-
cution of the scheme.
All the foregoing has served to show that there is no system of conservation
;iLnd restoration which is reudily available for instant application. Therefore it
is quite impossible to give a brief outline of practice which could be drawn on
directly to cover the work under review. However, solely as a means of informing
those concerned with the scope and possibilities of v~ious operations, the fol-
lowing practical notes are provided. I repeat, they do not in any way claim to
be a systematic guide or manual of the subject.
The first step in any proposed work on ancient masonry is that the areas
concerned must be carefully examined for any archaeological, epigraphic, and
architectural evidence they may afford (particularly evidence concerning the
original condition of the masonry), and this evidence must be properly recorded.
Interference of eny sort with ancient masonry c8n be Justified only on ono
or both of the following grounds:
In any other circumstance tampering with ancient masonry will constitute "destruction".
The appaarance of ancient masonry may demand attention because the surface:
(a) has been spoiled by l&,er painting, plastering, pointing, writing, etc.,
(b) has become soiled by soot, chemical deposits, bat droppings, etc., or
is covered by vegetation,
(c) is wholly, or in part broken, weathered or decayed,
(b) 1oss of cohesion due to failure of the mortar or other binding device,
The causes which give rise to these conditions can be seen to resolve them-
selves into human and natural ones. Men persistently interfere with ancient
masonry by painting on it, cutting or quarrying it away, performing industrial
operations on it etc. The natural causes of the deterioration of ancient masonry
are those which are of general application in the physical world. Masonry works
are broken down in the same way as mountains are broken down, viz,, by seismic
disturbances and weathering procsssas like insolation, erosion by wind and water
and the agents they bear including the seeds of plants.
In the local sphere by far the greatest bulk come under this heading. There
3re two reasons for this. The religious Institution has outlasted the artistic
tradition which produced its monuments, and "foik art" has been and IS being ap-
plied universally to this ancient masonry. As far as is possible this mortaring
3Ild p3iIltiIlg etc., should be removed mech3nic&ly by chipping, flaking and brushing
followed by scrubbing with soap and water. Chemical cleaners and removers are to
be used only where necessary and under expert advice.
Secondly there is the rapid growth of vegetation in all crannied walls (and
even sheer ones). This is, of course, the characteristic problem of the care of
masonry in Southern India. In this connexion it must be clearly noticed that a
reasonable amount of occasional verdure does no harm to the appearance of the
masonry. If it likewise did no h3rm to the structure it could well be left alone.
But alasl the forces exerted by plant growth are very great and most damaging to
the structure. Thus every effort must be made to eradicate plant growth from the
face of ancient masonry. Application of chemicals assist in this process, but
fundamentally it can only be properly done by regular m3nuai effort.
There are two aspects to this type of operation; where the new materiel is
to be exposed to view and where It will be hidden within the thickness of the
wall. That Is, depending on whether the operation is being performed because of
defective appearance or defective structure of the ancient masonry. Very often
the one treatment may Involve both aspects.
The insertion of new material In or on the face of ancient masonry for aes-
thetic reasons , precisely because It is the most evident act of conservation and
restoration, Is the most generally adverted to by laymen and Is most subject to
controversy of a popular nature. Here, above all, must the "restorer" have a
clear Idea of his subject and aim. At one extreme his subject is a fully functional
living building. At the other it is a ruin, fallen and fragmentary, which by
reason of the handiwork of time may be far more picturesque than St-ever was as
a living building.
In the former instance any gaps or damage to face work will be made good so
as to be fndistlnguishable from the original, for the gaps etc., constitute a
blemish. This Is "repair" rather than "restoration". In the latter Instance the
evidence of decay Is the charm and is not to be diminished - i.e., even where it
may be structurally necessary to plug cavities, the surface must be permitted to
retain its broken appearance.
A useful broad distinction can be drawn between what has been called "repara-
tion" and "restoration". With repairs the aim may be legitimately to match up the
new work with the old, i.e. to use the same stone dressed In the same manner and
if necessary artificially patinated to give the same appearance. With "restora-
tion", it is a commonly accepted rule that "new work" must always be distinguish-
able from the original on a reasonably close inspection. However, in no way
should it be of a quality strikingly discordant with the original.
The introduction of new material unseen into the body of ancient masonry for
structural reinforcement is a factor little appreciated by laymen. However, since
it frequently offers an alternative to dismantling and re-erecting, its importance
is great. For this reason it is referred to here, although engineertig knowledge
is necessary to put such things Into practise.
Grouting provides a remedy for a situation where one element of the masonry,
the rubble and mortar filling, has decayed. Mutih graver is the situation where
the whole body of the stone work itself is organically diseased. This fortunately
is of rare occurrence jp~rursl Indian temples because of the relatively clean at-
mospheric conditions.
To some degree it may be possible to reconstitute such diseased stone by
chemical means, but this can only be carried out by an expert chemist and the
scope and possibilities of the treatment are much more restricted than appears
to be the popular impression. Certainly there is no magic substance which can
be applied to, InJected into, or Infused into stone so as to rejul.enate it or
guarantee it long life. Such ideas are 'quacke.ry'; generally speaking, the only
effect they will have is to spoil the appearance of the masonry.
It should be evident that this method of dealing with the defective masonry
is that of the last resort. However, many Instances of its operation are in
evidence locally. The less said about them the better. The intention of this
operation is that after completion the masonry unit is structurally sound and
presents exactly the same appearance as before the operation with the exception
of such defects as have been remedied. The process Is thus entirely dffferent in
aim and organization from demolition of the original structure and the building
of a new structure with the material so obtalned.
Although dismantling and re-erecting has a twofold name, the operation has
four components of equal importance, viz.,
1. Recording.
Dismantling.
;: Storage.
4. Re-erection.
The various units of masonry must be each identified with a number, and their
position shohn on a measured drawing. The blocks must be broken from bond and
removed from the wall. They must be stored so that the position of each block is
known and each block is immediately accessible. The blocks must be taken from
storage and rebonded together in their original order and disposition according
to the manner recorded.
Serial No. 1222
- 15 -
Equal precautions must be taken dUrlng each of these phases so that t;le
visible faces of the masonry are not disfigured. Thus numbers must be painted
or i?nked only on non-visible parts (until such parts become accessible temporary
numbers can be chalked on the faces of the blocks).
During the repeated handlings crowbars or wire slings must never come into
direct contact with the face of the stone, and protection of the faces may be
necessary during storage. If blocks are dafective structurally they should be
consolidated during storage. No block should be set into the re-erected wall in
a defective condition. Finally it can only be repeated, this operation is a very
demanding one if carried out properly, and Is not to be recommended if alternatfve
in situ treatment is possible.
The preceding notes have been drawn up in response to the observed pecullari-
ties of the local scene. They express, however, only that which is standard prac-
the. T1i2-t this practice is indeed referrable to local needs may be emphasised
by the following short extracts from a guide issued at the beglnnlng of the cen-
tury for those charged with the care of ancient monuments in India. Although not
expressly stated, it is clear that the concern of this guide Is mainly with
%uins", i.e. those ancient monuments whose primary significance for society Is
their historical and artistic interest rather than the original function for which
they were erected. However, basically, the remarks are of general application
and they merit the closest attention as they are very well stated.
"Officers charged with the execution of conservation work should never forget
that reparation of any remnant of ancient architecture, however humble, is a work
to be entered upon with totally different feeling from a new work or from the
repairs of a modern building.... When, therefore, repairs are carried out, no
effort should be spared to save as many parts of the original as possible, since
it is to the authenticity of the old parts that practically all the interest
attaching to the new will owe Itself.
"Local artisans are usually good copyists, capable of Imitating any model
which may be set before them, but unable to make use of their eyes; and bejng
accustomed to work with a stereotyped series of degenerate modern imitations,
they apply them indiscrimlnately, in place and out of it, on all classes of build-
ings.
"One of the principal factors In causing the ruin of brick and &one build-
ings is the growth of vegetation In the Joints, and the only way of dealing with
this evfl is constantly to eradicate the plants before they have the chance of
becoming firmly rooted.
after the erection of the building by the subsidence of the foundations which,
having pezmancntly settled, are not likely to go any further.
"All the new stone work should be matched in colour with the surface adjoin-
ing it. In some cases, too, where the old stone work has weathered to a darker
tint, it may be necessary, in order to avoid any violent or unpleasant contrast
between the new and old surfaces, to use artificial means for staining the former.
"If the new stones are accurately dressed, so as to fit closely to one
another, there will generally be no necessity for mortar or any cementing material
in the Joints. Old stone buildings were originally erected, as a rule, entirely
without mortar. In no case should any mortar be seen upon the surface of tne
work, where the mortar has not been used originally. Nor should pointing, as it
is generally understood in India, be permitted, on any account, either in brick or
stone work, except in places where it is not exposed ta view. Pointing on ancient
buildings is an anachronism which cannot bc too strongly guarded against. All
mortar Joints, in which, during previous repairs, tne mortar has not been confined
to the Joint, but has been smeared over the adjacent stone, should be carefully
scraped.
APPENDIX 1
Some custodians do make a show of removing the leaves and stems leaving
the root to again produce a new and probably more luxuriant growth than before,
and as the roots expand with the growth of the plants, the masonry, however
heavy and solid it may be, is invariably forced out of position, and,if not checked
in time, will ultimately fall into ruin. All this could be avoided at little or
no expense by the removal of young plants whenever they appear in any Joints of
the masonry.
The attention of the custodians of ancient monuments should be drawn to the
fact, that the first and foremost duty to be done in preserving such buildings
is the constant removal of such growths to the very end of the root.
That the ancient Hindus were not unaware of the evil effects of vegetation
is evident from the fact that, in many important temples, due provision has been
made in the accounts for the annual clearance of vegetation, though in practice,
it is not now done in the manner in which it should and ought to be done, and is
in most cases neglected."
(General Principles for the guidance of those entrusted with the custody of, and
execution of Repairs to Ancient Monument - Government of India, 1305.)
Regular efforts must be made to remove all saplings and small shrubs by
hand. Usually they can be so removed without disturbing much masonry. If there
is some difficulty in this they should be cut off as near the root as possible,
and stump killed by chemical means (by applying a corrosive acid, e.g. nitric
acid). Subsequently the decayed roots can be removed more easily. When treating
masonry affected in this way it is most essential that all decayed roots and
vegetable matter should be completely eradicated.
APPE'KDIX 2
GROUTING
Liquid cement is called cement grout. Cement will not adhere to dust or a
dry surface, and if the liquid is injected into a wall which has not been cleaned
and washed out,it merely sets in an independent mass and fails to perform the
function for which it is intended. A plentiful supply of water preferably by
hose from matis is necessary for this vital prelimi;?ay washing.
Testing for voids is made by tapping with a hammer - a dull or hollow sound
indicates voids, otherwise a solid or ringing sound is produced. Suspected voids
should be marked on the face of the wall.
Small holes should be drilled where voids are anticipated, say 4 feet apart
horizontally and 2 feet above each other vertically in a staggered formation.
Naturally advantage should be taken of conveniently situated Joints, fissures etc.,
for introducing these holes into the masonry.
Careful note should be taken of where the water runs out from the face of
the wall and before commencing to grcut, such fissures should be plugged tightly
with clay a&or tow which should be pressed in for a depth of 5 cm.
Tne inJection of the grout can be provided for by a simple device. This
consists of a mixing-pan, hose and nozzle provided with a stopcock. The pan
(preferably coupled with another) is a galvanized iron, domestic washing-copper
having an outlet at the bottom. This connects by means of couplings to several
2 metre lengths of 11/2" rubber hose which terminate in a galverlized iron nozzle,
9" diameter fitted with a stopcock. Additionally a wooden plug is provided
about 50 cm long which will fit into the hole at the bottom of the pan. A further
au,ziliary device is a suction "drain-cleaner' i.e. a long wooden handle set on
an Indian rubber cap.
The cement grout is mtied in the proportion of three parts water to two parts
cement. The pan is suitably filled with water and then the cement emptied into
the water and stirred continuously until the required consistency of grout is
obtained, with all the cement in suspension ald no solids remaining at the bottom
of the pan. To economize it is sometimes possible to use very fine sand of the
same specific gravity as the cement as a one-to-one mixture with the cement.
(3) A supply of clean water available for instantaneously washing from the
face of the stone work inevitable scapes of the mixture.
The machine is operated as follows: The pan should be about 10 feet above
the point of inlet to give a pressure of 14 - 18 lbs. per sq. inch. Preferably
two men are stationed on the scaffolding by the pan, one regulating the flow of
the grout into the delivery tube, and the other preparing and mixing the second
pen of grout. One other man controls the nozzle. He inserts it into the lowest
hole and plugs it around with tow. When all is ready the wooden plug is raised
and the grout flows down the tube and the stop-cock is opened so that the mixture
flows into ,the cavity.
The operation should continue without removing the nozzle until the grout
rises up the wall and begins to flow out of the series of holes immediately above.
The stop-cock is turned off and the nozzle is allowed to remain in position until
the cement has begun to set, i.e. when it has reached the consistency of putty*
The nozzle is then withdrawn and washed in clean water. The Joints are also un-
plugged. At the end of the day's operations the equipment should be washed clean
in water.
When as often happens, cavities penetrate through the thickness of the wall,
the preliminary operation of cutting holes and cleaning and washing out must be
carried out on both sides of the wall. In such cases observation must be kept on
both sides of the wall while washing out and grouting is in progress in order to
stop any leakages.
III. THBTFMPLEOFSXRANGAM
PROPOSEDCONSEWATION AND J33STORATION
A. GELPROGFUUWlE
The basic consideration which has conditicned proposals of restoration or
conservation work on the Temple of Srirangam is that it is a living building an3
not a ruin. This building is still perfcrmi~ng the function for which it was
designed. Primarily the building is to worship in and only secondarily to be
looked at. Thus the aim of any proposed measure is not to display a muser.Lm
piece to the best advantage, but to maintain end/or restore all the virtues of
the building whti-h its designers envisaged; and at the same time not to dero-
gate from the artistic/historical interest the building has acquired from sur-
vival through a number of centuries.
It is suggested that the area of tne Horsemen Msndapa and the Thousand
Pillar Mandapa, with the direct approach thereto by way of the E&t Mottai
Gopura, the Kaliyuga Gopura and the Vellai Gopura constitutes a unit meeting
these requirements.
Accordingly, as a practical step, a programme of work should be drawn up
and implemented initially for this area only.
When the temple complex of' Srirangam attained its present limit in
ViJayanagar times (c.1520 AD..), it then constituted a 'Etimple-'Eown, a..vasUy dif-
ferent organization from its present Condition which is that of a temple and a
town. Originally the outer prskaras were designed to serve the more mundane
needs of the sanctuary, e.g. to provide temporary accommodation for visiting
pilgrims and worshippers, and to house the temple servants end service facilities.
That is, all who were inside the enclosure walls were there for some reason con-
nected with religion. At some time between that date and the present this state
of affairs began to change. Now the outermost three prakaras of the tempie con-
stitute a township, the inhabitants of which have i&-so facto no more conncxion
with the religious life of the temple than have the inhabitants of any other
urban district in the neighbourhood. The history of this development is not
However, as has been indicated, the outer prakaras (5th, 6th and 7th) have
become a modern township which in itself most ce3ainly possesses no aesthetic
appeal. This leaves only the 4th prakara (in part) which is at one and the same
time accessible to the non-Hindu and has remained under religious control and
not been occupied by modern housing. That is to say, the features of artistic
and hi.storical interest accessible to the non-Hindu visitor are in effect the
gcpures and the two msdapas on the east of "yhe 4th prskara - the Horsemen Man-
. dapa and the Tho;lsand Pillar Maudapa. And of these features oilly the mandapas
and one gopura are under the administrative control of the teq.Ae authorities.
Whatever these facts may imply ultimately they are important and must be
ciearly realized and kept firmly in mind. Perhaps some of their immediate im-
plications may be expressed in a practical mmer as follows:
For the mise en valeur of the Temple of Srlrangam from the non-religious
point of vie:?, without doubt, the most oignificant measure wculd be comprised
in the clearing of elements of the modern suburb v;hich have infested and sur-
roundea the temple enclosure. Swh measures are demanded solely from the
artistic/historical interest. They are manifestly against the interest of the
municipality and they are not in any way demanded by the indigenous religious
interest. The temple precinct has been populated and built over in the last few
generations in the manner described, i.e. with buildings masking monumental
facades and partly blocking approaches etc. and this has not interfered with the
sanctity, or the religious operations of the temple inthe eyes of the faithful.
Indeed, recent modern temples have been built as lean-tos! against the ancient
monument, and neither the modern nor the ancient has suffered in the local view.
This statement is undeniable and axiomatic, for if these developments had been
derogatory in local estimation they would never have been permitted to take
place.
Serial No. 1222
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Since the prime purpose of Srirangam Temple is to provide a place of worship
for practising Hindus at a locality of special sanctity, and since this interest
is not incommoded by the modern building, then it is unlikely that any expro-
priation will be arranged. Rather, judging from recent activities both at
Srirangam and elcewhere, it is more likely that additional modern building will
take place. In the circumstances it does not seem profitable to draw up any
schedule of expropriation and ciearan2e.
c. APPROACHAND SURROUND
Approach to Srirangam Temple is from the south by the Ammamandapa Road
leading to the Raya Gopura. This road is pleasant eno;h in itself and is lined
with various small monuments. In particular on the west side of the road, about
half a mile from the entrance there is a small modern temple. This is in pleas-
ing condition and forms an excellent contrast to the monumental complex of
Srirangam. The small "domestic" temple is a Vinayagar Temple built or re-
f;.shioned on the site of an old mandapa. It should be kept in good condition
with the brightly painted stucco decoration always newly maintained. so far as
the aesthetic presentation of Srirangam Temple is concerned, this small temple
should be regarded as part of the artistic misc en scene. The proximity of
this popular, colourful decoration may in some way reduce the compulsion to in-
corporate unnecessarily such decoration within the Srirangam Temple confines.
The entrance square or place was obviously designed to show the complete
facade of the Raya Gopura. Because of recent fidevelopment" it does not now do
so, and other Interests are such that it cannot be made to do so. This im-
mediately introduces one of the principal realities of a programme of mise en
valeur at Srirangam. The most basic and significant measures are socially im-
possible to carry out, and there should be no delusion on this soore.
However (in all humility of purpose) at least the masonry of the gopura
should be entirely revealed for inspection, i.e. the physically abutting modern
constructions must be removed to the degree necessary to permit circumambula-
tion. This has been done on the east side of the entrance, but on the west it
cannot be done because here the modernRamanjuja KudamTemple abuts on the go-
pura. Further words in this connexion are useless.
The worshipper and religious pilgrim will enter into the temple by the
direct way through the Raya Gopura as aiways. If, however, there is any serious
concern for " tourists" (it is by no means evident that this is warranted), then
some further thought may be given to the manner of approach and entrance by
tourists. The mere magnitude of the temple area is the quality most likely to
impress, or be understood by tourists, and before entry they should be driven
completely round the outside of the temple precinct. Thus some attention
should be given to the circuit road. At the moment it is in quite good order
and follows closely the line of the walls. Only in the north-east quarter a
detour is necessary. In this quarter tine road should be made good and every-
where the clearest possible aspect of the prakara walls should be ensured from
this road.
Having brought tourists around the outer wall it may be that a more :l;uit-
able entrance can be arranged for them than through the Raya Goprrra. This
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entrance way shows a crowded scene of "sub-town" life, but such is readily avail-
able in India, and it is cot necessary to visit a temple in order to enjoy it.
Why not develop a special "tourist entrance' to the temple complex from the east,
through the East-Mottai Gopura? There are many advantages which may accrue from
this proposal. Such an entrance way leads directly into the Horsemen Mandapa -
Thousand Pillar Mandapa complex. This oomplex ccnstitutes the main tourist in-
terest (and for quick "party visit 3, could well be the whole interest). Further-
more the short straight way enters by the most interesting of the unfinished
gopuras (the East-Mottai) and passes through the two largest and best developed
of the completed gopuras, the Kaliyuga Gopura and Vellai Gopura. If one or both
of these gcsuras were cleaned out internally and put in commission for tourists
to mount by its internal circulation system, they would then experience to the
best advantage gopura architecture, and secondly they will have the best point
of vantage for getting a bird's eye view of the whole temple system.
Finally, and what is perhaps most significant, any special provision in the
interests of tourists which may be advisable is much more readily carried out..b
this quarter, where tine modern building is less dense and does not encroach so
narrowly on the passage way. The disagreeable feature of overhead powerlines is
not so pronounced and the problem here is sufficiently restricted that it is
possible to deal with it. Whereas it is almost inconceivable that anything can
be done with the dense network of trunk lines traversing the southern approach.
Thus the establishing of a separate eastern tourist approach would take some
pressure off this otherwise obtrusive problem. For it is a problem which is
raised by the l'tourist' interest, since manifestly the presence of overhead
power lines does not impair the "religious" interest.
D. WALLS
One of the principal glories of South Indian Hindu Temples is the magnifi-
cent stone masonry expressed i;? their walls. The blocks vary in size from normal,
through massive to megalithic, and they are dry set with hair-line jointing.
This masonry does not belong to the European tradition where interchangeable,
orthogonally cut blocks are completely dressed ready to be set in a course of a
given height. On the contrary, each block is specially shaped in situ to fit
its neighbours. Thus the angles are very often not right-angles, and there may
be more sides to the face than four, and two neighbouring blocks may be of con-
siderably different heighlzs. The vibrant, living appearance of this varied pat-
tern of fine lines is a master work.
With determined purpose the hair-line Jointing has been smeared over with
a false mortar "pointing", utterly without function but which effectively trans-
forms the appearance of master-works of masonry into that of crude, ill-set
village walls. Having demeaned the character of monumental masonry into that of
a house wall, not unnaturally it is generally treated in a corresponding way,
i.e. it is covered with whitewash or paint so that It is no longer apparent
whether its construction is of stone, brick or mud. Then, "to bri,ng out the
beauty" (as officials have explained to me), a network of white lines may be
painted on it crudely representing contemporary stone setting. Sometimes this
wears away and further cement false pointing is applied over the whitewash!
Reese practices and tendencies have not been passed over in silence. Hut
prohibition has had no effect. The General Principles for the Care of Ancient
Monuments published by the Government of India at the beginning of the present
century deals most specifically with this plague: 'The use of whitewash or
paint especially on sculptures... should be forbidden....
3 no case should any mortar be seen upon the surface of the work, where
mortar has not been used originally. Nor should pointing as it is generally
understood in India, be permitted on any account . . ..except in places where It is
not exposed to view. Pointing on ancient buildings is an anachronism which can-
not be too strongly guarded against. All mortar Joints where during previous
repairs the mortar has not been conflned to the Joint, but has been smeared
over the adjacent stone, should be carefully scraped".
If any regard whatsoever had been paid by religious authorities to these
simply expressed, common sense directives, there would now be-little need for
programmes of restoration; certainly there would be no need for the presence
of "experts" to advise on such programmes.
Should sny fissures or gaps be revealed by this process which it seems de-
sirable to plug, then this should be carrjed out according to standard methods.
If the area is sufficiently large, insertion of facing stone in the original
style is indicated, if the area is small, appropriately tinted, end surfaced
mortar set back from the face of the wall. If structural weaknesses are dis-
covered in the wall, then where possible, grouting may be employed - and thus a
firm example may be set against the current mania for dismantling ancient walls.
Tnis has one true aim only - to transform fine, ancient masonry into poor, modern-
1Doking masonry.
E. TERRACE ROOFS
There are acres of terrace roofs on the Temple of Srirangam and it has been
held that these constitute a pressing problem for any programime of conservation
and restoration. That such terrace roofs constitute a great maintenance problem
is obvious. Perhaps this is a question of definition, but supposing these ter-
race roofs are properly maintained in the traditional fashion then there semms
little concern here for a programme of restoration and conservation.
Many such preparations are available commercially and have been used to
good effect in the tropics. Invariably they include supplementary mixtures for
sealing cracks or other defects.
One final thing must be stressed. At Srirangam there are many elevated
viewpoints and indeed visitors are specially dlrected to view the ensemble from
such points of vantage. Therefore the colour and texture of the roofs is as
important as the colour and texture of the walls and floors. Whatever measures
are adopted to increase the weatherproofzlng of roofs, the visible surface of
the roofs should rema3.n of a colour snd texture conformable to their traditional
aspect. Glossy red tiles, pitch black waterproofing compounds, shining white
paint would be objectional whatever their efficacity ln reflecting heat or re-
pelling water.
F. FLOORING
--
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e.g. the focul Ranga Vilas &ndapa has been demeaned by a new stone paving, which
has destroyed the religio'us and historic atmosphere of this part of the temple
and transformed in into that of any street corner.
This strange outlook has already drawn comment which is worth repeating.
"In many cases the floors of the mandapas are s&d to be in need of renewal.
As far as I could see that is not the case. Except for minor areas the present
flooring is in good order. It may be, indeed, necessary to reset the occasional
stone which Is badly displaced or very badly worn, but the slightly uneven sur-
face of much of this paving contributes In no small measure to the attractive
and mellow appearance of the halls and does not really inconvenience the pedes-
trian". (The renovation and conservation of temples in South India, by
Patrick A. Faulkner, Unesco, October 1966).
Such rubbish should, of course, be removed from the ancient paving. If the
new areas are to be paved, then unless there Is some c.ompelling reason to the
contrary, the style of the ancient paving should be reproduced as closely as
possible. And no further word should be admitted into discussion concerning the
removal of ancient paving.
G. PAINTING
Clearly one of the most valuable services which might be performed In the
interests of South Indian Hindu temples would be the establishment of a fitting
scheme of painted decoration for such temples where the fabric is of architect-
ural significance. This would involve developing an understanding between
religio7>s authorities, art historians and local craftsmen. The concept is prob-
ably quite unreal, but it would be interesting to try and push through one such
scheme on a small scale to provide a model.
The scheme, of course, would be based on traditional art forms but with
simplificatztons. The first step would be to determine the proper field for
painted decoration. Here a rule of convenience might be urged strongly: plaster
is a fit vehicle for painting, monumental stone masonry should never be painted.
This would mean in effect that the fine "structure" - superbly Jointed walls,
columns, composite piers - would not be vitiated by paint. The stone would
express its load-bearing function, On the other hand non-load-bearing elements
as parapets, finfals, free-stsnding stucco ornament, could be reasonably painted.
The creation of a monumental work of art and its maintenance both demand
great enthusiasm, energy and understanding. As these qualities disappear, the
monument becomes squalid. It passes from being a building of an "art capital"
or "city" to being a building in a "village". To lessen the squalor the
Serial No. 1222
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latter--day populace treat the building in the only way possible for their re-
duced energies. They palzlt and vrazh over it. They facilely cover up dirt which
they cannot eradicate and they convert appearances as far as por;sible to those
with which they are familiar in their dafly lives, and which have some meaning
for them.
Since the unit concerned includes several gopuras a final word must be
said about painting in this connexion. The general remarks apply to the lower
stone masonry part of the gopuras. These must be cleaned of their disfiguring
paint and whitewash. Fortunately the upper stucco parts of the facades do not,
show evidence of village painting. Indeed they preserve some evidence of tra-
ditional 'art" painting. Therefore it is absoPJtely necessary that these stucco
facades are consolidated and carefully cleaned before any decision is taken on
repainting them. This ~;ill be possibly the most significant decision 3.11the pro-
gramme and should only be taken after full consideration has been given to every
point of view.
H. SCULPTURE
Sculpture in such temples, which is for the most part achitectural figure
sculpture, does not suffer in any appreciable way from natural causes. It is,
generally speaking, executed in hard stone and displayed in sheltered positions.
I3 has suffered and does suffer from human attention.
First there are the stray acts of vandalism, breaking of legs and tails, or
WTeapons, musical instruments and other such accessories. This activity, although
it exists, in not particularly troublesome.
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So much for the removal of whitewash and paint from stone sculptures. To
prevent future application in a living temple will be very difficult. Whitewash
and paint are applied not by chance or mischance, butt because, according to
contemporary understa;;lding, it seems normal, proper and fitting to do so. In-
deed the process of removal will occasion much b;ondermeM, and some opposition.
Concerning the "protective" oiitig or greasingof sculpture it is difficult
to know what to say. From the point of view of ancient monuments the practice
is in the nature of a scandal. It apparently was fostered by an uncritical re-
port of treatment applied to the Egyptian obelisk set us in London, known as
Cleopatra's Needle. The circumstances operating there and those in South Indian
temples are entirely different. Moreover the treatment to the obelisk was found
on investigation to be entirely nugatory. Any effect was transitory and useless.
Remedial action against this abuse in Indian temples would best take the
form of bringing to bear every available influence (including legal penalties)
to ensure that tine practice is discontinued. As much as possible of the surface
filth can be removed by wiping; and finally it is to be hoped that time, the
universal healer, will work for the common good.
J. GGPURAS
The gopuras are at the heart of the problem of any programme of work at
Srirangam, and the problem centres in the external appearance presented by the
ornamental plaster-work fasades of the steeply pitched roofs of "spires". Struc-
turally there is no problem. The lower portions of the gopuras are stone built,
and the general provisions regarding the care of masonry work apply here. The
multi-storeyed roofing is constructed of timber columns and celling beams with
the external walls or corbelled courses of brick. A very stable and resilient
construction. Any work on these structural elements fs simply in the nature of
"house repairs"; timller being renewed with timber and brick with brick.
The interiors, at present, harbour the dirt and dust of the ages as is. ln-
evitable. To clean out the interiors is a big job: to keep them clean a bigger
one. Here the only possible procedure is to appoint a guardian for every gopura
and make him responsible for daily cleaning. The gopuras are invariably wired
to the summit for electric lighting, with light flttjngs installed on the facades.
If these useless and damaging external fittings were transferred to illuzninate
the pitch-black interior, then several benefits would accrue. Not on& would
circulation be facilitated and the walls and celltigs relieved from soot blacking,
but an additional weapon would be provided against infestation by bats - light
and human presence alone being of service in this troublesome connexion.
So far as the treatment of the plaster-work facades is concerned,a beginning
can be m&e by pointing out that there exist two alternative and mutually exclus-
ive approaches. Esther this plaster work must be treated ln the traditional
fashion, i.e, periodically renewed by local craftsmen, if not allowed to decay
completely; or else it must be conserved and restored according to currently
accepted prinCipb?S of conservation of ancient monuments. The important thing to
realize is that there can be no mixing (that Is within one gopura) of these
approaches.
SerialXo. 1222
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If local craftsmen are.in charge of the work, then they must work according
to their understanding and renew the facade. It is useless giving them in-
structions to conserve what can be maintained of the old and, and, and, etc.
All this means nothing to them. Or means madness. It may be that renewal is the
only practical solution. It is, after all, the process which has produced what
we are now anxious to conserve. Perhaps it is difficult for a visitor to accept
that all this plaster work is of relatively recent renewal. However, this isquite
possible. A similar feature occurs in Persian mosques. The visitor admires
the "ancient" coloured tile revetment, and cannot credit that every tile has
been rerlewed within oldest living memory. But this seems to be so.
E%uthow true this situation is of 1968 and how true it will remain in future
is another question. This crucial matter has been considered by Gravely, and his
remarks maJ be quoted here. "The plaster covering the upper part... has neces-
sarily to be renewed periodically; so there is always a danger that the original
feature will be lost... Fortunately... tradition dies hard, and I have seen at
least one temple in which plastered features have retained their original
(Pallawa) character for over a thousand years... though changes are now apt to
be made more readily. May full descriptions and illustration of all those of
importance be recorded before it is too late". (The Gopuras of Tiruvannamalai,
Madras 1959, p.2.)
On the other hand, if it is decided to treat these plaster-work facades
in accordance with Western principles, then several things must be realized.
First, it will be necessary that someone trained in conservation and restoration
is on the scaffolding directing t'ne work the whole of the time. As remarked
above, it is impossible to give general instruction to local craftsmen. Secondly,
this work can only be carried out by some trained person working had over fist.
That is, it is impossible to lay down en abstract of the treatment. The work
will present no problem to a person on the scaffolding, but it cannot be use-
fully formularized here. Consolidation of all large fragments by use of ad-
hesives, sealing of the limits of sound areas by new plaster, removal of decayed
and de-cemented plaster, plugging small gaps with new plaster, leaving exposed
the brick backing of large gaps: this is the obvious outline, but it will not
help an untrained person, and a trained person will not need it. Finally it
must be realized that the result of this treatment will be meaningiess and dis-
tasteful to local eyes.
In this way the incomplete gopuras are an undoubted attraction. The main
Raya Gopura demonstrates to the best advantage the entire stone construction,
with good light and no bats. The western and eastern Mottai (unfinished)
gopuras remain at plinth level, thereby revealing the gogura plan at a glance.
Also, since the megalithic pillars are in place, the basic "frame" construction
is clearly revealed (this is not apparent in the finished gopura). The masonry
part of the eastern gopura is half built and clearly shows how the megalithic
pillars areincorporated in the construction.
&ya Gopura . The removal of modern building which has encroached all round
the gopura to permit of (a) full aspect, (b) close ins2ection, has been mentioned
under "APPROACHAND SURROUNU". The situation is even worse inside the prakara
wall than outside. Clearly nothing can be done in this matter.
On what can be seen of the gopura, the main eyesore is the tangle of electric
power wiring and fittings. Again it is hardly likely that anything can be done
about this matter. This apart, the external masonry only requires the-routine
attention, i.e.'removal of whitewash, paint;:mortar, etc. applied in recent years
and the regular rooting out of vegetation.
The absence of the pyramid roof raises the question of the functional
"finish" to be applied to the abandoned upper limits in the interest of conserva-
tion of the fabric. This has been fully dealt with by the Faulker Report. Its
provisions in this connexion may be repeated here. '.... (surface) soil must be
removed and replaced by clean hardcore or ballast as a base for the waterproof
topping or paving which could consist of a concrete slab sealed with a bit'umen
or bitumenizeo hessian membrane blinded with sand, on which could be laid a 3 to
4 screed. Roth membrane and screed should be taken over the top of the exposed
gate passage lintels of the Raya Gopura. Particular attention must be paid to
falls to ensure a quick getaway for rain water. The paving might be placed at a
level rather below that of the surviving upper courses of masonry facing so that
the latter would form a parapet'!.
A final remark may be hazarded in connexion with the Raya Gopura. Although,
regarded with an outside mentality, the complications in revealing to view tne
Raya Gopura seem insuperable; perhaps the situation may not be so entirely hope-
less as it seems. Fo;oces within the community, not normally anticipated, might
be made to operate in this interest. Enthusiastic proposals have been made to
'complete" the gopura by building up the missing superstructure and so discharge
a sacred duty to Ac,hyuta who "did not live to see the completion of the work".
This would entail a vast expenditwe. If local enthusiasm can envisage raising
such sums perhaps it might be persuaded that a more rational way of discharging a
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'sacred duty" owed to the Vijsyanagar King would be to provide for the expro-
priation and demolition of the squalid modern encroachment which conaeals and
dishonours his noble work.
West and North Mottai Gopuras. These two unfinished constructions which 8-7'+
potentially so interesting can be displayed to advantage with a minimum of dis-
turbance. If the necessary measures cannot be taken here, then it is useless 'to
contemplate any work at all at Srirangam. With both gopuras the main thing (and
possibly tine only thing) necessary is to remove entirely the squatters' habita-
tions which adjoin and are built over the confines. Since these habitations are
in the main temporary huts of thatch and mud, this should present no insuperable
difficulty. Thereafter the plan of the gopuras would be revealed clearly as a
low plinth of ornate masonry with a grassed over surface.
Soundings should be made into the interior of these two masses to determine
their state of consolidation. If fears were to arise for the ccherence of the
mass because of water percolation, then a wholesale sealing off with hardcore
and a damp proof course could be arranged as for the Raya Gopura. Even if this
proves to be necessary the visible surface should be formed by a top dressing
of grassed soil.
The East Mottai Gopura. This gopura has been almost smothered by modern
building, and permanent-looking building it is. Although it seems unlikely that
powers exist to clear way these encroachments, yet this step must be strongly
urged. The highly ornate masonry (such little of it as is visible) makes this
gopura an individual attraction. And what is equally important, because of
the stage to which it has been completed, it forms a link between the West and
North Mottai Gopuras, and the Rayg Gopura in visually describing the method of
construction employed. Some sort of anti-weathering "ceiling" has been provided.
This should be renovated if necessary and made fully functional.
K. THEVENUGOPALA(SRIKRISHNA)TEMPLE
One of the few monuments of historical artistic interest within the Sriran-
gam complex which can be freely visited by the non-Hindu is the Venugopala Temple.
This is particularly fortunate, since the sculpture which embellishes its ex-
ternal walls is the finest within Srirangam. Indeed the octerior of the temple
Serial No. 1222
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This danger proceeds from the religious interest where misgivings are feit
as to the propriety of "mutilated" or "imperfect" images. One view would re-
move all the originals and replace them with "beautiful" new works, exhibiting
*the originals in a "museum". Another view would "repair" or "renovate" 'the
originals. It can only be hoped that scripture may be interpreted so as to
justify leaving the sculptures in their present condition.
The Temple of Sri Chakrathalwa, which is one of the most notable sub-
shrines of the Srirangam complex, is conspicuously situated at the west end of
the southern part of the 4th prakara. The aspect of the deity here manifested
is very powerful - the sacred discus of Vishnu, representing the divine Will to
Action. This temple, important both religiously and visually, in the last few
months has been completely coated with paint. This work is not decoration applied
to ornament, it is flat "house painting" in two colours - grey and yellow. The
distribution of these colours, in the main, completely ignores the construction
to which they are applied i.e. grey changes to yellow at an arbitrary line part
way up a column etc., paying no regard to structural divisions of base, shaft,
capital. Apparently the Board of lrustees expressed wishes or orders directed
against this work but the particular religious community of the shrine, providing
their own funds, carried out the work oblivious to any concerns of the trustees.
Serial No. 1222
- 37 -
This overall effect is now established and cannot be altered for a genera-
tion or more, as there is no question of removing this "house-painting". How-
ever, accepting this fact, thought may still be given to the bizarre and mnan-
ingless appearance of the details, where some of the absurdities (to visitor's
eyes) might be eliminated without great to-do. Perhaps with persuasion and
instruction the decorators could be induced to recognise structural feature;
then a little over-painting would suffice to restore rationality, if not seem-
liness, to the recent work. Although a small matter, this would be a step
towards the harmonization of interests. For from this step it may be possible
to argue the point that certain strJctura1 elements are preferably not painted
at all.
M. THEMUSEUM
E3y working non-stop over two weeks at the end of November 1968 the temple
authorities have completed a new, brighly painted museum building in a con-
spicuous position just inside the main entrance to the confines of the temple
proper (the 4th prakara).
The reason given for the appearance and position of the new museum is that
it is erected by private donation. Since this reason,canbe advance&to justify
any modern constru&ion imaginable, it gives rise to certain reflections upon
the control exercisable by the temple authorities over building activities
within the precincts.
The Faulkner Report suggested that a museum should be formed by adapting
some temple buildings near the Garuda Mandapa. Apparently the author was not
informed that this locality was in an area restricted to Hindus.
If a new fashioned, conspicuous looking building is demanded by local
taste for a museum, then the only solution is that it should be sited where it
does not come cmjointly into view with the wancient monument". Conven lent lo-
cations of this zature are to be found immediately to tht: south of the new
building.
Certainly this new polychromatic museum and the newly painted Chakrathalwar
shrine, located together by the main entrance to the temple proper, produce an
impression the very opposite to that sought by a programme for the misc en
valeur of an ancient monument. In tile face of these most recent developments it
would seem more and more fitting to arrange that non-religious visitors make
their entry by these East Mottai Gopura and occupy themselves principally with,
the attractions of the easterngopuras azd the two monumental mandapas on the
east of the temple - the Horsemen Mandapa and the Thousand Pillar Mandapa.
N. THEHOHSE;MENMANDAPA
Whatever may or may not develop from a scheme for the "mise en valeur" of
the Srirangam Temple complex, the unit in the 4th prakara comprised by the
Thousand Pillar Mandapa andtheHorsemen Mandapa will certainly remain the centre
of interest of non-religious visitors. The present condition of the Horsemen
Mandapa is encouraging, quite apart from the attraction of the famous facade.
The interior is devoid of any accretions or excrescences which might conceal the
"structure" - massive paving blocks and ceiling beams, great monolithic pillars,
all are here with no distractions. Thus "the particular excellence of the
masonry construction" is immediately appreciated in this mandapa.
Every effort must be made to retain this virtue, and enhance it if possible.
Fortunately the interior suffers only from vestiges of whitewash on pillars and
ceiling slabs. The mandapa is thus an excellent locale to commence a specimen
operation of completely stripping such lime wash from stone work. The flooring
is particularly impressive and has not been interfered with in any way. In
short, compared with similar features in other South Indian temples, the mandapa
has been mercifully spared by spoiling hands.
One of the attractions of this mandapa is its open design. It is light and
airy end thus relatively free of birds and bats. It is regrettable that the
eastern flank, originally open, has been walled up. A garden is adjoining on
this side but there is nothing u;%z.i&tly about the garden being open to view,
whereas the crude walling is very unsightly indeed. This untidy bricking up
shouid be removed.
It has been mentioned that this mandapa is naturally well lighted. This
introduces the important question of artificial lighting. At the moment a
ludicrous situation obtains. Suspended in the middle of the area by ragged,
sagging wires run in the longest possible sense, is one small domestid~:globe.
Few remarks are required concerning the Horsemen facade. This is lllustra-
ted everywhere and thus it is understandable that there is a feeling that here
"something should be done'. In plain truth "nothing should be done". The
figures are carved in very hard stone which could well bear total exposure to
the elements. They are not water-worn to any degree and have suffered no damage
from natural agents. All the damage apparent has come from acts of vandalism;
thus:
The mutilations are very slight and do not diminish the artistic appearance of
the statues in any way, while the spots of colour etc. can be removed.
0. THETHOUSANDPILLAHMANDAPA
This will form an excellent test to determine whether the strength of purpose
and resources of organlzation are sufficient to achieve a satisfactory result
over an extended area. If they are not, then it mey be submitted that any so-
called programme of conservation and restoration will only do harm.sLnce it will
result in various patches of incomplete activity which can only have an adverse
effect on the unit of appearance.
In the main the one measure which is required in the mandapa is to strip
off the broken but thick coatings of lime wash from its thousand pillars. A
labour of a year or so at the best. By the rear (north) end of the hall the
ceiling is befouled with a black, pit&y deposit emanating mainly from bats.
To clean this away will be difficult - to keep bats away in the f::ture even
more difficult.
In the rear part of the mandapa the floor level is raised and thus is higher
than the jungle ground adjacent. Here no retaining wall is necessary, but a
barrier has been constructed in the form of a brick blocking between the outer-
most piilars. How much better it would be if this construction were removedf
The only conceivabie thing it blocks out is light, and apparently light is a
desired entity, since an unfortunate new arrangement has been made In the middle
of the mandapa roof in order to admit more of it.
This variation in the roofing scheme was effected some three years ago. A
crack was said to be apparent in one of the ceiling beams and, using this as
justification, ail the stone celling beams spanning the central nave were re-
moved and replaced in reinforced concrete. A gigantic act of destruction to the
ancient fabric. At the same time a concrete protuberance was arranged above the
nave to afford a measure of clerestory lighting. On the interior the concrete
surface has been trowel smootiied so that it presents the worst aspect of con-
crete finish. hereas all the fine stone work has been and is being obliterated
with whitewa.sh and paint, this concrete is left proudly exposed.
The clerestory unit has been given an external roof surface of glossy red,
modern tiles, which offensively contrasts with the traditional surface surrounding
it. ln general the roof of the mandapa is in good condition.
The ancient flooring still survives 3.n spjte of threats to replace it.
The cost of the concrete clerestory operaLion would suffice to provide for
all the measures to be recommended in both this mendapa end the Horsemen mandaga.
P. THEINNlBKitEAsOFTHETEMPLE
attention to the sacred, inner portion of the temple. Since access to this
portion is normally reserved solely for Hindu worshippers, it is logical that
here only religious criteria should govern proposed measures of restoration or
conservation. Thus no detailed recommendations on the Inner sreas of the Temple
of Srirangam are presented iii this report.
Recourse may be had to the general section of this report for any informa-
tion desired concerning structural features. If this informatfon is found to
be in conflict with provisions contained in the report of the temple sub-
committee, then it is not the consultantls position to determine such issues.
Q. THHHANGAVIMANASHMHARA
The crowning part of the roofing of the Holy of Holies of Srirangam Temple
(the Ranga Vimana) is encased in gold. This can be seen from all elevated posi-
tions as an ornate domlcal structure emerging from the surrounding terrace roofs.
Thus although in an area of limited access, it is freely visible - and indeed
visitors are specially directed to look at it. Its aspect thus becomes a matter
of general concern.
For what purpose Is the present metal grille designed? Logically it can
only be placed there for security reasons, i.e. to prevent people from damag3ng
or removing the previous casing. Whether this necessity is sufficient to
warrant the presence of the barrier Is not for me to say. However, If this
reason is considered insufficient, then clearly no other reason for abwrier
exists and therefore the barrier should be removed, as it is purely utilitarian
In concept and is no ornament.
-._--_____ --
- 42 -
To fulfil these two requirements the best design seems in principle an open metal
grille. It may be that the present grille can be improv& in appearence by
eliminating some of the cruditiss, or by being painted in a camouflage colour;
but it is not apparent that anotner construction would better fulfil the required
functions.
What type cf construoticn is to be inferred from the wording of the proposal
for replacing the existing berrier is not evident. There is certainly no indlca-
tion as to the purpose for which the suggested new barrier is designed. Perhaps
no thought was given to this matter, the Intention being simply to provide a
more " IinpOCing" structure as a sign of active concern.
R. SUMTUFZOF REcOMMENDATIONS
1. It is not evident that the current ideas and ideals expressed in Western
conservation and restoration of ancient monuments are necessarily applicable to
Hindu temples in South India which are stillliving centres of religion.
3- For the various social reasons involved in this division many of the basic
concepts of Western conservation and restoration cannot be applied uniformly
over the whole complex of Srirangam Temple.
8. These measures should form the Initial programme of conservation and restora-
tion at Srirangam Temple, and a reasonable time limit (e.g. 1 to 2 years) should
be required for their completion.
10. Ultimately it may be found that Western conservation and restoration can
be made to apply at Srlrangam only by way of compromise involving "partition",
i.e. the establishment was originally a "temple-town", it has now become a
temple and a town, in future it may be triply divided into a temple, a town and
an ancient monument. This is the very furthest imaginable from an ideal solution
to the problems of the mise en valeur of Srirengam, but it may be the only prac-
tical possibility.
-__-I_- _-_ ^- .
- 45 -
APPENDIX
The Horsemen Msndapa has been coated and recoated with whitewash so that in
many cases the scuiptural ornament has entirely disappeared - certainly all
details of working have been lost. The first step in this process of degenera-
tion was the applying of an irrelevant, linear "decoration" in red paint. It
would be interesting to determine when this was carried out.
In the face of these circumstances every effort was made to convince the
labour that the point of the exercise was to reduce one unit (e.g. a pillar) to
its original appearance, and to establish the most practical means of carrying
out this process. It was emphasizedrepeatedlythattsremove inost of theMrite-
wash was no more a work of restoration than was applying another coat.
The unit selected for the test was ohosen as affording the greatest practical
difficulties. It was one of the four central pillars - the largest, highest and
most broken up with ornament in the Mandapa. Work was directed to be commenced
at the top where the projecting gargoyles, corbels and capital provided great
difficulties of access and caused general inconvenience. Six unskilled workmen
were engaged. Local bamboo scaffolding is erected readily and quickly. Men are
prepared to work on impossibly flimsy and rickety scaffolding, but with insis-
tence this can be made reasonably safe and stable. Great agility is shown by
those working on these structures.
Serial No.1222
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For the initial process of knocking away and scaling off, hard-wood chisels
and mallets were prepared. These function well, though in view of the condition
of the underlying granite there would be no danger in a skilled workman using
metal tools.
For the subsequent washing process it was evident that a surface-active
agent was required in the water. The local practice is to use the washing powder
employed by "dhobies". This washing soda is mixed with water (preferably warm)
and applied by soft brush to the surface which is to be cleaned. After 20 or 30
minutes it is then scrubbed off, and should bring away ths whitewash. This pro-
cess was tested, but with unsatisfactory results as indicated above. Substitu-
tion of a modern detergent product, 'SURF", for the washing soda, brought some
improvement but not sufficient. Manifestly chemical treatment was necessary.
Acetic acid and nitric acid, both recommended for this purpose, were availa-
ble and were tested with completely unsatisfactory results whatever the strength
of the solution employed. In these circumstances, since the stone was granite,
experiments were made with hydrochloric acid. Eventually it was made evident
that the only practical method of cleaning the stone completely was as follows:
Neat hydrochloric acid was painted on to the face of the stone (for this
purpose lengths of palm branches, with the ends teased out into individual
fibres proved ideal). After a time the surface was scrubbed with water using
a stiff scrubbing brush, and firmly adhering fragments of whitewash were
prized off by a tool. About three repeats of this sequence brough the stone
to an acceptable condition. The stone was continually swilled down with
water during the process, and as a final measure there was prolonged swilling.
The team employed soon developed good organization and skill in handling the
various implements and materials. Raving mastered a technique in cleaning the
first pillar, work was extended to the neighbouring column to obtain a reasonable
assessment of the time factor. This operation progressed smoothly, producing a
very pleasing result. The indications are that to clean properly an average
column will require about three days* work.
When the stone work of the columns was revealed with crisp fluting and orna-
ment, it became objectionably apparent that cement had been laid around the bases,
obscuring the junction of the several structural elements. On knocking this
cement away, the structure sprang to life, the column or pillar was seen as a
separate entity resting on a massive foundation block, which in turn was sepa-
rately distinguished from the flooring slabs by being raised slightly above them,
thus expressing its different function as a foundation.
In view of this all agreed that the removal of cement from the flooring was
very desirable. At this moment ten yards away men preparing for the forthcoming
festival were newly cementing over the paving blocks "to close the gaps'. The
absurdity of the situation was accepted, but since the cementing operation was
under the order of the controller of the small shrine opening off the Mandapa, it
was admitted that nothing could be done about it.
It may be hazarded that a person who draws a network of dirty, ragged, indel-
ible lines across a Leonardo canvas will only do so if the painting has absolutely
Serial No. 1222
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no meaning for him; and if society pennits or approves this, then the painting
has no meaning for society. This is exactly the position with the superb masonry
of South Indian Hindu Temples. It is ruined by smearing a ragged network of dirty
grey cement across the surface of the hairline jointing. This practice came into
vogue with &he arrival on the scene of cement , and is now in wholesale applica-
tion; it will continue in the future. No one, when asked, can give any reason
for doing it, and for that reason it will be almost impossible to prevent.
The only way to remove utterly the traces of cement applied to the surface
of stone is to cut away both the cement and the stone surface. Since this leaves
a blemish as unsightly as the cement, such action entails the further labour of
artificially repatinating the damaged stone surface. In the face of these diffi-
culties an attitude of despair is induced by the universal practice of attempting
to seal the joints of ancient masonry with cement.
A solution of hydrochloric acid was applied to the region of the joints with
the aim of leaching out any lime, and thus loosening the adhesion of the cement.
Serial No.1222
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The precise instructions were not carried out, the solution was applied too freely
and allowed to remain too long before washing. Inevitably the patina was dsmagad
and the surface of the stone stained in ugly bands and trickles.
Careful application of nitric acid proved of some use in disloding the cement
traces and did not appear to stain the surrounding stone.
Within the terms of the suggested progrwne, the V'ellai Gopura may be scaf-
folded and a start made by brushing off all the superficial dirt, so permitting a
closer inspection of the condition of the plaster. On the assessment of this,
more detailed proposals for the consolidation etc. of this plaster-work csn be
entertained. The labour involved in brushing away the surface grime is, of course,
very considerable.
Serial No.1222
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IV. NOTICES OF OTHER SOUTH INDIAN MONUMENTS
8. REpoRTONPALAIyASN~AMANDTHIRUMAKKuDaLTEMpLEs
Midway along the road from Chingleput to Kancheepuram, which here follows
closely the course of the Palar River, are situated in close proximity two
Vaishnavite Temples: one on the north bank of the river, the Temple of Palaiya
Sivaram; and the other on the south bank, the Temple of Thirumakkudal. Both tem-
ples are of moderate size and it is submitted that, if dealt with in conjunction,
between them they could be made to show to advantage many of the virtues of South-
ern Hindu temple architecture. There are several reasons for this. The accessi-
bility from Madras, the beautiful siting and above all, the complementary nature
of the temples themselves.
The Temple of Palaiya Sivaram, whatever may be its modest pretentions to his-
toricity, is of interest mainly because of its superb natural siting. Cut into
the lower slopes of a verdant hill which overlooks the Palar River, the Temple pre-
sents a delightful prospect from near and far, and in turn, from the vantage of
the Temple forecourt a splendid view is afforded of the broad river valley and sur-
rounding country. The Temple is "alive" , and has but recently been redecorated.
It is in every way a fitting subject for presenting to advantage the colourful ar-
chitecture of the innumerable minor Hindu temples which dot the countryside.
Here would have been the place to try to establish scme scheme decoration to
serve as a type for the future "redecorating" of temples by their local communi-
ties. What is customarily effected now is, of course, purely village work which
has lost all connexion with the artistic tradition which built and ornamented the
monuments to which it is applied. Such work is properly suited for decorating ad-
vertisement hoardings, and only by historical misfortune is it applied to ancient
masonry. If a new scheme could be evolved, based in some measure on the original
art form, sensibly respecting the functional elements of the fabric to which it
was applied, and at the same time contriving to gain the acceptance of the common
man - this would constitute the greatest servic e which could be performed in the
interests of Hindu temples.
One interesting feature of the recent work at Palaiya Sivaram is the reno-
vated Gopura. Here the plaster (apparently a cement plaster) has been left un-
painted. The effect is excellent for a variety of reasons, e.g. the colour is a
congruous neutral shade, the surface is finished slightly roughened so as to avoid
"surface sheen", and in any event the sculptura 1 decoration breaks up the mass.
In the absence of any more recondite guidance this work could well serve as a
model for other local workmen engaged in restoring gopuras.
In contrast to this particular merit, the generalized painting of the masonry
is typical village work, and it affords a particularly bad example of paint obscur-
ing a lengthy and important inscription.
On the opposite bank of the river is situated the ruined Chola Temple of
Thirumakkudal. This is a scheduled ancient monument well known for its historical
inscription instituting a hospital in the temple precincts. Again this Temple has
a most beautiful siting, no t a little enhanced by the excellent prospect it af-
fords of Palaiya Sivaram Temple. Here the quietness and repose of the weathered,
ancient masonry, set among the green turf and trees is doubly appreciated after
the lively colouring of the Palaiya Sivsram Temple.
In view of its charm and its historical importance the Temple of Thirumakkudal
is very demanding of conservation. Fortunately excellent results could be obtained
by that most satisfactory of operations - repositioning the original elements. The
condition of the monument graphically demonstrates the necessity for such atten-
tion. Here different structures in various stages of ruin clearly show that if
Serial No.1222
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repositioning is carried out betimes, much unnecessary "renovation" is avoided.
Certainly if this is not done shortly there will be a wholesale collapse of many
units of the complex, which will be ssii.
B. BRIEF NOTE CN THE TEYPIZ OF GANGRIKONDACHOLAPURAMNEAR LOWERANAICUT, AND
THE DHARASUR.AiY
TEMPU ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF I(uMRAKO2JPtiY
Both these Temples are scheduled ancient monuments in the keeping of the Ccn-
tral Government Archaeological Service. It is only fitting to say, for the advan-
tage of pointing out good examples, that no ancient monuments could be presented
in more sympathetic fashion.
Within the prakara walls there is a green peace from which all discordant ele-
ments have been removed and kept out. Nothing more is necessary, but to maintain
this state of affairs in the face of demands from inimical interests. Lovers of
Indian art and architecture have here much to be grateful for.
C. REPORT ON TREATMENTOF SCULPTUREDPILLARS INTHEFMMASWAMYTEMPLE AT
KLJrmAKoNm
The entrace Mandapa of this Temple is supported by pillars ornamented with
sculptured figures. This sculpture seems to have been of some merit, but of this
it is now impossible to judge clearly , since the pillars have all been thickly
coated with some form of black grease. This presumably was done with some miscon-
ceived aim of "scientific preservation" , although "preservation from what?", seems
a question not readily answerable.
The artistic virtue of this style of sculpture resides very much in the sur-
face modelling. Nothing more effective than a thick layer of grease could have
been designed to render this modelling imperceptible. Particularly is this so
since the grease retains another outer coating of dirt and dust.
However, although the pillars are now not displayed to great advantage, it ap-
pears that recently they have been made the subject of a photographic survey.
This at least seems to be the case, since on the flat black surface to which the
appearance of the pillars has been reduced, there has been painted sizable white
numbers. Certainly these numbers would stand out very clearly in the photographs,
and would serve to identify these photographs since the subject matter might other-
wise be rather dark and indeterminate because of the caverning of grease. However,
these white numbers, having served their purpose, might now be removed and the pil-
lars identified by less prominent means.
Perhaps if there had been no grease, the numbers might not have been neces-
sary, and the identity of the sculptures clearly apparent to the eye and the camera
alike.
D. SHORTREPORT ON THE TEMPU OF ARUNA JAGESWARAAT THIRUPANANDAL
Recently this temple has been completely repainted and not one square inch of
the interior has escaped the brush. The decoration has been effected in a comi-
cally village manner, very pleasing to all concerned. Externally the finely
jointed, ancient masonry has been given a "false pointing" (quite avowedly to inhi-
bit the lodgement of vegetation).
The sight of this temple only goes to suggest that it would be much better
for everyone if "Western style" restoration and conservation of ancient monuments
disappeared as an issue from the milieu of living South Indian temples. The local
population know exactly what they want in this connexion, and they are perfectly
capable of providing for their own needs. For any outside influence to enter the
scene with ideas of "instructing" them to want some+&ing different will promote
little but trouble.
The site comprises a group of originally three small, early Chola temples
situated in the fields at a convenient remove from Kudambulur village.
They are entirely masonry structure from plinth to shikhara, and thus the
difficulty concerning the preservation of plaster work does not accrue. The
masonry is very beautiful and in excellent condition. Alas! the true hairline
jointing has been defaced by smearing the stone with mortar, here given an artifi-
cial colouring to render its presence as apparent as possible.
The small precinct of the temples has been enclosed with an unobtrusive
angle-iron and wire fence, and the interior is kept nicely cropped and grassed.
Thus the temples are displayed sympathetically in a green clearing amid the sur-
rounding woods, with no modern barrier cutting them off from their native setting.
A large number of sculptured figures from these and neighbouring temples are
collected in a storehouse near the gate of the enclosure. The salvaging and
storage of these sculptures is commendable, only the concrete storeroom is unnec-
essarily placed in the most prominent position in front of the entrance to the
precinct. It thus completely destroys the otherwise delightful approach view of
the temple. This storeroom might well have been sacludod behind the trees which
surround the site, thus leaving unspoiled the very agreeable ambience of this
temple.
This Temple has not been interfered with or spoiled in any way. The original
masonry speaks for itself, and nothing disturbs its quic?t rural setting. The small
precinct and surround are kept neatly tended. May this ideal of affairs continue.
The site of this Temple , enfolded by verdant hills, is a triumph. And the
presentation of the noble masonry with its beautiful golden patina embraced by
nature is breath-catching. Alas now only short stretches of the outer prakara
walls can be seen in this condition. The remainder of the masonry is squalid
with whitewash and paint. Never has fine monumental masonry been so cruelly
defaced.
Serial No. 1222
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The Gopura is very interesting, it being the only living monument I have
seen where on the stucco fapades the traditional scheme of painted decoration has,
in the main, survived. Fortunately it has not as yet in any way been superseded
by the "shop window display" colouring of the present day. Doubtless it soon
will be. Inevitably the masonry of the lower portion of the Gopura has suffered
with whitewashing and surface mortaring and pointing. However this latter has
been toned in to some degree with its background.
The main Kalyana Mandapa contains a fine series of compound pillars with
life-sized figural sculpture. These are notable pieces of baroque extravaganza.
They are now made to contrast violently with their backing columns. The columns
are thickly whitewashed and the figures are ancinted with oil. This oil is of a
light, golden constituency so that, at least, the texture of the stone is in some
measure perceptible. However, the reflection and glinting set up on this surface
is such that it is almost impossible with normal lighting to bring these figures
into visual focus.
H. RETORT 3F INSPECTION OF THE SUNDARAJAPERTJMALTRMPX, THIRWELLARAI,
CARRIED OUT ON THE MOFXING OF 31 OCTOBER1968
Extract from the front pagebof "The Indian Express" dated 31 October 1968:
"Two persons were lcil?.ed an:1 five others sustained injuries when a por-
tion of the Gopuraii of the Sundaraja .Peminml Temple in ThiruveZlarsi about 12
miles from here, collapsed this morning.
This mishap was brought to tr,y notice by sight of the above newspaper report.
On inquiry with the Srirangam officials I was informed that the Sundaraja Perumal
Temple was a dependency of the Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple, the officials of
which were responsible for the "renovation work" in q.uestion. Accordingly I made
arrangements to visit and inspect the said work. Two main objects were in view:
(2) To familiarize myself with the local capacities and procedures for
carrying out restoration.uork.
Some extra assurance will be required for the strength of the lintel. The
most convenient method of providing this undoubtedly would be to cut a chase in
the upper surface and let in a heavy steel girder (or girders), spanning the
entrance. This hidden, structural steel work would then take the load of the
stone roofing beams, leaving the stone lintel to bear only its own weight. If
further doubts were felt as to its capacities to do even that, the stone lintel
itself could be supported by steel straps or stirrups tying it up to the steel
girder inset in its upper surface.
Serial No.1222
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No stucco ornsment remains on the towers of the Gopurams, and if any further
restoration work is envisaged the brickwork should be consolidated in its present
condition, as the exposed brickwork is majestic "structure" and presents a most
impressive effect. The new pointing should be such that the joints are raked out
to a depth of about half a centimetre.
The stone prakara walls have been extensively repaired by the excellent
means of numbering each stone, dismantling and rc-erecting. Unfortunately the
resulting appearance is atrocious because of two factors. The identifying num-
bers were painted on the faces of the stones in large black letters and these
remain boldly on display as a proud memorial of this activity. Secondly, although
the original construction was in dry stone, the blocks when re-erected were
apparently set in thick cement mortar. Whether or not this cement mortar is (or
is considered to be) advisable for compaction, it is not required to be displayed
on the face of the wall as a sort of wide pointing sealing all the joints. This
has given the work the appearance of village rubble masonry, and has completely
destroyed the noble aspect of the finely jointed ancient masonry - the preserva-
tion of which was one of the specific objects of the labour of recording, dis-
mantling and re-erection.
Doubtless one reason for this ugly pointing is the desire to prevent seeds
Lodging in the joints, where they germinate, and the strong forces exercised by
the growing plants damages the masonry. Special plant-killing powders are
employed to prevent this, but they are not a hundred per cent effective. Here
it can only be emphasized that whatever the difficulties of dealing with this
problem may be, the solution is not to spoil utterly the appea'ance of the ancient
masonry.
trained specifically and exclusively for the work of building and decorating
Hindu temples in the traditional manner, it seems to me self-evident that they
are the proper group to receive instruction in the aims, principles and practice
of conserving and restoring such monuments. I would recommend very strongly that
some provision was made for this instruction during the final year of the course.
The body of knowledge inculcated should be intelligently oriented towards the
local scene, and there should be no difficulty in arranging practical demonstra-
tions and experience.
Serial No.1222
1. Approach to the Unfinished Raya Gopura. This consti-
tutes the main entrance to the complex. Its fine stone-
work suffers from the clutter of recent building.