Classical Particulate Mechanics

Classical mechanics gave us a deterministic view of the world. Quantum

mechanics, conversely, gives us a probabilistic view instead. According to Newton, if
you know the cause af an event, you can predict the outcome. According to M.Born,
you can only predict how likely that outcome will be. (Leonid V. Azaroff,1926)

Classical mechanics is the

investigation of the motion of systems of
particles in Euclidean three-dimensional
space, under the influence of specified
force laws, with the motions evolution
determined by Newtons second law, a
second order differential equation. That is,
given certain laws determining physical
forces, and some boundary conditions on
the positions of the particles at some
particular times (Shapiro, 2003). It is the
study of the motion of bodies, including the special case in which bodies remain at
rest, in accordance with the general principles first enunciated by Sir Isaac Newton
in his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), commonly known as
the Principia.

Classical mechanics was the first branch of Physics to be discovered, and is

the foundation upon which all other branches of Physics are built. Moreover,
classical mechanics has many important applications in other areas of science, such
as Astronomy (e.g., celestial mechanics), Chemistry (e.g., the dynamics of
molecular collisions), Geology (e.g., the propagation of seismic waves, generated
by earthquakes, through the Earth's crust), and Engineering (e.g., the equilibrium
and stability of structures). Classical mechanics is also of great significance
outside the realm of science. After all, the sequence of events leading to the
discovery of classical mechanics--starting with the ground-breaking work of
Copernicus, continuing with the researches of Galileo, Kepler, and Descartes, and
culminating in the monumental achievements of Newton--involved the complete
overthrow of the Aristotelian picture of the Universe, which had previously prevailed
for more than a millennium, and its replacement by a recognizably modern picture in
which humankind no longer played a privileged role.
 In addition, classical mechanics is also known as Newtonian mechanics,
though textbook authors often consider Newtonian mechanics as one of the three
main formalisms of classical mechanics, along with Lagrangian
mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. After all, it is so useful because the more
accurate theories that we know of make corrections to classical mechanics generally
only in extreme situation.

Lagrangian Mechanics

It is a reformulation of classical mechanics, introduced by the Italian-French

mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1788.

In Lagrangian mechanics, the trajectory of a

system of particles is derived by solving the
Lagrange equations in one of two forms, either
the Lagrange equations of the first kind, which treat
constraints explicitly as extra equations, often
using Lagrange multipliers; or the Lagrange
equations of the second kind, which incorporate the
constraints directly by judicious choice of
generalized coordinates. In each case, a mathematical function called
the Lagrangian is a function of the generalized coordinates, their time derivatives,
and time, and contains the information about the dynamics of the system.

L=T-V

Where;

L=Lagrangian

T= sum of all the kinetic energies of the particles

V = potential energy of the system

Hamiltonian Mechanics

Hamiltonian mechanics was first formulated by William Rowan Hamilton in

1833, starting from Lagrangian mechanics, a previous reformulation of classical
mechanics introduced by Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1788.

In Hamiltonian mechanics, a classical physical

system is described by a set of canonical
coordinates r= (q,p) , where each component of the
coordinate qi, pi is indexed to theframe of
reference of the system.

The time evolution of the system is uniquely defined by Hamilton's equations:

Where; H= H(,q,p,t) is the Hamiltonian, which often corresponds to the total energy
of the system.For a closed system, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy in
the system.

Reynolds Number

Sir George Stokes introduced Reynolds numbers

but Osborne Reynolds popularized the concept. It is an
important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics that is
used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow
situations. It is used to check whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. It is denoted
by Re. This number got by comparing inertial force with viscous force.
 Where;

= is the density of the fluid,

V =is the velocity of the fluid,
=is the viscosity of fluid,
L =is the length or diameter of the fluid.

Reynolds number formula is used in the problems to find the Velocity (V), density (),
Viscosity () and diameter (L) of the fluid. It is dimensionless.

The Kind of flow depends on value of Re

1. If Re < 2000 the flow is Laminar

2. If Re > 4000 the flow is turbulent

3. If 2000 < Re < 4000 it is called transition flow.

Bernoullis Equation

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's

principle states that an increase in
the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease
in pressure or a decrease in
the fluid's potential energy. The
principle is named after Daniel
Bernoulli who published it in his
book Hydrodynamica in 1738. Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types
of fluid flow, resulting in various forms of Bernoulli's equation; there are different
forms of Bernoulli's equation for different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's
equation is valid for incompressible flows :
HagenPoiseuille Equation

In nonideal fluid dynamics, the HagenPoiseuille equation, also known as

the HagenPoiseuille law, Poiseuille law or Poiseuille equation, is a physical law that
gives the pressure drop in an incompressible and Newtonian fluid in laminar
flow flowing through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross section. It can be
successfully applied to air flow in lung alveoli, for the flow through a drinking straw
or through a hypodermic needle.
 It was experimentally derived
independently by Jean Lonard Marie
Poiseuille in 1838 and Gotthilf
Heinrich Ludwig Hagen, and published
by Poiseuille in 1840 and 1846.The
assumptions of the equation are that the
fluid is incompressible and Newtonian;
the flow is laminar through a pipe of
constant circular cross-section that is
substantially longer than its diameter; and there is no acceleration of fluid in the pipe.
For velocities and pipe diameters above a threshold, actual fluid flow is not laminar
but turbulent, leading to larger pressure drops than calculated by the Hagen
Poiseuille equation.

Where;

p is the pressure reduction,

L is the length of pipe,
is the dynamic viscosity,
Q is the volumetric flow rate,
R is the pipe radius,
is the mathematical constant pi.
References:

Lee, S. & Kimberly, H. (2012). Particle technology and application. BocRaton: CRC

Press.

Merkus, H.G.(2009).Particle size measurements: fundamental, practice, quaity.

U.S.A: Springer Science & Business Media.

Rhodes, M. (2008). Introduction to ParticleTechnology. 2nd ed.Australia: John Wiley

& Sons Ltd

http://alfa-img.com/show/lung-gas-exchange-physiology.html. Retrieved February 1,

2017

www.limat.org/data/Handouts/CIVIL/FMbyBulu/lecture_notes_07.pdf. Retrieved February

1,2017isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/.../ES162_08_Notes02a_Flow_In_Pipes_ChangTAMU.pdf.

Retrieved February 1, 2017