Works Cited

Thesis: Before WWII, no country dared to take a stand against Hitlers military aggression,

which culminated with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlains naive and perfidious

appeasement policy. It not only failed to prevent war, but also gave Germany the chance to build

up its power leading Europe into deeper atrocity. This could have been mitigated if Britain and

France would have taken a stronger stand earlier to keep Germany under the Treaty of Versailles

restrictions.

Primary Sources

"As to the Munich Agreement Hug the Facts." World Affairs, vol. 101, no. 4, Dec. 1938, pp.

202-10. This tells in detail about the reasons that led up to the Munich Agreement and

other meetings preceding it. It also shows who was for and against the Munich Pact, and

why. There is also the French view and the journal itselfs view. This would fit into how

appeasement was received during its era.

Einstein, Lewis. "The Munich Agreement: A Retrospect." History, vol. 23, no. 92, 1939, pp.

331-40. This journal gives differing views of the Nazis. It also shows the effects of the

Munich Agreement. If Hitler took over Czechoslovakia, the last blockade of resistance,

then he would be able to take control of the Black Sea and therefore both the cornfields

and the oil wells. This would make him unstoppable. This is primary because it was

written during the era and from a person whose friends are Nazis. It fits in to compare

how things were like before and after the appeasement policy.

"Fateful Handshakes." Frontline,

www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2711/stories/20100604271108200.htm. Accessed 26 Nov.

 2016. This is a picture of Hitler shaking Chamberlains hand before one of their

conferences. This depicts how appeasement did not take a stand.

"Get to Know the Czech Republic." Tumblr, get-to-know-

cz.tumblr.com/post/51497374091/quick-history-munich-agreement-and-the-second.

Accessed 26 Nov. 2016. This website has a picture showing appeasers feeding a

ferocious beast. Anti-appeaser Winston Churchill once said an appeaser was one who

feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last. This picture most likely conveys the same

message. It fits best to show how appeasement was received during its era.

Kreis, John Steven. "Neville Chamberlain on Appeasement." The History Guide,

www.historyguide.org/europe/munich.html. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. This webpage gives

a part of Chamberlains speeches before the House of Commons and the people of

Britain after the Munich Conference. In it, he says How horrible, fantastic, incredible it

is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel

in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing [about]. In this,

though, he says that we may sympathize with a small nation confronted by a big and

powerful neighbor [But] we cannot in all circumstances undertake to involve the whole

British Empire in war simply on her account. If we have to fight it must be on larger

issues than that. It also shows that he said Does the experience of the Great War

[World War I] and the years that followed it give us reasonable hope that, if some new

war started, that would end war any more than the last one did? This is referencing the

fact that they called World War I The War to End All Wars. This fits to show how

reluctant the British government and people were to take a stand against Hitlers

increasing aggression, even though it was its obligation from the Versailles Treaty.
"The Munich Agreement." The National Archives, blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/the-

munich-agreement/. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. This article shows that Hitler lied to get his

way. Neville Chamberlain, a supporter of peace, flew to meet Hitler to create peace and

prevent wars. This is good to show how appeasement failed to take a stand. It also tells

about the Treaty of Versailles after World War I, and Hitlers refusal to follow the Treaty.

This fits into how things were before appeasement.

This webpage shows an image of how the Germans planned to divide Czechoslovakia,

along with the dates in which Germany was going to occupy them. It also shows pictures

of the English copy of the Munich Agreement and Chamberlain, Mussolini, and Hitlers

signatures. These can help to show what actions were taken to appease Hitler.

"The Munich Agreement (September 29, 1938)." German History in Documents and Images,

germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1542. Accessed 2 Nov.

2016. This source shows the original text to the Munich Agreement. Some of the harsh

terms used included were: The United Kingdom of Great Britain, France, and Italy agree

that the evacuation of the region shall be completed by October 10 without the Czechs

say. without destruction of any of the existing installations Hitler gets to take

everything in those regions, including the defenses. the Czechoslovak Government

[will] bear the responsibility for seeing that the evacuation is carried out without

damaging the aforesaid [as indicated above] installations. Which meant the Czechs

would be blamed if anything went wrong. This highlights the most infamous

international transaction of our time, if not of all time, as stated by the World Affairs

As to the Munich Agreement Hug the Facts. This fits into what actions appeasement

took to fail to take a stand.

"Peace for Our Time Neville Chamberlain 30th Sept 1938." Youtube, uploaded by Audio

Productions, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLR0Vt2sXWQ. This outlines Chamberlains

famous speech upon his return to England. "We, the German Fhrer and Chancellor, and

the British Prime Minister, have had a further meeting today and are agreed in

recognizing that the question of Anglo-German relations is of the first importance for our

two countries and for Europe." We regard the agreement signed last night and the

Anglo-German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to

go to war with one another again."

"Text of Munich Agreement: Between Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy, Concluded in

Munich on September 29, 2938." World Affairs, vol. 101, no. 4, Dec. 1938, pp. 249-51.

This journal shows the original text to the Munich Agreement. Some of the harsh terms

used included were: The United Kingdom of Great Britain, France, and Italy agree that

the evacuation of the region shall be completed by October 10 without the Czechs say.

without destruction of any of the existing installations Hitler gets to take

everything in those regions, including the defenses. the Czechoslovak Government

[will] bear the responsibility for seeing that the evacuation is carried out without

damaging the aforesaid [as indicated above] installations. Which meant the Czechs

would be blamed if anything went wrong. This highlights the most infamous

international transaction of our time, if not of all time, as stated by the World Affairs

As to the Munich Agreement Hug the Facts. This fits into what actions appeasement

took to fail to take a stand.

Yuri, et al. "Neville Chamberlain Munich Conference Quotes." Edited by Darya. QuotesGram,

2015, quotesgram.com/img/neville-chamberlain-munich-conference-quotes/7010369/.
 Accessed 26 Nov. 2016. This picture is of Neville Chamberlains return from Munich,

waving the English translation in his hands. It tells me that the people in Britain were

very enthusiastic about appeasement. This shows how appeasement was received during

its era.

Secondary Sources

Ambrose, Stephen. "By the Numbers: World-Wide Deaths." The National World War II Museum,

www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/ww2-by-the-

numbers/world-wide-deaths.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/. Accessed 11 Dec.

2016. This webpage provided a table showing the estimated deaths per country. For

example, Poland lost a huge 17.2% of its population, or 6 million people; and the Soviet

Union lost 14.2%, or a whopping 25 million people. I used this to show how bad of a

damage the appeasement act caused.

Cannadine, David, editor. "Proponents and Critics of Appeasement." Oxford DNB,

www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/95/95646.html. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. Through

this article, I learned more about what appeasement is. I also learned about the appeasers

like Neville Chamberlain, John Allsebrook Simon, and Edward Frederick Lindley Wood;

and the un-appeasers Winston Churchill and Harold Nicolson. This shows that the

resistance of appeasement did not overwhelm the support.

"Chart: World War II Casualties as a Percentage of Each Countrys Population."

Topforeignstocks.com, topforeignstocks.com/2016/04/19/chart-world-war-ii-casualties-

as-a-percentage-of-each-countrys-population/. Accessed 11 Dec. 2016. This shows both

 the number and the percent of each country's population of people lost during World War

II. I used this to show what was impacted by of appeasement.

Gavin, Philip. "The Triumph of Hitler." The History Place,

www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-munich.htm. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. This

webpage reveals the attempt stand from within Germany. It says that the Chief of the

General Staff Ludwig Beck and his followers planned to stop Hitlers attacks by arresting

him. They had a plan to overthrow Hitler. The only problem was that Britain and France

would have to have an aggressive attitude toward Hitler, so that they would have the

threat of certain defeat if they attacked Czechoslovakia. This though, was halted by

Britains appeasement plan. It also gives an in-depth view of Chamberlains three visits

to Germany to appease Hitler. This fits well to show what actions were taken during

appeasement.

This also features a picture of Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini at the

Munich Conference. They each represent their countries: Britain, France, Germany and

Italy. This helps to show that the Czech were not invited in. It fits as to what actions

appeasement took.

"The Ghost of Munich: America's Appeasement Complex." World Affairs, vol. 173, no. 2, 2010,

pp. 14-17. This journal explains the effects of appeasement on future politics, and that it

failed many times already. As Harry Truman said, Appeasement leads only to further

aggression and ultimately to war. This helps show how American politics changed in the

long term to an uncompromising strong stand because of appeasements failure.

Hickman, Kennedy. "World War II: Munich Agreement." About.com,

militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwarii/p/World-War-Ii-Munich-Agreement.htm.
 Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. This source tells about the Munich Agreement and why they

wanted to appease Hitler. It also shows some of the things that Neville Chamberlain

overlooked when he searched for the easy way out. It also tells about all three of

Chamberlains visits: to Berchtesgaden, Bad Godesberg, and finally Munich. This would

help show how appeasement failed to stand against Hitler.

This picture shows Chamberlain shaking Hitlers hand at the Munich Conference. This

shows how appeasement did not take a stand against the Nazis.

History.com. www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-ww2. Accessed 2 Nov. 2016. I found

useful background information about the Versailles Treaty. The signing of the Versailles

Treaty ended World War I. The treaty limited Germany economically and militarily,

rendering it incapable of future aggression. President Wilson called for a peacekeeping

treaty, called the League of Nations. It "created an organisation to ensure future world

peace The creation of the Nazi Party and how it took over the government are shown.

By taking the cabinet, they destroyed the democracy and established a dictatorship under

Hitler. They banned all other parties in Germany It then tells about Hitlers rearmament

of Germany. Details are also found on what appeasement is. The League of Nations was

ineffective against the aggression. Germany and Italy realized this and started to test the

limits. It also shows the widespread military aggression (Manchuria, Abyssinia,

Rhineland, Spanish Civil War, and Austria). I used this source to show how things were

before appeasement and how appeasement failed to take a stand.

This website has a good picture gallery, and it includes a scene to symbolize appeasement.

You can see Chamberlains return to Britain from Munich, as well as the English copy of

the Munich Agreement.

Latynski, Maya, editor. Reappraising the Munich Pact. Woodrow Wilson International Center

for Scholars, 1992. Besides the well-known British policy, other policies such German,

French, and the Soviet Union policies are also summarized. This researched helped to

show that no country took a stand against Germanys aggression towards the Czechs. The

Soviet Union claimed that they would have provided aid to Czechoslovakia, had it asked,

even though they were not willing or ready to help. This book shows how far British

Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain would go to prevent a world war and why. It talks

about how important Czechoslovakias freedom was to the Versailles Treaty. Without it,

then it would offset the balance of power in Europe. The Czechs decided to give

Germany the land and not to resist them. This research helped me show that no country

took a stand against Germanys aggression toward the Czechs, and is good material to the

body of my project.

Lea, Douglas. Interview. 1 Feb. 2017. I interviewed Professor Lea from Kutztown University,

who specializes in modern German/European History. From the interview, I learned that

Britain always had an arms length attitude towards Europe, making it hard for them to

form an alliance with France. Secondly, no country was prepared for the German style of

warfare, Blitzkrieg. There is an expression that generals always prepare for the war they

last fought. Everyone was preparing for what happened from WWI, and no one could

prepare for the Nazis Blitzkrieg. Next, the French felt very isolated, so they followed the

British Appeasement Policy. Britain refused to partner with them, Czechoslovakia wasnt

strong enough, and the Soviet Union was a communist country under the dictatorship of

Stalin. Also, the Soviet Union was angered by the Munich Agreement because they

believed the western allies were trying to lure Germany to war with the Soviet Union
 rather than with themselves. Finally, the United States used lessons learned from WWII

during the first Persian Gulf War. They realized that this kind of aggression cannot be

appeased, and they did not want it to swell like Nazi Germany did. This fits well to show

why appeasement was created and how the effects of appeasement influenced American

Foreign Policy.

Lees, Diane. "How Britain Hoped to Avoid War with Germany in the 1930s." Imperial War

Museums, www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-britain-hoped-to-avoid-war-with-germany-in-

the-1930s. Accessed 28 Sept. 2016. This website outlines what appeasement is and what

it did to Europe. It also explains the reasons the British and French did not want another

war. They paid the price when Germany became much stronger. This fits well into how

early experiences influenced appeasement without taking a stand.

Marrin, Albert. Black Gold: The Story of Oil in Our Lives. New York, Random House, 2012.

Described in this book is the bloodshed in World War I before the Versailles Treaty was

signed. It helped show why Britain and France did not want another war, which led to the

appeasement policy and can be used for background before the appeasement. Strategies

used in WWII are described. It depicts Hitlers aggression and his new war technology

for Blitzkrieg, or lightning war. This is important for my conclusion as the consequences

of not taking the stand, allowing Hitler to build these technologies.

Olson, Lynne. Troublesome Young Men: The Rebels Who Brought Churchill to Power and

Helped save England. Lynne Olson, 2007. This book describes how the Britons [British]

reacted to the Munich Pact. It shows how the newspapers praised him. It describes the

crowd of people waiting on his return and how they considered him the worlds savior.

This can be used to show how appeasement was received during its era.
Pacific War. www.pacificwar.org.au/GermanysWarPathIndex.html. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016.

This website tells about the way that Hitler fought his way to the top with the Nazi

Party and eliminated all other parties, released his aggression, extended Germanys

borders, and made an alliance with Italian dictator Mussolini. He used the Munich Pact to

take over the Czechoslovakian Sudetenland, taking away its strong mountain

fortifications, leaving the Czechs weak. Then, Hitler threatened Czechoslovakia to seek

the protection of Germany. Hitler avoided the Treaty of Versailles and became to

rearm Germany. Over time, Germany made Britain and France less and less able to take

him out. When reentering the demilitarized Rhineland, The last opportunity to bring

Hitler to heel, and halt the rise of a militarized, aggressive Germany without risk of a

serious war, had been thrown away by weak [British and French] politicians. Hitler

keeps gambling and won again and again. Germany, Italy, and Japan had a shared interest

to tie Russian military resources, and also reduce the threat of Russia by surrounding it.

Upon Hitlers demand to invade Austria and Czechoslovakia, his Generals opposed to his

plan by saying the Germany could not afford to involve France in a war against them.

Hitler did not care, and forced the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces to resign

and assumed the position himself.

This source shows how things were before appeasement came into play and how

appeasement failed to take a stand against military aggression.

Ripsman, Norrin, and Jack Levy. "Wishful Thinking or Buying Time? The Logic of British

Appeasement in the 1930s." International Security, vol. 33, no. 2, Fall 2008, pp. 148-81.

This showed how Appeasement failed to stop Hitler. The appeasers assumed Hitler had a

limited amount of ambitions. Winston Churchill, one of the powerful non-appeasers, said
 that an appeaser was one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last. This would

fit into my conclusion. Some say the British appeased Germany to buy time for

rearmament. This can shows how early experiences influenced appeasement.

"What Was Chamberlain Trying to Do?" The National Archives,

www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/chamberlain-and-hitler/. Accessed 28

Sept. 2016. This article shows that Hitler lied to get his way. Neville Chamberlain, a

supporter of peace, flew to meet Hitler to create peace and prevent wars. This is good to

show how appeasement failed to take a stand. It also tells about the Treaty of Versailles

after World War I, and Hitlers refusal to follow the Treaty. This fits into how things

were before appeasement.

Witherell, Larry. "Lord Salisbury's 'Watching Committee' and the Fall of Neville Chamberlain,

May 1940." The English Historical Review, vol. 116, no. 469, Nov. 2001, pp. 1134-66.

This journal shows how a former British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury reacted to

Chamberlains appeasement policy. In the days before the Munich agreement, he says

that the appeasement policy is flawed and dangerous. He says that you cannot keep

making concessions through weakness. This fits well with how appeasement was viewed

during its era apart from the general public.

World War II in Colour. Performance by Robert Powell, Erich Von Manstein, and Mamoru

Shigemitsu, 2011. From this, I learned the basic facts needed to understand how the war

unraveled. I mainly watched the first two episodes because they are related to the

appeasement. This fits to show how appeasement failed to take a stand. This

documentary depicts the scene and emotions more vivid than any other media. For
example, the Hitlers crazy greed, his followers enthusiasm, and the casualties of the war

are hard to show in other medias.