SCOPE

This standard lays down guidelines for design of barrages in alluvial foundation
BARRAGE
A barrage is a low type of diversion dam which consist of large gates that can be opened or closed to control
the amount of water passing through the structure. The gates are set between flanking piers which responsible
for supporting the water load of the pool created
ADVANTAGES
The main advantages of the barrage is to supply the water for irrigation purpose
Electric power can be generated
It provide protection against coastal flooding
DISADVANTAGES
Salt water causes corrosion.
Maintenance of a power facility can be difficult.
A barrage is very expensive to build and affects a very wide area.
INVESTIGATION AND DATA REQUIRED
1. Preliminary investigation
Study of available maps Study of foundation strata
Study of available hydrological data
Assessment of water requirement
Availability of construction materials
Communication to the site of work
Climate of the region
2. Detailed investigation
Detailed topographic survey(index map, site survey plan, cross sections & longitudinal section)
Hydrological data-Rain fall, Discharge data (daily, monthly, annual),flood hydrographs, observed flood
marks.
Surface and subsurface investigations including laboratory tests.
Bore holes up to hard rock level or 10 to 25 m below river bed level.
One or two bores for each bay, at body wall, U/s & D/s cutoff line.
Availability of clay and its extent, depth & location.
Rock strata: Trial pits to be excavated to know the over burden depth, loose deposits, depth of
weathered zone, extent of joints & fissures for treatment to prevent seepage.
Water table.

LOCATION AND ALIGNMENT:-

LOCATION-
Course of the river (straight or curvature, firm banks, narrow gorge or wide etc.)
 Availability of construction materials.
Slope of the river (to determine the storage capacity and velocity in the river).
Width of the river bed.
Foundation conditions.
Location of head regulator and head reach of canal.
Suitability of site for under sluice.
ALIGNMENT
Right angles to the course of the river (unit discharge would be maximum, uniform flow, suitable for
sandy foundation, more economical).
Sufficient width and uniform width of the river.
Favorable foundation.
PLANING AND LAYOUT
The location and alignment of the barrage axis and that of the canal head works may be decided but the
other details like the width of the barrage and regulators, levels crests, length of floors, river training works,
pond levels etc. have to be based on the hydraulic conditions of the river bed and bank of the site.
1.UPSTREAM SITE
In the opposite direction to the way a river flows.
2.DOWNSTREAM SITE
In the direction that a river is flowing or water flows in the direction of sea.
3.DESIGN FLOOD
Diversion structure has to be designed in such a way that it may be able to pass a high flood of sufficient
magnitude safely. Gauss discharge curve up to these flood values shall be prepared. Normal flood discharge at
pond level and maximum observed flood level and maximum design flood level shall be determined. When the
design flood passes the structure all the gates of the structure are fully open.

4.AFFLUX
The structure would cause a rise in the water level on the upstream compare to the downstream at the time
passage of high flood the gates open. This rise in water level on the upstream is called afflux.

5.FREE BOARD
When the water level rise on the upstream site compared to the downstream site at that time of passage of
high flood all gates open. This rise in water on the upstream site is called afflux. The amount of afflux will
determine the top levels of the guide bunds, piers etc . The Free Board to be provided depends on the
importance of the structure generally, 1.5 to 2 m Free Board above the afflux water level on the upstream and
above the high flood level on the downstream is provided. A freeboard is provided over an afflux water level
due to a flood with 1 in 500 year frequency.
6.POND LEVEL
Pond level is the level of water, immediately upstream of the barrage, which is required to facilitate withdrawal
of water into the canal with its full supply. The pond level has to be carefully planned so that the required water
can be drawn without difficulty. By adding the energy losses through the head regulator to the Full Supply Level
of the canal at its starting point just downstream of the canal head-works, the pond level is evaluated. The
provision of a high pond level with an elevation almost equal to the high flood level or above has to be planned
very carefully since such a provision is likely to induce shoal formation on the upstream.
7.CUT-OFF
Cut-offs is barrier provided below the floor of the barrage both at the upstream and the downstream ends. They
may be in the form of concrete lungs or steel sheet-piles. The cut-offs extend from one end of the barrage up to
the other end (on the other bank). The purpose of providing cutoff is two-folds as explained below.
During low-flow periods in rivers, when most of the gates are closed in order to maintain a pond level, the
differential pressure head between upstream and downstream may cause uplift of river bed particles. A cutoff
increases the flow path and reduces the uplift pressure, ensuring stability to the structure.
During flood flows or some unnatural flow condition, when there is substantial scour of the downstream
riverbed, the cutoffs or sheet piles protect the undermining of the structures foundation.

8.SPILLWAY BAYS
This is the main body of the barrage for controlling the discharges and to raise the water level to the desired
value to feed the canals. It is a reinforced concrete structure designed as a raft foundation supporting the
weight of the gates, piers and the bridge above to prevent sinking into the sandy river bed foundation.
It is designed to pass water from upstream site to downstream site.
9.UNDERSLUICE BAYS
These low crested bays may be provided on only one flank or on both flanks of the river depending upon
whether canals are taking-off from one or both sides. The width of the under sluice portion is determined on the
basis of the following considerations.
It should be capable of passing at least double the canal discharge to ensure good scouring capacity
It should be capable of passing about 10 to 20 percent of the maximum flood discharge at high floods
It should be wide enough to keep the approach velocities sufficiently lower than critical velocities to ensure
maximum settling of suspended silt load.

10.WATER WAY
The water way, is the clear opening of a barrage to allow flood flow to pass has a bearing on the afflux. Hence,
a maximum limit placed on the afflux also limits the minimum waterway. Many a times, the Laceys stable
perimeter for the highest flood discharge is taken as the basis of calculating the waterway.

11.SILT EXCLUDING DEVICE

The silt excluding tunnels carry heavy silt down the river below the under sluices. It is a thin, vertical, curved
parallel walled structures constructed of plain or reinforced concrete. it is provided as a part of the under sluice
bays of the barrage floor in the river pocket adjacent to the head regulator to minimize sediment entry into the
canal through the head regulator. As such, the excluders have to deal with alluvial materials such as boulders,
gravel, and sand or silt depending upon the parent bed material and that which is being transported by the
river.

12.ABUTEMENT
The abutments form the end structures of the barrage and their layout depends upon the project features and
topography of the site. The length of the abutment is generally kept same as the length of the floor. The top of
the abutment is fixed with adequate free board over the upstream and downstream water levels.
13.FLANK WALL
In continuation of the abutments of the diversion structure, flank walls are provided both on the upstream and
downstream sides on both the banks. The flank walls ensure smooth entry and exit of water and away from the
diversion structure. The flank walls laid out in a flare with vertical alignment close to the abutment and a slope
of 2H: 1V or 3H: 1V on the other end, as may be observed from the layout of the barrage.
14.GUIDE BUNDS
The requirement of narrowing down and restricting wide alluvial river courses to flow axially through the
barrage necessitates the use of guide bunds.
15.AFFLUX BUNDS
Afflux bunds are components of the diversion structures wherever necessary to protect important low lying
properties adjacent to the structures from submergence due to afflux high floods.
16.DIVIDE WALL
The divide wall is much like a pier and is provided between the sets of under sluice or river sluice or spill bays.
The main functions of a divide wall:
It separate the turbulent flood waters from the pocket in front of the canal head.
It helps in checking parallel flow (to the axis of the barrage) which would be caused by the formation of deep
channels leading from the river to the pocket in front of the sluice The length of the divide wall on the upstream
has to be such as to keep the heavy action on the nose of the divide wall away from the upstream protection of
the sluices and also to provide a deep still water pond in front of the canal head regulator.
17.LAUNCHING APRON
This apron is constructed with boulders or stones arranged in layers without any joint. It protects the main body
of the weir from the scouring effect.
18.CANAL HEAD REGULATOR
Regulator constructed at the off taking point are called head regulator. The water that enters a canal is
regulated through a Head Regulator. A typical cross section through a regulator is shown in Figure below. As it is
desirable to exclude silt as much as possible from the head regulator, the axis of the regulator is laid at an
angle from90o to 110o to the barrage axis head.
FUNCTION OF HEAD REGULATOR
To control the entry of water either from the reservoir or from the canal.
To serve as a meter for measuring discharge of water.
To control the entry of silt into off taking or main canal.

18.Crest levels of spillway and under sluice bays

The bays of a barrage are in the shape of weirs or spillways and the crest levels of these have to be decided
correctly. Some of the bays towards the canal end of the barrage are provided with lower crest in order to:

Maintain a clear and well defined river channel towards the canal head regulator
To enable the canal to draw silt free water from surface only as much as possible
To scour the silt deposited in front of the head regulator.
 Terms used in Barrage Design
1) Discharge (Q) = m3/sec
It is the volume metric flow of water during per unit time.
2) Discharge Intensity (q) = m3/sec
Discharge flowing through per unit width of a structure which is;
q = Q/B and q = 1.70E3/2
3) Velocity of Approach (Hap)
The velocity of flowing water approaching to a metering section is called velocity of approach which is;
Hap = V2/2g
4) Energy Line (E)
It is equal to depth of water + velocity of approach.
E = D+ Hap
5) Critical Depth (dc)
It is the depth of water at which Specific Energy is minimum
Dc = [q2/g] 1/3
6) Scour Depth (R)
It is the maximum depth measured from the High Flood level (HFL) to the lowest bed point which is eroded/
scoured as an outcome of water current.

R = 1.35 (q2/f)
7) Wetted Parameter (P)
It is the surface area of any cross section which is wetted by the flowing water.
P = 4.75 Q
Where P = B + 2D.
8) Discharge over the Weir (Q)
Q = CBH3/2
B = Breadth of the Weir in meter
H = Total Water Depth above the Weir Crest
C = Constant depends upon the Drowning Ration (2.9 3.1) in FPS system and 1.7 in MKS system.
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF BARRAGE
Maximum Discharge (Qmax) =30000 cusecs
Minimum Discharge (Qmin) =1200 cusecs
River Bed Level (RBL) =185m
High Flood Level (HFL) =190m
Lowest Water Level (LWL) =188m
Minimum Pond Level =189m
Maximum Discharge for Canal =350 cusecs
Assume 20% discharge concentration and 0.5m retrogression
Maximum Afflux=1m
Assume Laceys Silt factor (f) =1
STEP-1
FIXING THE CREST LEVELS AND WATER WAY
CREST LEVELS
Taking crest levels of under sluices=River bed level=185m
The crest level of other barrage bays may be kept 1.0 to 1.5 m higher than the crest level of under
sluices. Let us keep it 1.406 m higher i.e.=185+1.4=186.4m
WATERWAY
As per Laceys wetted perimeter equation, is given by

P=4.75 =822.72m
Let us provide a waterway in such a way that approximately 20% of the maximum discharge is
passed through the under sluice and the total provide waterway should be able to pass the entire
discharge.
Assume the waterway as below
(a)Under sluice portion:
8 bays of 20m each=160m
7 piers of 3m each=21m
Overall waterway=181m
(b) Other barrage bays portion
30 bays of 50m each=1500m
28 piers of 2.5m each=70m
Overall waterway=1570m
Assume a divide wall of 3m thickness. Hence total overall waterway provided between
abutments=181+1570+3=1754m
Now let us check whether the maximum flood can pass through this waterway with the maximum
permissible afflux of 1m
HFL before barrage construction=190m
U/s HFL=d/s HFL+Afflux
=190+1=191m

Average discharge intensity (q) =

Scour depth (R) =1.35

=1.35

Velocity of approach (V) =

 =

Velocity Head=

= =0.19m
U/s TEL=u/s HFL + Velocity Head
=191 + 0.19
=191.19m
So velocity head over the under sluice crest =U/s TEL under sluice crest level

H =191.19 185
=6.19m
So head over the crest of other barrage bays =U/s TEL- crest level of other bays

H =191.19 186.4

=4.79m
Discharge passing through under sluices is given by the discharge formula for a broad crested weir; since the crest and U/s floor are at the
same level, and the width of the crest is sufficient, it will behave as a broad crested weir.

Q = 1.7 (L K n H) H
Here L is the clear Waterway and we assuming K=0.1

=1.7 (160 0.1

= 3929.65 cusecs
Let us keep the width of the crest of other barrage bays portion as 2.5m.Since the head over the other barrage bays crest is 4.79 m; it shall
behave like a sharp crested weir.

Q = 1.84 (L K n H) H

=1.84(1500-0.1 60 4.79) (4.79)

=28379.87 cusec

Total discharge that can pass through the barrage (Q) =Q + Q

=3929.65 + 28379.87
= 32309.52 cusec
S0 Q > HFL
32309.52 > 30000..ok
Hence the assumed waterway and the crest level are in order.
Actual overall waterway provided = 1754 m against Laceys wetted perimeter of 2601.68 m.

Looseness factor = =2.13

The design of under sluice section and that of other barrage bays section shall be carried out separately.
DESIGN OF UNDER SLUICE PORTION
There are two major flow conditions
(1) When high flood is passing

(2) When flow is at Pond Level (i.e., Q )

(1)High flood condition
(a) Assuming no concentration and retrogression
U/s TEL = d/s HFL + Afflux + velocity head
=190 + 1 + 0.19
=191.19m
D/s TEL = d/s HFL + Velocity head
= 190 + 0.19
= 190.19m

Head Loss (H ) =191.19 190.19

=1m

Discharge intensity between piers (q) = CH

=1.7 (6.19) =26.18 cusec/m

(b) High flood condition with 20% concentration and 0.5 m retrogression

The discharge intensity is increased by 20%.Therefore, new discharge intensity =1.2 26.18=31.416 cusec/m.

Now velocity head required for this discharge intensity to pass

= =6.98 m
U/s TEL =RBL + q
=185+ 6.98
=191.98 m
The d/s HFL is depressed by 0.5 m due to retrogression, i.e. it becomes 190 0.5=189.5 m.

D/s TEL =189.5 + 0.19

=189.69 m

H =191.89 189.69
=2.29 m.
(2)POND LEVEL FLOW CONDITION
(a)With no concentration and retrogression
Pond Level =189 m

Head over the crest of under sluices under this condition H =189 185
=4m

Q =1.7(160-0.1 16
=2088.96 cusec

Head over the crest of other barrage bays H =189 186.4

=2.6 m.

Q =1.84(12000-0.1 60
=13539.57usec

Neglecting velocity of approach for this flow condition, the total discharge passing down the barrage (Q) =Q +

Q
Q=2088.96 + 11450.61
=13539.57 cusec

Average discharge intensity =

=7.71 cusec/m

Normal scour depth (R) =1.35

=1.35
=5.26m
Velocity of approach (V) =

=
=1.46 m/sec

Velocity Head =

=
=0.10 m.

U/s TEL = pond level + velocity head

=189 + 0.10
=189.1 m.
The d/s water level when a discharge of 13539.57 cusec is passing can be found from the stage discharge curve
of the river.

D/s TEL =d/s water level + velocity head

=188 + 0.1
= 188.1 m.
Head Loss = U/s TEL D/s TEL

H = 189.1 188.1
=1 m.

Discharge intensity between piers (q) = CH

=1.7 (4)
=13.6 cusec/m.

(b) Pond level flow with 20% concentration and 0.5 m retrogression.

Now discharge intensity (q) =1.2 13.6

= 16.32 cusec/m.
Now velocity head required over the crest=

=
=4.51 m.
U/s TEL=185+4.51
=189.51m

D/s HFL which was 178.917 m is depressed by 0.5 m. =188 0.5

=187.5 m.

D/s TEL =d/s HFL + Velocity head

=187.5 + 0.10
= 187.6 m.

Head Loss (H ) =189.51 187.6

=1.91m

DESIGN OF OTHER BARRAGE BAYS PORTION

CONDITION:-1
HIGH FLOOD CONDITION
Here the crest level is 186.4 m
(1)High flood flow with no concentration and retrogression
U/s water level = 191m
D/s water level =190 m
U/s TEL =191.19m
D/s TEL =190.19m
Head loss=191.19 190.19
=1m
Head including velocity head over the crest =191.19 186.4
=4.79m
Discharge intensity (q) =1.84 (4.79)
=19.28 cusec/m.
(2)High flood flow with 20% concentration and 0.5m retrogression
New discharge intensity (q) =1.2 19.28
=23.13 cusec/m
New head required, including the velocity head, for thin discharge to pass.

=5.40m
U/s TEL = Crest level + Head required
= 186.4 + 5.40
= 191.8 m
D/s TEL = d/s water level retrogression
= 190 0.5
= 189.5 m

Head loss (H ) =191.8 189.5

= 2.3 m
CONDITION:-2
POND LEVEL FLOW CONDITION
(1)Pond level flow with no concentration and retrogression
U/s water level (pond level) = 189m
D/s water level (lower water level) = 188m
U/s TEL = u/s water level + velocity head
= 189 + 0.10
= 189.1 m
D/s TEL = Lower water level + velocity head
= 188 + 0.1
= 188.1 m

Head Loss (H ) = 189.1 188.1

= 1m
Head, including velocity head over, the crest = u/s TEL crest level
= 189.1 186.4
= 2.7 m

Discharge intensity (q) =1.84(2.7)

= 8.16 cusec/m.
(2) Pond level flow with 20% concentration and 0.5 m retrogression.
New discharge intensity =1.2 8.16 =9.79 cusec/m

New head required =

= 3.04 m
U/s TEL = crest level + new head required
= 186.4 + 3.04
= 189.44 m
D/s TEL = 188.1 0.5
= 187.6 m

Head Loss (H ) = 189.44 187.6

= 1.84 m.
CANAL HEAD REGULATOR DESIGN
Maximum discharge for canal =350 cusec
Anticipated full supply level of canal =188m
Safe exit gradient for canal bed material =1/5
The crest level of the canal head regulator is kept 1.2 to 1.5m higher than the crest level of the under sluices.
The crest level of under sluices is 185 m.
Pond Level = 189 m
U/s HFL = d/s HFL + Afflux
= 190 + 1 =191 m.
Let us keep the crest level of regulator (i.e. sill level) = RBL + 1.2
= 185 + 1.2 =186.2 m

Let u/s now fix the waterway for the regulator, such that full supply discharge of 350 cusec can pass through it.
Discharge (Q) through the regulator is given as

Q=

Take Cd = 0.577 and Cd = 0.80

Neglecting velocity head h we get

Q=
Here B = clear width of waterway
h = difference of the upstream and downstream water level

h = depth of downstream water level above the crest

Here h= Pond Level Anticipated maximum FSL
= 189-188
= 1m
 h = Anticipated maximum FSL Crest level of regulator
= 188 186.2
= 1.8 m

=>350=

=>350=B (1.703 1+1.44 4.43)
=>350=8.0822B
B=43.305 m
Provide 8 bays of 10 m each giving a clear waterway of 80 m.
Provide 7 piers of 2 m each =14 m.
So, overall waterway of the regulator = 80 + 14 =94 m
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR VARIOUS FLOW CONDITIONS
Full supply discharge passing down the regulator during High flood. When u/s level is 191 m (i.e. High Flood)
water shall pass over the regulator and the gated opening provided between the sill levels and pond levels shall
have to be adjusted by partially opening this gate.

Let the gate opening be x meters. The discharge can then be calculated by sub-merged orifice formula i.e. Q=C

Where C =0.62
A=B x

=80 x
Q=350 cusec
h=head causing flow
=u/s HFL Anticipated maximum canal FSL
=191 188
=3 m.

=>350 =0.62 (80x)

=>350=0.62807.67x
X=

=0.92 m.

Velocity of flow through opening =

= 4.76 m/sec

Loss of head at entry = 0.5

= 0.5
= 0.58 m.
TEL just u/s of gate =191+0.19
=191.19 m
TEL just d/s of gate =191.19-0.58
=190.61 m.
D/s water level =188 m

Head Loss (H ) =190.61 188

=2.61 m

Discharge Intensity (q) =

=4.37 cusec/m
Full supply discharge passing down the regulator at pond level

Head Loss (H ) =189-188 =1m

Discharge Intensity (q) =

=4.4 cusec/m