Dubai Municipality

Drainage and Irrigation Department

Sewerage and Drainage Design Criteria

Dubai Municipality Drainage and Irrigation Department has developed standard design
criteria for its sewerage and drainage systems. The criteria presented in the following
sections are to be used as the basis for all designs prepared for Dubai Municipality projects.

The criteria presented have been standardized to reflect typical installations and to support
the design intent of the Sewerage and Drainage Masterplan. It is understood that certain
situations may require deviation from the criteria. The Engineer is responsible for ensuring
that the criteria are appropriate for each system. If deviations are required, they should be
identified to the reviewer and justification presented. Deviations that do not support the
overall system design intent should not be proposed.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

The following sections present design criteria to be used for designing Dubai Municipality
sanitary sewer systems. Refer to the standard specifications and details for complementary
information.

1.0 Collection Network

The sewage collection network is to be designed to handle the projected range of flows
estimated over the design life of the project. Flows are estimated based on a combination of
factors such as population, rate of development, type of development and per capita sewage
generation rates. For current design projects in Dubai the design year is 2020. The following
sections describe the factors to be taken into account during system design.

1.1 Sewage Flows

Sewage flows are projected to vary through the design period (Year 2020). A constant rate
of increase in per capita flows is to be assumed. Flows will be a minimum of 220 lpcd and
will increase to an ultimate flow of 280 lpcd as presented in Table 1.1.1.
Table 1.1.1. Dubai Daily Sewage Generation Rates
Year Sewage Generation Rate (lpcd)

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 1995 220
2000 230
2005 245
2010 260
2015 270
2020 280
2025 290
2030 300

Table 1.1.2. Per Capita Sewerage Generation by Community Type (Year 1996)
Community Description Population Density Per capita flow
Rating (lpcd)
low medium High 220
Medium high High 205
Medium - high Low 213
Medium Medium 156

The sewage generation rates are based on population (discussed later in this section) and
have been developed to include limited commercial, institutional and industrial (domestic
sewage only) flows. The rates also include a limited allowance for inflow and infiltration.

The Engineer is to note that the above flows are to be used on a catchment basis. It may be
necessary to design specific pipe segments on a separate basis. Per capita sewage flow rates
have been shown to vary based on the type of development. Table 1.1.2 presents rates for
various communities based on 1996 data. The Engineer should identify whether or not
adjustment to flows is appropriate on a case-by-case basis.

1.2 Industrial and Commercial Areas Sewage Flows

Per capita sewage flow rates presented in Section 1.1 include an allowance for flows from
non-residential connections. However, the Engineer should design lines based on
connection-specific flows. This would require estimates based on actual activities for
commercial, institutional and industrial users. Table 1.2.1 includes typical values for various
user categories. The Engineer should confirm that these rates are appropriate for specific
Dubai properties prior to use.

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 Table 1.2.1. Typical Non-Residential User Sewage Flow Rates
Source Unit Flow (liters/unit-day)
Range Typical
Commercial Sources
Airport Passenger 7-15 11
Automobile service station Vehicle served 26-50 38
Employee 34-56 45
Bar Customer 4-19 11
Employee 38-60 49.50
Department store Toilet room 1500-2300 1900
Employee 30-45 38
Hotel Guest 150-230 180
Employee 26-50 38
Industrial building
(sanitary waste only) Employee 26 60 50
Laundry (self-service) Machine 1500-2500 2100
Wash 170-210 190
Office Employee 26-60 49
Restaurant Meal 8-15 11
Shopping center Employee 26-49 38
Parking space 4-8 8
Institutional Sources
Hospital, medical Bed 500-900 600
Employee 19-56 38
Hospital, mental Bed 280-530 380
Employee 19-56 38
Prison Inmate 280-570 450
Employee 19-56 38
Rest home Resident 190-450 320
School, day
With cafeteria, gym, and showers Student 56-115 95
With cafeteria only Student 38-75 56
Without cafeteria and gym Student 19-65 42
School, boarding Student 190-380 280
Source: Adapted from Metcalf & Eddy, 1995

1.3 Community Population Projections

Sewage flow calculations are to be based on the best available planning information with
respect to population within a given community. This information is available from the
Dubai Municipality Planning and Survey Department. Table 1.3.1 presents current
projections for ultimate holding capacities for each community. Projections for both the year
2015 data and community holding capacities are based on a Planning Department
memorandum issued in August 1999. This represents some change to that data first
presented in the year 1995 Structure Plan (amended). The Engineer should confirm all data
prior to design of any system.

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Table 1.3.1. Community Population for the Year 2015 and Holding Capacity

Community Year 2015 Holding Capacity

Number Population Population
112 10,693 10,693
113 7,988 7,988
114 5,412 5,412
115 2,706 2,706
116 10,305 10,305
117 15,457 15,457
118 36,988 36,988
119 11,836 11,836
121 5,320 13,300
122 9,038 9,038
123 23,462 23,462
124 69,846 73,522
125 8,165 8,165
126 20,000 20,000
127 25,000 25,000
128 9,576 9,576
129 12,065 12,700
131 0 0
132 9,460 9,460
133 8,683 9,140
134 19,690 24,612
213 3,096 3,870
214 13,316 16,645
215 8,288 8,288
216 28,945 28,945
221-224 164 164
225 105 105
226 13,382 15,743
227 3,249 3,822
228 8,648 11,531
231 11,301 15,068
232 15,638 19,548

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Table 1.3.1. Community Population for the Year 2015 and Holding Capacity (Contd.)

Community Year 2015 Holding Capacity

Number Population Population
233 12,850 12,850
234 10,232 11,369
241 18,400 23,000
242 3,582 4,478
243 4,592 5,740
244 4,871 6,089
245 22,400 28,000
246 0 0
247 0 0
248 6,400 8,000
251 16,194 16,194
252 0 0
261 14,957 18,696
262 17,931 27,586
263 13,155 16,444
264 114,791 114,791
265 14,063 17,579
266 956 3,822
267 0 68
268 0 0
269 0 0
311 0 50
312 54,576 54,576
313 34,192 34,192
314 7,638 8,487
315 26,020 28,911
316 29,742 33,047
317 42,812 42,812
318 46,495 46,495
319 11,949 11,949
321 4,766 5,957
322 15,698 19,622
323 18,032 18,032
324 0 0

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Table 1.3.1. Community Population for the Year 2015 and Holding Capacity (Contd.)

Community Year 2015 Holding Capacity

Number Population Population
325 2,734 2,734
326-329 27,200 34,000
332 21,421 21,421
333 20,000 20,000
334 26,500 26,500
335 57,060 67,129
336 59,584 62,720
337 2,766 3,951
342 9,646 10,154
343 15,794 15,794
345-346 348 348
347-349 155 155
352 15,251 16,945
353 10,289 13,718
354 18,330 19,295
355 3,885 4,856
356 8,940 9,933
357 6,015 8,020
358 15,876 17,640
359 0 0
362 13,587 15,097
363 9,244 11,555
364 131,832 131,832
365 0 0
366 12,956 14,395
367 5,040 6,300
368 0 0
369 0 0
372 10,731 13,414
373 12,965 17,287
375 10,749 16,537
376 11,976 18,424
382 16,800 21,000

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 Table 1.3.1. Community Population for the Year 2015 and Holding Capacity (Contd.)

Community Year 2015 Holding Capacity

Number Population Population
383-389 0 0
392 150,000 150,000
393-399 40,000 40,000
411-415 38,454 49,300
416-417 19,304 22,711
421-425 79,117 87,908
597 49,815 62,269
598-599 57,000 57,000
611 155 155
612 0 0
613 0 0
614 30,000 30,000
615 4,500 6,000
616-617 11,400 19,000
621 80,000 80,000
622 0 0
S64 2,700 2,700
S65 14,274 57,096
671-673 27,256 45,426
S67 3,754 15,015
S68 0 0
624-625 0 0
Jebel Ali Village 36,140 36,140
Populations are based on a Dubai Planning Department August 1999 memorandum

1.4.1 Peaking Factor

A peaking factor is to be applied to all sewage flows to identify required pipe and pump station
sizes. The Dubai Peaking Factor (DPF) is a variation of the Babbit Formula. The formulation
for Dubai is :

DPF (Dubai Peaking Factor) = 4.25 x (Population/1000) -1/6

The DPF is to be used to project maximum sewage flows from a tributary area. The tributary area
should include a contributing population equal to or greater than 500 persons. For tributary
populations with fewer than 500 persons an alternate method of estimating peak flows should be

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 used. The Engineer should use methods described in British Standard BS 8301 or, alternatively,
ensure that minimum gradients are observed for all pipes as detailed in Section 1.8.

1.5 Hydraulic Calculations

Sanitary sewer design in Dubai is based on the Colebrooke-White formula. This formula is to be
used to determine the actual hydraulic flow characteristics resulting from the design flows. The
Manning Equation may also be used under certain circumstances.

1.5.1 Colebrooke-White Equation

V = - (2gDS)log[ks/3.7D + 2.51/D(2gDS)]

Where : V = velocity (m/s)

g = gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

D = pipe diameter (m)

S = hydraulic gradient;(invert slope for full

pipes, water surface slopes for open channels (m/m)

ks = a linear measure of effective roughness (m)

(Refer to Section 1.10)

= kinematic viscosity of fluid (m2/s)

1.5.2 Manning Equation

Manning Equation may also be used when verification of results is required. All sewer

designs are to be modeled using the MOdel of Urban SEwers (MOUSE) as developed by the

Danish Hydraulic Institute. MOUSE calculations are based on the Manning Equation.

Therefore, the Manning Equation may be used until MOUSE is revised to incorporate the

Colebrooke-White formulation.

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 The Manning Equation is as follows:
2/3 1/2
V = (1/n) R S

Where : V = velocity (m/s)

n = coefficient of roughness (refer to Section 1.10)

R = hydraulic radius (m)

S = slope of the energy grade line (m/m)

1.6 Minimum and Maximum Sewage Flow Velocities

Design flow velocities should be within the limits presented in Table 1.6.1. Minimum velocities are
based on providing self-cleansing velocities and preventing solids sedimentation in the sewer pipes.
Maximum velocities are set to prevent manhole corrosion and minimize sewer gases in the sewer
system.

Table 1.6.1. Maximum and Minimum Velocities in Sewers

Pipe Description Minimum (m/s) Maximum (m/s) Design (m/s)
Gravity line 0.6 2.5 0.75
Pressure line 1.0 3.0 1.5

1.7 Depth of Flow

Table 1.7.1. Maximum pipe percentage full in sewer pipes.

Description Maximum d/D Minimum d/D
Trunk sewer lines 0.75 0.50
Main and lateral sewer lines 0.85 0.50
d/D is the ratio of flow depth to (d) to nominal pipe diameter (D).

The design criteria for depth of flow in sewer lines are presented in Table 1.7.1. Sanitary sewers
should be checked for percentage full at all times.

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1.8 Pipe Gradients

Pipe gradients, often the same as the hydraulic gradient, directly influence sewer pipe capacity. In
order to achieve the required minimum velocity in sewer lines, pipes should be designed by observing
the minimum gradients listed in Table 1.8.1.

Table 1.8.1. Minimum Sewer line Gradients

Sewer Diameter Minimum Gradient (mm/m)

Velocity 0.75 m/s Velocity 0.6 m/s

200 mm 5.00 3.20
250 mm 3.70 2.40
315 mm 2.70 1.75
400 mm 2.00 1.30
500 mm 1.50 1.00
600 mm 1.20 0.80
700 mm 1.00 0.65
800 mm 0.85 0.55
900 mm 0.70 0.45
1000 mm 0.60 0.40
1100 mm 0.55 0.35
1200 mm and larger 0.50 0.35
Minimum gradients based on the Colebrooke-White formulation

1.9 Pipe Materials

The pipe material for sanitary sewer pipes should be selected based on local environmental
conditions such as the characteristics of wastes, possibility of septicity, corrosion, soil
characteristics, exceptionally heavy external loadings, abrasion and similar problems.

Recommended pipe materials to be used in Dubai for sewer pipes are given in Table 1.9.1. Standard
specifications and details reflect the use of these materials. Specification of alternate materials must
be justified and approved.

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 Table 1.9.1. Recommended Sewage Pipe Materials
Category of Use Size Range Construction Preferred Material
Method
Service Up to 160mm O.D. Open Trench PVC, MDPE or HDPE
Connections Moling or HDD PVC, HDPE or PET
Sewer Mains 200mm to 300mm Open Trench UPVC or HDPE
Non-Disruptive UPVC, HDPE or GRP
(Trenchless) Either encased in
Concrete or slip lined
Through carried pipe and
Grouted, VCP.
Sewer Mains 350mm & Greater Open Trench GRP
Non-Disruptive GRP encased in concre
(Trenchless) or suitably stiff GRP
alone, VCP

1.10 Roughness Coefficient

The roughness coefficient is a measure of the variation and magnitude of protuberances on the
interior surface of the pipe. The roughness, therefore, is a function of the pipe material, age and
condition. Typical coefficients for the various pipe materials are given in Table 1.10.1. Note that
poor pipe conditions are to be assumed for Dubai system designs (n=0.013; ks = 1.5).

Table 1.10.1. Typical Roughness Coefficients

Pipe Material Mannings Coefficient, Colebrooke-White,
N ks (mm)
Good Normal Poor Good Normal Poor
UPVC 0.009 0.010 0.013 0.3 0.6 1.5
GRP 0.009 0.010 0.013 0.3 0.6 1.5
Coated Cast Iron 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.09 0.15 0.30
Uncoated Cast Iron 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.15 0.3 0.6
Ductile Iron 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.15 0.3 0.6
Asbestos cement 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.15 0.3 0.6
Vitrified Clay 0.013 0.015 0.017 0.3 0.6 1.5
Concrete 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.15 0.3 0.6

1.11 Pipe Depths

The minimum depth for sewer pipes in Dubai is 1.2 m to the crown of the sewer pipe. This is to
provide pipe protection from external loads. If circumstances require installation of a pipe with depth
less than 1.2 m above the crown, then concrete protection is required.

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 The maximum depth to invert is based on maintaining a cost-effective and safe design. The
recommended maximum cover for Dubai sewer pipes is approximately 10 m. Depths with cover
greater than this should be investigated with pipe manufacturers to identify any special
requirements that may be necessary.

1.12 Pipe Sizes

The current standard for the minimum size of sewer mains is 200 mm. The minimum pipe
size recommended for house connections is 150 mm or 160 mm outside diameter.

1.13 Utility Crossings

The basic design criteria to be used when a sewer line crosses or runs near to another utility are
presented in Table 1.13.1.

Table 1.13.1 Utility Crossing Guidelines

Parameter Minimum Criteria

30 cm Minimum.
Vertical Clearance If less than 30 cm, use concrete saddle.
Carry encasement to first joint on each side of crossing

3 m Minimum.
Horizontal Clearance If in same trench, place other utility on separate bench on
undisturbed soil above sewer line

Always placed above sewer lines to protect public health

Potable Water Lines

1.14 Sewer Manholes

Manholes are required on sewer lines to permit access to the system and to ensure controlled
transitions in hydraulic flow. Designs shall include a manhole at the following points throughout the
collection system:

Change in pipe gradient

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 Change in pipe diameter

Change in pipe alignment

Junction of two or more pipes

Distance greater than 100m (120m for D 1200 mm)

End of each lateral sewer

Manholes should be of sufficient size to permit access for maintenance activities. In

addition, their design and material selections should be such to guarantee maximum
performance for an extended service life.

The sanitary sewer manhole design criteria are presented in Table 1.14.1. Manholes are
classified based on the information in Table 1.14.2.

It should be noted that drops are sometimes required at manholes when a branch sewer
adjoins a truck sewer. Connections under these conditions require the use of a backdrop
when the difference in invert elevations exceeds 600 mm. Backdrops should be constructed
external to the manhole. Internal backdrops, while permissible, should only be used for new
connections to existing manholes where external connections are not practicable. Internal
backdrops are not permitted on manholes that are less than 1.5 m in diameter since this
would restrict access to an unacceptable degree.

Benching and channels in manholes shall be formed to permit safe access and to maximize
hydraulic efficiency through the manhole. Smooth transitions between inlet and outlet pipe
diameters and inverts are required.

Note that Table 1.14.2 included a Special designation. Specials are relatively small and
shallow; only used for small diameter pipes and more commonly referred to as chambers.
The use of chambers is restricted to unusual circumstances where a more typical manhole
cannot be constructed. Special manholes normally result from construction issues
discovered in the field and are not typically included in a project design. Special manholes
(chambers) must meet the criteria presented in Table 1.14.1 except where specifically stated
otherwise.

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Table 1.14.1. Dubai Sanitary Sewer Manhole Design Criteria
Description Standard
Maximum Spacing 100 meters for most sewers. 120 meters for large trunk sewers
Between Manholes (D> 1200mm). Limited by reach of sewer cleaning equipment.
Benching Minimum 0.50 m width on at least one side of flow channel.
Ladder stops to be incorporated into surface.
Manhole Rungs of Ladder Access by permanent steps or electric winch and tripod. Ladder
stops to be incorporated in benching for emergency access.
Manhole Cover and Frame Rectangular Opening 0.60m by 0.60m minimum.
Double triangular leaves loosely bolted with 316 SS bolts and
nuts. Cover and frame to be machined and tagged to prevent
rocking. All covers and frames in roadways to be rated for
maximum vehicle loads.
Access Shaft Diameter 1.0m minimum
Length 2.5m maximum
Barrel Diameter 1.5m except as otherwise noted. Based on pipe
diameter plus minimum benching of 0.5 m one side.
Safety Chains Provide on all manholes with pipe diameter of 600 mm or
larger.
Materials of Construction
Manhole Cover and Frame Ductile Iron with epoxy coating; plus GRP sealing plate
Access Shaft Mass concrete (No Reinforcement)
Top Slab Reinforced Concrete
Barrel Mass Concrete (No Reinforcement)
Bottom Slab Reinforced Concrete
Benching Granolithic concrete base
Lining GRP either hand lay-up or factory fabricated
Exterior Corrosion Bituminous impregnated membrane with flexible fabric
Protection
Testing Hydrostatic and Infiltration (as required)

Connection of branch sewers to trunk sewers should be made such that the soffit of the
smaller diameter branch pipe is at the same level as the trunk sewer pipe soffit. This rule
applies for all connections.

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 Table 1.14.2. Sewer Manhole Classifications
Manhole Lower Upper Pipe dia. Depth Range Lower Min. Upper Shaft Base Slab Lower Wall Upper Wall Reducer Top Slab
Type Shaft dia. Shaft dia. Range Shaft Depth Depth Range Thickness Shaft Shaft Slab Thickness
Min. Max. Min. Max. Thickness Thickness Thickness

Special 1000 N/A <200 >1000 <1400 N/A N/A N/A 225 200 N/A N/A 225

A 1200 N/A 200 >1400 <2600 N/A N/A N/A 250 225 N/A N/A 250

B 1500 N/A 200 to 600 >2600 <3500 N/A N/A N/A 250 250 N/A N/A 250

C 1500 1000 200 to 600 >3500 <5400 2100 600 2500 300 300 200 300 250

D 1800 1000 700 to 900 >3800 7700 2100 600 2500 350 350 200 300 250

E 2100 1000 1000 to1100 >3800 9000 2100 600 2500 400 350 200 300 250

F 2400 1000 >1200 >3800 >9000 2100 600 2500 400 350 200 300 250

M 2400 1200 1200 to1600 >3800 >9000 2100 600 2500 400 350 200 300 250

N 3600 1200 1800 to2600 >3800 >9000 2100 600 2500 500 500 200 400 250

Notes: 1. Special manholes only acceptable under unusual circumstances discovered during construction and as advised by the Engineer.
2. Depth measured from Top of Manhole cover to outlet pipe Soffit.
3. Manholes Details outside these parameters shall be detailed separately or advised by the Engineer.
2.0 Sewage Pump Stations

The design philosophy for Dubai includes the minimization of the total number of sewage
pump stations in the collection system. Where pumping is required, the number of times a
given flow is pumped should also be minimized. This philosophy has been adopted to reduce
operation and maintenance associated with pump stations. This philosophy also works to
minimize the time between discharge into the collection system and delivery to the treatment
facility.

There are two types of sewage pump stations in the existing Dubai system. They are
submersible stations (for small to medium size facilities) and wet well-dry well for large
facilities. Both have advantages and disadvantages and the Engineer should determine the
appropriate configuration for each new pump station on a case-by-case basis.

The following sections present design guidelines for sewage pump stations. In general, the
same criteria apply to both types of pump stations unless specifically noted otherwise.

2.1 Pump Station Sizing

Sewage pump stations must be sized to handle a range of flows over the service life of the
station. Variable flow considerations are important in sizing the structure and selecting
pumps.

All sewage pump stations in Dubai should be designed to handle the projected peak influent
flow rate. The peak flow rate is determined by applying peaking factors to the average flow
by one of the following methods:

i) Dubai Peaking Factor as described in Section 1.4.1.

ii) Average Peaking Factor
iii) MOUSE Peaking Factor.

The Dubai Peaking Factor (DPF) is most commonly used since it is readily available from
design calculations for the collection system. Alternatively, the Engineer may use an average
peaking factor based on either a flow monitoring program or an evaluation of data of existing
stations in similar catchments. All calculations should be validated with the third method

16
using MOUSE Model of Urban Sewers. MOUSE provides a more accurate calculation of
projected flows with time since it models the travel characteristics throughout the catchment.

Table 2.1.1 is a summary of peaking factors for the main sewage pump stations in Dubai.
This information is provided only as an indication of how the different methods may vary.
Actual design peaking factors should be determined by the Engineer based on a complete
understanding of the catchment. This may vary significantly depending on the type of
development and size of catchment.

Table 2.1.1. Summary of Peaking Factors for Existing Main Pump Stations
Pump Station Measured PF (1) DPF (2) MOUSE PF (3)
C 1.49 1.87 1.43
E 1.54 1.92 1.40
G 1.52 1.99 1.53
S 1.57 1.88 1.30
X 1.42 1.50 1.42
Note 1. Measured Peaking Factor based on average of maximum flows
2. Dubai Peaking Factor is based on Structure Plan Population projections.
3. MOUSE Peaking Factor is based on assumed per capita flows and diurnal curves.

The capacity of the pump station should be greater than or equal to the estimated peak sewage
flow. Actual sizing of wetwells is left to the Engineer. Wet well sizing is a function of the
incoming flow, the control strategy for the station, the selected pumps and the number of
starts per hour permissible for the pumps. Since the latter is determined by the pump
manufacturer this can only be determined after pump selections are made. Once this
information is known, then the wetwell can be sized using the following relationship:

V = (q)/4
Where V = required capacity (m3)
= minimum time in minutes of one pumping cycle
q = pump capacity, m3/min

Note the above equation is for a single pump or a single-speed control step for multiple-speed
operation. It does not apply to variable-speed pumping.

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2.2 Pump Selection

Pump selection should be made to optimize conditions over the projected range of flows-
minimum, average, maximum. Selection is made to minimize holding times in the wet well
before pumping and maximizing pumping efficiency.

Actual pump selection can only be made after a system head-capacity curve is developed by
the Engineer for the proposed installation. The following are to be considered.

i) Required range of head and flows

ii) Number of pumps
iii) Operating and control strategy
iv) Efficiency
v) Potential for upgrading capacity

The final item is important since initial flows may be significantly lower than design year
flows. When this is the case, the selected pump should be in the mid-range of available
impeller sizes so that simple changes can be made to improve pump station capacity.

Note that all sewage pump stations should have a minimum of two (2 nos.) pumps. The
second pump is redundant in the event of a single pump failure.

2.3 Pump Station Structures

Structures should be designed to ensure a safe working environment for operation and
maintenance staff as well as maximizing performance and minimizing costs. The following
should be observed:

a) Isolation Wet wells should be isolated from dry wells and/or superstructures by
impermeable walls. Ventilation systems should be independent.

ii) Equipment Removal Provisions should be made to facilitate removing pumps,

motors, and other mechanical and electrical equipment.

iii) Access Suitable and safe means of access must be provided to dry wells and to
wet wells.

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 iv) Construction Materials Due consideration should be given to the selection of
materials because of the presence of hydrogen sulfide and other corrosive gases,
greases, oils and other constituents frequently present in the sewage.

v) Wet wells should be configured to minimize turbulence, especially near the intake
of the pumps.

vi) Wet well controls are typically of the encapsulated float-type; although more
sophisticated control may be considered. In all cases, control sensors should be
located away from the turbulence of incoming flow and pump suction.

2.4 Electrical and Instrumentation Systems

New sewage pump stations should be designed and constructed based on the applicable
standards for Dubai. International principles should also be practiced. To enhance the
operability of the pump station the following provisions should be included:

i) Supply and control circuits should allow for disconnection from outside the wet
well. Terminals and connectors should be protected from corrosion through proper
location and/or the use of water-tight seals. Separate strain relief is required.

ii) Motor control panels should be properly sealed.

iii) Power cords should be designed for flexibility and serviceability under conditions
of extra hard usage. They should also be such that field connections are facilitated.

iv) Ground fault interruption protection should be used.

Instrumentation systems should be consistent with Dubai Municipality monitoring and

control strategies. Refer to literature on the Dubai Municipality system for requirements.

2.5 Odor Control

Odor control systems should be provided for to ensure that noxious gases and odors are in
concentrations lower than the detection level. Control systems are typically included for
each sewage pump station.

Various types of odor control systems are available for sewage applications. These include
carbon filters, caustic scrubbers, ozonation and biofilters. Most existing facilities in Dubai

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 incorporate the use of carbon filters for small stations and caustic scrubbers for main pump
stations. The Engineer should review the requirements and technology available at the time
of design to provide an appropriate, cost-effective odor control solution.

Note that most emphasis is placed on hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Present in sewage gas, public
complaints are quickly registered after detection. Current Dubai practice is to control H2S
concentrations at the discharge point to less than 1.0 ppm. In addition, no H2S or other
sewage related odors are permitted to be detectable at a distance of 1.0 meter from the
discharge point.

3.0 Rising Mains

Sewage rising mains are an important part of the overall collection and pumping system.
Proper design of the rising main can result in efficient, cost-effective operation. Improper
design can result in poor performance, frequent blockages and increased operating and
maintenance costs. The following sections details the design principles to be adopted for
Dubai systems.

3.1 Sizing and Velocity Criteria

Rising mains should be sized to maintain velocities within an acceptable range for a variety
of flow conditions. Selection of a size requires an understanding of projected flows for the
service life of the system.

Section 1.6 included information regarding acceptable rising main velocities. The minimum
velocity permitted is 1.0 m/s; required to ensure the line is self-cleansing. The maximum
velocity acceptable for Dubai is 3.0 m/s. The preferred target velocity is approximately 1.5
m/s.

Selection of a rising main size should be based on the velocity range above. For cases where
initial flows are significantly lower than future flows two or more rising mains may be

20
 warranted. This is usually the case with regional pumping facilities. The additional rising
main also provides redundancy in the event of a line problem.

Note that the velocity range must be met on a daily basis, not necessarily each time the pump
station operates. Velocities should be checked for each pumping scenario; especially when
multiple pumps are in operation simultaneously. Minimum, average and peak flow
conditions should be considered before a final selection is made. No rising main should be
smaller than 200 mm diameter.

3.2 Head Losses

Once a rising main has been selected, the head loss resulting from the main can be
calculated. This will permit appropriate pump selections to be made, the Hazen-Williams
Equation is used in Dubai for this calculation as follow:

Q = 0.278 CD2.63 S 0.54

Where: Q = flowrate (m3/s)
C = Hazen-Williams Coefficient (dimensionless)
D = internal pipe diameter (m)
S = slope of energy grade line (m/m)

Note that the Engineer should check the design for a range of C values (100 to 140) to assess how
the effects of pipe wear will effect overall system performance.

3.3 Material Selection

Sewage rising mains in Dubai must be resistant to the corrosive effects of the local sewage
characteristics. Currently, uPVC is used for pipes less than or equal to 315mm diameter. Pipes
larger than 315mm diameter are GRP. The Engineer should review the specifications for pipe and
ensure that any special requirements are provided for. This includes chemical resistance, depth of
cover and pressure requirements.

3.4 Air Valves and Washouts

21
 The Engineer should include air valves and washouts on all rising mains as necessary to improve
performance and increase access for maintenance. In general, devices should be installed at the
following locations:

Air valves : high points and as necessary based on surge analysis

Washouts : low points and as necessary for access and dewatering

In addition, access chambers should also be considered when the length of rising main is greater
than 500 m between air valves and/or washouts. This practice provides access for maintenance
purposes.

Each device should be constructed within a special chamber to ensure easy access. Connections
to the pipes are to be included for flushing the lines and/or for dewatering. Valves should also
be provided to either side for isolation purposes.

3.5 Surge Analysis

The Engineer is required to conduct an analysis of transients in his designed system. This is
also referred to as surge analysis. Dubai Municipality has adapted the SURGE 5 program as its
preferred software analysis tool. SURGE 5 was developed and is maintained by the University
of Kentucky, USA.

SURGE 5 results should be used to optimize the system such that the potential effects of
transients (water hammer) are mitigated. Recommended devices should be included in the
design. During construction, a separate analysis will be required of the Contractor based on
actual materials and equipment supplied. Modifications may be required at that time.

22
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

The following sections present design criteria to be used for designing Dubai Municipality
drainage systems. Details for stormwater and groundwater are discussed.

4.0 Collection Network

Dubais drainage collection network is to be designed to remove runoff from catchments within
the Dubai Urban Area. Runoff volumes for removal are based on two standard design storms.
System performance is to be measured by clear time evaluations. Individual design criteria
relating to the collection system are described hereinafter.

4.1 Design Storms

Two design storms are to be used in the design of the drainage system. The design storms were
defined on Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves developed for Dubai Urban Areas. The
IDF curves for return periods from 5 to 100 years are included as Figure 4.1.1. A summary of
precipitation data is appended to this document.

The Dubai IDF curves have been based on the frequency analysis for extreme values
relationship:
1
i=
cTde
where: i = rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
Td = duration of rainfall (hr)
c and e are constants for Dubai as presented in Table 4.1.1

This relationship yields individual rainfall intensities for different duration and return period storms.
The intensities are presented in Table 4.1.2.

23
Table 4.1.1. Constants for Rainfall Equation For Various Return Periods
Return c e Correlation
Period Coefficient
(Year) R2
5 0.0395 0.7100 0.996
10 0.0320 0.7011 0.997
15 0.0289 0.6976 0.997
25 0.0258 0.6941 0.998
50 0.0226 0.6904 0.998
100 0.0201 0.6876 0.998
Note: Constants correspond to i in mm/hr, Td in Hours.

Table 4.1.2. Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Analysis

Return Period Intensity (mm/hr.)
by Duration (hr.)
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 6.00 24.00
1000 Year 103.44 70.99 52.40 43.63 34.90 20.51 7.62
200 Year 83.78 57.81 42.73 35.50 28.40 16.43 6.12
150 Year 80.26 55.45 41.00 34.05 27.24 15.70 5.86
100 Year 75.30 52.12 38.56 31.99 25.59 14.66 5.48
75 Year 71.77 49.75 36.82 30.53 24.43 13.93 5.21
50 Year 66.78 46.40 34.37 28.47 22.78 12.89 4.83
40 Year 64.03 44.56 33.01 27.33 21.87 12.32 4.62
30 Year 60.46 42.17 31.26 25.86 20.69 11.58 4.35
25 Year 58.20 40.65 30.15 24.92 19.94 11.11 4.18
20 Year 55.41 38.78 28.78 23.77 19.02 10.53 3.97
15 Year 51.80 36.35 27.00 22.27 17.82 9.78 3.70
10 Year 46.63 32.89 24.46 20.14 16.11 8.71 3.30
5 Year 37.48 26.75 19.96 16.35 13.08 6.81 2.61
4 Year 34.38 24.67 18.44 15.07 12.06 6.17 2.37
3 Year 30.19 21.86 16.38 13.34 10.67 5.30 2.06
2 Year 23.65 17.48 13.16 10.64 8.51 3.94 1.56

The first design storm is 30 mm in 90 minutes and represents a return period of 5 years. The
5-year storm is to be used for all local drainage facilities including local collectors, inlets,
pump stations, rising mains and outfalls.

The second storm is 116 mm in 24 hours and represents a return period of 50 years. The
50-year storm is to be used for all regional drainage facilities including trunk lines,
detention ponds, regional pump stations, rising mains and outfalls.

24
 Designs must account for the dynamics of the system by observing the variation in rainfall
intensity over the storm duration. This is to be accomplished by using the MOUSE model for
Dubai. Tables 4.1.3 and 4.1.4 present the intensities for the 5-year and 50-year storms,
respectively. Hyetographs for both storms are illustrated in Figure 4.1.2.

Table 4.1.3. Local Drainage System Design Storm (5-Year Return Period)
Time (min) 0-30 min 30 min-60 min 60 min-90 min
Intensity (mm/hr) 16.2 37.5 6.2
Depth (mm) 8.1 18.7 3.1

Cumulative Depth (mm) 8.1 26.8 29.9

Table 4.1.4 Regional Drainage System Design Storm (50-Year Return Period)
Time (hr) 0-.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 24.0
Intensity (mm/hr) 14 66 24 10 5 2.17
Depth (mm) 7 33 12 5 20 39
Cumulative Depth(mm) 7 40 52 57 77 116

4.2 Runoff Coefficients

The runoff coefficients that are currently used during planning to evaluate runoff for Dubai
are 0.4 for urban areas and 0.1 for undeveloped areas. In Table 4.2.1, the runoff coefficients
for areas of various characteristics are given.

Runoff coefficients are to be used with the design storms to estimate

stormwater runoff volumes. These coefficients are to be established on a
site-specific basis to reflect actual catchment characteristics.

Composite coefficients used in the planning of regional catchments were 0.6

for highly developed areas, 0.4 for developed areas and 0.1 for undeveloped
areas. The Engineer should determine the appropriate runoff coefficient for
each catchment and subcatchment during design.

25
Table 4.2.1 Typical Runoff Coefficients
Area Description Coefficient
Categorized by surface
Asphalt 0.7 0.95
Brick 0.7 0.85
Concrete 0.8 0.95
Sandy soil 0.05 - 0.2
Clay soil 0.13 - 0.85
Categorized by use
Agricultural 0.05 - 0.3
Unimproved 0.1 - 0.3
Parks and Playgrounds 0.1 0.25
Cemeteries 0.1 0.25
Playground (non-asphalt or concrete) 0.2 0.35
Business districts 0.7 0.95
Residential
Small Villas ( 2500 m2 ) 0.3 - 0.5
Large Villas ( > 2500 m2 ) 0.25 - 0.40
Apartments 0.50 - 0.70
Industrial
Light 0.50 - 0.80
Heavy 0.60 - 0.90
Source: Adpated from Viessman and Knapp, 1977.

Note that for preliminary calculation of runoff, these coefficients are consistent with
those used with the Rational Method for estimating runoff.

The formula is Q = 240 CIA

Where: Q = the peak runoff rate (m3/day)

C = the runoff coefficient (dimensionless)
I = the average rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = the size of the drainage area (ha)

The Engineer may wish to use the Rational Method for preliminary sizing of collection
system components. However, design submittals must use the Dubai MOUSE model to
demonstrate the performance of the system. This is especially important with respect to
clear times as discussed in Section 4.3.

26
4.3 Clear Times

System clear time refers to the amount of time after a storm event ends which is required to
remove flood volumes from service areas. These times have been set to minimize
commercial impacts and to protect the public. Table 4.3.1 is a summary of recommended
clear times for different area classifications within Dubai.

Table 4.3.1. Recommended Drainage System Clear Times

Area Classification Maximum Clear Time, hrs.

Residential 6
Commercial 4
Industrial 4
Roadways
Local (single lane) 6
Collector (two lane) 6
Arterial (two lane) 4
Arterial (three or more lanes) 2
Underpasses 0 (No surcharge)

4.4 Groundwater Flow

Drainage systems are to be designed to control groundwater in areas where water levels
are within 2 meters of the ground surface. However, the stormwater drainage system is
not sized on the basis of groundwater flows. Groundwater contributions in Dubai vary
from catchment to catchment since they are a function of the local groundwater table
elevation and ground permeability.

Groundwater flow rates can be predicted based on guidelines presented in Construction

Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) Report No.113. Groundwater
flows can be calculated using the following relationships for dewatering:

Ro = Ch K0.5
Q = [ ( 0.73 + 0.27 ( H-ho/H ] ( K x /Ro ) (H2 - ho2)]
Where
Q = total discharge from drain ( m3/s)
H = height of static water table ( m )

27
 ho = height of water level at drain inlet ( m )
h = H - ho (m)
K = permeability of soil (m/s)
X = length of drain ( m )
Ro= distance to drain, ( radius of influence, m )
C = Constant factor (range of 1,500 to 2,000 for line flow to
collection points or 3,000 for radial flow to pumped wells)

Table 4.4.1 presents typical soil permeability values. A value of 10-5 is used for most areas
of Dubai to obtain preliminary estimates of flow. The actual value to be used in design
should be based on actual field investigation results.

Table 4.4.1. Typical Soil Permeabilities

Permeability Soil Drainage
(m/s) Type Characteristics
1.0
10-1 Clean Gravel
-2
10
10-3 Clean Sands,
-4
10 Clean sand and gravel Good Drainage
-5
10 mixtures
-6
10 Very fine sands, organic
-7
10 and inorganic silts, clay, Poor
-8
10 subkha, stratified clay Drainage
-9
10 deposits. Practically
-10
10 Homogeneous clays Impervious
below zone of
weathering
Adapted from Holtz and Kovacs, 1981.

Groundwater flows are collected using slotted pipes. The opening size ranges from
3mm to 4mm. Total percentage of opening should be identified by individual pipe
manufacturers to allow infiltration of volumes as specified in British Standard BS
5911 : Part 114. These volumes are summarized in Table 4.4.2.

Table 4.4.2. Slotted Pipe Minimum Infiltration Rates

Diameter Infiltration Rate
mm l/min/m

28
 150 100

225 150

300 200

Greater than 300 250

Source: BS 5911: Part 114, 1992

Should the Engineer decide to use deep well points to lower groundwater elevations in
lieu of land drains then a separate relationship applies.

Ro = Chk0.5
Q = k (H2-hw2) / (loge (Ro/rw))

Where : Ro = radius of influence, m

C = constant (as before, 3,000 assumed for

radial flow to pumped well)
k = permeability of soil (m/s)
Q = total discharge from well (m3/s)
H = height of static water table (m)
hw = height of water in well (m)
rw = radius of the well (m)

4.5 Hydraulic Design

Hydraulic design of the Dubai Drainage System, like the sewerage system, is to be based on
the Colebrooke-White formula. The Manning Equation may also be used during MOUSE
modeling exercises. Refer to Section 1.5 for details of the two formulas. Note that the
drainage system is to be designed to operate under surcharge conditions in accordance with
the clear time philosophy.

Table 4.6.1. Maximum and Minimum velocities in Drainage Pipes

29
 Pipe Description Minimum (m/s) Maximum (m/s) Design (m/s)
Gravity line 0.75 2.5 0.75
Pressure line 1.0 3.0 1.0

4.6 Minimum and Maximum Drainage Flow Velocities

Design flow velocities should be within the limits which are set in Table 4.6.1.
Minimum velocities are based on providing self-cleansing velocities and prevent
solids sedimentation in the drainage pipes. Maximum velocities are set to minimize
the negative effects of abrasion on the pipes and manholes.

4.7 Roughness Coefficient

The roughness coefficient is a measure of the variation and magnitude of

protuberances on the interior surface of the pipe. The roughness, therefore, is a
function of the pipe material, age and condition. Typical coefficients for the various
pipe materials are given in the Table 4.7.1. Dubai drainage designs should be based on
a ks = 0.6 (n=0.016) assuming asbestos-cement pipe.

Table 4.7.1. Typical Roughness Coefficients

Pipe Material Mannings Coefficient, Colebrooke-White,
n ks (mm)
Good Normal Poor Good Normal Poor
UPVC 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.3 0.6 1.5
GRP 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.3 0.6 1.5
Coated Cast Iron 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.09 0.15 0.30
Uncoated Cast Iron 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.15 0.3 0.6
Ductile Iron 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.15 0.3 0.6
Asbestos cement 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.15 0.3 0.6
Vitrified Clay 0.013 0.015 0.017 0.3 0.6 1.5
Concrete 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.15 0.3 0.6

4.8 Pipe Depths

Dubai Municipality drainage projects are designed on the basis of maintaining a

minimum cover depth of 1.2 m above the crown of the drainage pipe. This is to

30
 provide protection from external loads. Pipes with a depth less than 1.2m above the
crown should be protected with concrete.

Maximum depths to invert during design should be on the basis of maintaining a cost-
effective and safe design. The recommended maximum cover for Dubai drainage pipes
is approximately 10m. Depths greater than this should be avoided where practicable.
If required, then the Engineer should determine whether or not any additional
provisions are required to protect the pipe from soil loads.

4.9 Pipe Materials and Sizes

Drainage pipes in Dubai are often exposed to aggressive groundwater, therefore material
selection is important. This will play an important role in determining the life of the
system. Similarly, selection of appropriate sizes is important to the overall system
performance.

Drainage pipes should be of either asbestos-cement or, in specific cases, of uPVC. Table
4.9.1 is a summary of pipe materials and sizes. Note that AC pipe should be manufactured
using mild sulphate resistent cement to resist degradation due to aggressive groundwater
characteristics.

Table 4.9.1 Drainage Pipe Materials

Pipe Diameter (mm) Material Comment
315 uPVC
> 315 Asbestos-Cement Mild sulphate resisting

The minimum pipe size permissible on drainage projects is 250 mm. One exception is
pipe used for land drains. The land drain minimum size is 160 mm. However, slotted
carrier pipes, serving as both land drain and carrier drain, must meet the 250mm
minimum. Openings in land drains and slotted carrier pipes must meet the
requirements outlined in Section 4.4.

4.10 Utility Crossings

31
 The basic design criteria to be used when a drainage line crosses or runs near to another
utility are the same as in the sewerage design criteria section. This information is
presented in Table 4.10.1

Table 4.10.1 Utility Crossing Guidelines

Parameter Minimum Criteria

30 cm minimum.
Vertical Clearance If less than 30 cm, use concrete saddle.
Carry encasement to first joint on each side of crossing

3 m minimum.
Horizontal Clearance If in same trench, place other utility on separate bench
on undisturbed soil above sewer line

Always placed above drainage lines to protect public

Potable Water Lines health

4.11 Drainage System Manholes

The recommended design criteria for manholes to be installed for the stormwater
drainage system are summarized in Table 4.11.1. Drainage manhole classifications are
given in Table 4.11.2.

32
Table 4.11.1. Recommended Drainage Manhole Design Criteria
Description Standard

Maximum Spacing 100 meters for most sewers. 120 meters for
Between Manholes large trunk sewers (D> 1200mm). Limited
by reach of sewer cleaning equipment.

Benching Minimum 0.50 m width on at least one side

of flow channel. Ladder stops to be
incorporated into surface.

Manhole Rungs or Ladder Access by permanent steps or electric

winch and tripod. Ladder stops to be
incorporated in benching for emergency
access.

Manhole Cover and Frame Circular Opening 600mm minimum.

Cover and frame to be machined and
tagged to prevent rocking. All covers and
frames in roadways to be rated for
maximum vehicle loads.

Access Shaft Diameter 1.0m minimum

Length 2.5m maximum

Barrel Diameter 1.5m except as otherwise noted.

Based on pipe diameter plus minimum
benching of 0.5 m one side.

Safety Chains Provide on all manholes with pipe diameter

of 600 mm or larger.

Materials of Construction
Manhole Cover and Frame Ductile Iron with epoxy coating
Access Shaft Mass concrete (No Reinforcement)
Top Slab Reinforced Concrete
Barrel Mass Concrete (No Reinforcement)
Bottom Slab Reinforced Concrete
Benching Granolithic concrete base
Lining Epoxy paint protection
Exterior Corrosion Coal tar epoxy or impervious membrane
Protection coupled with protection board.
Testing Hydrostatic and infiltration

33
 Table 4.11.2. Drainage Manhole Classifications

Manhole Lower Upper Pipe dia. SOFIT Lower Min. Upper Shaft Base Slab Lower Wall Upper Wall Reducer Top Slab
Type Shaft Shaft dia. Range Depth Range Shaft Depth Depth Range Thickness Shaft Shaft Slab Thickness
Diameter Min. Max. Min. Max. Thickness Thickness Thickness

G 1200 N/A 250 >1100 <2600 N/A N/A N/A 250 225 N/A N/A 250
N/A
H 1500 N/A 250 to 600 >2600 <3500 N/A N/A 250 250 N/A N/A 250
N/A
I 1500 1000 250 to 600 >3500 <5400 2100 2500 300 300 200 300 250
2100 N/A
J 1800 1000 700 to 900 >3800 7700 2500 350 350 200 300 250
2100 N/A
K 2100 1000 1000 to1100 4000 9000 2500 400 350 200 300 250
2100 N/A
L 2400 1000 >1200 4000 9000 2500 400 350 200 300 250
2100 N/A
O 2400 1200 1200 to1600 >3800 >9000 2500 400 350 200 300 250
2100 N/A
P 3600 1200 1800 to2600 >3800 >9000 2500 500 500 200 400 250

Notes: 1. Manhole details outside these parameters to be detailed separately or advised by the Engineer.
2. Depth measured from Top of Manhole cover to outlet pipe soffit.

34
4.12 Inlet Gullies

Stormwater runoff is to be collected using one of two gully types. There are curb
inlet gullies and gutter gullies. Gully locations should be in accordance with the
following:

Inlet gullies are to be located to minimize the impact of flooding of

roadways and side walk.

Inlets should be located at all low points and at aspalting interval which
will avoid overflowing of gutters.

Maximum spacing between gullies is 25 meters.

4.13 Soakaways

Soakaways may be used for disposal of collected stormwater runoff. Typically,

these should be used for roadways through undeveloped areas where centralized
drainage systems have not yet been installed. The Engineer should design the
soakaways based on site specific investigation. Provisions for connection to
future main drainage collectors should be included in the design.

4.14 Outfalls

The design of outfalls is specialized and can not be generalized to address every
project. Outfalls may be located in either the Dubai Creek, the Arabian Gulf or a
detention pond. Outfall locations near public beaches or private hotels should be
avoided where possible. Outfalls should not be located in area where the
resident biological life will be disrupted to the point where its survival is
threatened.

4.15 Detention Ponds

Detention Ponds are regional facilities and should be based on a 50-year return
period. The following sizing criteria should be used.

35
 Detention pond sizing criteria

Pond volume design storm 116 mm

Storm return period 50 year
Number of pond levels 2 (two)
Pond lower level design runoff 30 mm
Pond upper level design runoff 70 mm
Pond (lower level) empty time 5 days
Pond (upper level) empty time 2-3 weeks

Note that the emptying time for the upper level is approximate. Actual emptying
time may vary depending on outlet sizing based on the lower level emptying
time. All ponds must meet this criteria for a given storm event. Therefore,
upstream ponds must be cleared more quickly.

Total pond storage volume is based on 116 mm of runoff. It is assumed that the
additional 16 mm runoff for the design storm is routed through the system during
filling and thus maximum storage requirements are for 100 mm. The Engineer
should confirm all clear times using the MOUSE model.

5.0 Drainage Pump Stations

The design philosophy for Dubai includes the minimization of the total number of
drainage pump stations in the collection system. Where pumping is required the
number of times a given flow is pumped should also be minimized. This philosophy
has been adopted to reduce operation and maintenance associated with pump
stations.

Existing drainage pump stations in the Dubai system are typically submersible
stations. The following sections present design guidelines for drainage pump
stations.

36
5.1 Pump Station Sizing

Drainage pump stations must be sized to handle runoff flows based on the
appropriate design storms.

All drainage pump stations in Dubai should be designed to handle the projected
runoff for its catchment; both local and regional where appropriate. In many cases,
a pump station may be larger in order to ensure that clear times for upstream
detention ponds are met. The Engineer should ensure appropriate sizing for such
pump stations; even when the upstream ponds are not within the immediate project
area.

All calculations should be validated with MOUSE Model of Urban Sewers.

MOUSE provides a more accurate calculation of projected flows with time since it
models the travel characteristics throughout the catchment.

The capacity of the pump station should be greater than or equal to the estimated
runoff flow divided by the storm duration and clear time for the local area or
detention pond served by the station. Actual sizing of wetwells is left to the
Engineer. Wet well sizing is a function of the incoming flows, the control strategy
for the station, the selected pumps and the number of starts per hour permissible for
the pumps. Since the latter is determined by the pump manufacturer this can only be
determined after pump selections are made. Once this information is known, then
the wetwell can be sized using the following relationship:

V = q/4
Where V = required capacity (m3)
= minimum time in minutes of one pumping cycle
q = pump capacity, m3/min

Note the above equation is for a single pump or a single-speed control step for
multiple-speed operation. It does not apply to variable-speed pumping.

37
5.2 Pump Selection

Typically, stormwater drainage pump stations are not considered to go through the
multiple start-stop cycles experienced in sewage pump stations. However, when the
drainage pump station is also used for dewatering, such sizing can become
important.

Pump selection should be made to optimize conditions over the anticipated range of
flows and should consider both runoff and groundwater flows as appropriate.
Selection is made to minimize holding times in the wet well before pumping,
maximize pumping efficiency, and meet clear time requirements on both local and
regional scales.

Actual pump selection can only be made after a system head-capacity curve is
developed by the Engineer for the proposed installation. The following are to be
considered.

vi) Required range of head and flows

vii) Number of pumps
viii) Operating and control strategy
ix) Efficiency
x) Potential for upgrading capacity

The final item is important to ensure flexibility in the system. The potential to
upgrade capacities means that there will be opportunity to accept runoff from
adjacent catchments on either a long-or short-term basis. Of course, should design
constraints such as design storm or clear time become more restrictive in the future,
flexibility would also make it easier to comply with new requirements.

When possible, the selected pump should be in the mid-range of available impeller
sizes so that simple changes can be made to improve pump station capacity. Note
that all drainage pump stations should have a minimum of two (2 nos.) pumps. The
second pump is redundant in the event of a single pump failure. Multiple size
pumps may also be appropriate to meet groundwater pumping requirements.

38
5.3 Pump Station Structures

Structures should be designed to ensure a safe working environment for operation

and maintenance staff as well as maximizing performance and minimizing costs.
The following should be observed:

a) Ventilation Wet wells should include provisions for appropriate

ventilation prior to entry by trained personnel.

ii) Equipment Removal Provisions should be made to facilitate removing

pumps, motors, and other mechanical and electrical equipment.

iii) Access Suitable and safe means of access must be provided to dry
wells and to wet wells.

iv) Construction Materials Due consideration should be given to the

selection of materials because of the presence of aggressive groundwater
flows, greases, oils and other constituents frequently present in the
drainage.

v) Wet wells should be configured to minimize turbulence, especially near

the intake of the pumps.

vi) Wet well controls are typically of the encapsulated float-type; although
more sophisticated control may be considered. In all cases, control
sensors should be located away from the turbulence of incoming flow
and pump suction.

5.4 Electrical and Instrumentation Systems

New drainage pump stations should be designed and constructed based on the
applicable standards for Dubai. International principles should also be practiced.
To enhance the operability of the pump station the following provisions should be
included:

i) Supply and control circuits should allow for disconnection from outside
the wet well. Terminals and connectors should be protected from
corrosion through proper location and/or the use of water-tight seals.
Separate strain relief is required.

ii) Motor control panels should be properly sealed.

39
 iii) Power cords should be designed for flexibility and serviceability under
conditions of extra hard usage. They should also be such that field
connections are facilitated.

iv) Ground fault interruption protection should be used.

Instrumentation systems should be consistent with Dubai Municipality monitoring

and control strategies. Refer to literature on the Dubai Municipality system for
requirements.

6.0 Drainage Rising Mains

Drainage rising mains are an important part of the overall collection and pumping
system. Proper design of the rising main can result in efficient, cost-effective
operation. Improper design can result in poor performance, frequent blockages and
increased operating and maintenance costs. The following sections detail the
design principles to be adopted for Dubai systems.

6.1 Sizing and Velocity Criteria

Rising mains should be sized to maintain velocities within an acceptable range for a
variety of flow conditions. Selection of a size requires an understanding of
projected flows for the service life of the system.

Section 4.6 included information regarding acceptable rising main velocities. The
minimum velocity permitted is 1.0 m/s; required to ensure the line is self-cleansing.
The maximum velocity acceptable for Dubai is 3.0 m/s. The preferred target
velocity is approximately 1.5 m/s.

Selection of a rising main size should be based on the velocity range above. For
cases where initial flows are significantly lower than future flows two or more
rising mains may be warranted. This could be the case with regional pumping
facilities where some portion of the catchment will not be developed for several

40
 years. The additional rising main also provides redundancy in the event of a line
problem.

Note that the velocity range must be met on a daily basis, not necessarily each time
the pump station operates. Velocities should be checked for each pumping
scenario; especially in the case of dry weather season groundwater control. No
rising main should be smaller than 200 mm diameter.

6.2 Head Losses

Once a rising main has been selected, the head loss resulting from the main can be
calculated. This will permit appropriate pump selections to be made, the Hazen-
Williams Equation is used in Dubai for this calculation as follow:

Q = 0.278 CD2.63 S 0.54

Where: Q = flowrate (m3/s)
C = Hazen-Williams Coefficient (dimensionless)
D = internal pipe diameter (m)
S = slope of energy grade line (m/m)

Note that the Engineer should check the design for a range of C values (100 to 140)
to assess how the effects of pipe wear will effect overall system performance.

6.3 Material Selection

Drainage rising mains in Dubai must be resistant to the corrosive effects of the
local drainage characteristics. Currently, uPVC is used for pipes less than or equal
to 315mm diameter. Pipes larger than 315mm diameter are asbestos-cement. The
Engineer should review the specifications for pipe and ensure that any special
requirements are provided for. This includes chemical resistance, depth of cover
and pressure requirements.

6.4 Air Valves and Washouts

41
 The Engineer should include air valves and washouts on all rising mains as
necessary to improve performance and increase access for maintenance. In general,
devices should be installed at the following locations:

Air valves : high points and as necessary based on surge analysis

Washouts : low points and as necessary for access and dewatering

In addition, access chambers should also be considered when the length of rising
main is greater than 500m between air valve and/or washouts. This practice
provides access for maintenance purposes.

Each device should be constructed within a special chamber to ensure easy access.
Connections to the pipes are to be included for flushing the lines and/or for
dewatering. Valves should also be provided to either side for isolation purposes.

6.5 Surge Analysis

The Engineer is required to conduct an analysis of transients in his designed

system. This is also referred to as surge analysis. Dubai Municipality has adopted
the SURGE 5 program as its preferred software analysis tool. SURGE 5 was
developed and is maintained by the University of Kentucky, USA.

SURGE 5 results should be used to optimize the system such that the potential
effects of transients (water hammer) are mitigated. Recommended devices should
be included in the design. During construction, a separate analysis will be required
of the Contractor based on actual materials and equipment supplied. Modifications
may be required at that time.

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