Chapter 3-Number System-2oP PDF

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K.
Sinha & Priti Sinha
Computer Fundamentals
Pradeep K. Sinha
Priti Sinha
Chapter 3
Number Systems
Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 1/43
Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:
Non-positional number system

Positional number system
Decimal number system
Binary number system
Octal number system
Hexadecimal number system
(Continued on next slide)
1
Learning Objectives
Convert a numbers base
Another base to decimal base
Decimal base to another base
Some base to another base
Shortcut methods for converting
Binary to octal number
Octal to binary number
Binary to hexadecimal number
Hexadecimal to binary number
Fractional numbers in binary number system
Number Systems
Two types of number systems are:
Non-positional number systems

Positional number systems
Ref. Page 23 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 4/43
2
Basics and Few Popular

Number Systems
Non-positional Number Systems

Characteristics
Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII
for 4, IIIII for 5, etc
Each symbol represents the same value regardless
of its position in the number
The symbols are simply added to find out the value
of a particular number
Difficulty
It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such a
number system
3
Positional Number Systems

Characteristics
Use only a few symbols called digits

These symbols represent different values depending
on the position they occupy in the number
Positional Number Systems

The value of each digit is determined by:
1. The digit itself
2. The position of the digit in the number
3. The base of the number system
(base = total number of digits in the number

system)
The maximum value of a single digit is always equal to

one less than the value of the base
4
Decimal Number System

Characteristics
A positional number system
Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9). Hence, its base = 10
The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one less
than the value of the base)
Each position of a digit represents a specific power
of the base (10)
We use this number system in our day-to-day life
Decimal Number System
Example
258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)
= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
5
Binary Number System

Characteristics
Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its
base = 2
of the base (2)
This number system is used in computers
Binary Number System

Example
101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20)
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 2110
6
Representing Numbers in Different
Number Systems
In order to be specific about which number system we

are referring to, it is a common practice to indicate the
base as a subscript. Thus, we write:
101012 = 2110
Bit
Bit stands for binary digit

A bit in computer terminology means either a 0 or a 1
A binary number consisting of n bits is called an n-bit
number
7
Octal Number System

Characteristics
Has total 8 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Hence, its base = 8
than the value of the base
Each position of a digit represents a specific power of
the base (8)
Octal Number System

Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23 = 8) are
sufficient to represent any octal number in binary
Example
20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)
= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7
= 107110
8
Hexadecimal Number System

Characteristics
Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence its base = 16
The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the
decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
respectively
Hexadecimal Number System

of the base (16)
Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are
sufficient to represent any hexadecimal number in
binary
Example
1AF16 = (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15
= 43110
9
Converting from One

Number System to Another

Converting a Number of Another Base to a
Decimal Number
Method
Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of

each digit
Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the

digits in the corresponding columns
Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products
10
Converting a Number of Another Base to a
Decimal Number
Example
47068 = ?10
Common
values
multiplied
47068 = 4 x 83 + 7 x 82 + 0 x 81 + 6 x 80 by the
corresponding
= 4 x 512 + 7 x 64 + 0 + 6 x 1 digits
= 2048 + 448 + 0 + 6 Sum of these
products
= 250210

Converting a Decimal Number to a Number
of Another Base
Division-Remainder Method
Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be converted by
the value of the new base
Step 2: Record the remainder from Step 1 as the

rightmost digit (least significant digit) of the
new base number
Step 3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the

new base
11
of Another Base
Step 4: Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next

digit (to the left) of the new base number
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, recording remainders from right to

left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3
Note that the last remainder thus obtained will be the most
significant digit (MSD) of the new base number

of Another Base
Example
95210 = ?8
Solution:
8 952 Remainders
119 0
14 7
1 6
0 1
Hence, 95210 = 16708
12
Converting from a Base Other Than 10 to
Another Base Other Than 10
Method
Step 1: Convert the original number to a decimal

number (base 10)
Step 2: Convert the decimal number so obtained to

the new base number

Example
5456 = ?4
Solution:
Step 1: Convert from base 6 to base 10
5456 = 5 x 62 + 4 x 61 + 5 x 60
= 5 x 36 + 4 x 6 + 5 x 1
= 180 + 24 + 5
= 20910
13
Step 2: Convert 20910 to base 4
4 209 Remainders
52 1
13 0
3 1
0 3
Hence, 20910 = 31014
So, 5456 = 20910 = 31014
Thus, 5456 = 31014

Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary
Number to its Equivalent Octal Number
Method
Step 1: Divide the digits into groups of three starting
from the right
Step 2: Convert each group of three binary digits to

one octal digit using the method of binary to
decimal conversion
14
Number to its Equivalent Octal Number
Example
11010102 = ?8
Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of 3 starting

from right
001 101 010
Step 2: Convert each group into one octal digit
0012 = 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 1
1012 = 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 5
0102 = 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 = 2
Hence, 11010102 = 1528

Shortcut Method for Converting an Octal
Number to Its Equivalent Binary Number
Method
Step 1: Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary
number (the octal digits may be treated as
decimal for this conversion)
Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups

(of 3 digits each) into a single binary
number
15
Shortcut Method for Converting an Octal
Number to Its Equivalent Binary Number
Example
5628 = ?2
Step 1: Convert each octal digit to 3 binary digits

58 = 1012, 68 = 1102, 28 = 0102
Step 2: Combine the binary groups

5628 = 101 110 010
5 6 2
Hence, 5628 = 1011100102

Number to its Equivalent Hexadecimal Number
Method
Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four

starting from the right
Step 2: Combine each group of four binary digits to

one hexadecimal digit
16
Number to its Equivalent Hexadecimal Number
Example
1111012 = ?16
Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four

starting from the right
0011 1101
Step 2: Convert each group into a hexadecimal digit

00112 = 0 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 310 = 316
11012 = 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 310 = D16
Hence, 1111012 = 3D16

Shortcut Method for Converting a Hexadecimal
Number to its Equivalent Binary Number
Method
Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of each

hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary
number
Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups

(of 4 digits each) in a single binary number
17
Example
2AB16 = ?2
Step 1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit

binary number
216 = 210 = 00102

A16 = 1010 = 10102
B16 = 1110 = 10112

Step 2: Combine the binary groups

2AB16 = 0010 1010 1011
2 A B
Hence, 2AB16 = 0010101010112
18
Fractional Numbers
Fractional Numbers
Fractional numbers are formed same way as decimal
number system
In general, a number in a number system with base b
would be written as:
an an-1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-m
And would be interpreted to mean:

an x bn + an-1 x bn-1 + + a0 x b0 + a-1 x b-1 + a-2 x b-2 +
+ a-m x b-m
The symbols an, an-1, , a-m in above representation

should be one of the b symbols allowed in the number
system
19
Formation of Fractional Numbers in
Binary Number System (Example)
Binary Point
Position 4 3 2 1 0 . -1 -2 -3 -4
Position Value 24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4
Quantity 16 8 4 2 1 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/
2 4 8 16
Represented

Binary Number System (Example)
Example
110.1012 = 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 0 x 2-2 + 1 x 2-3

= 4 + 2 + 0 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= 6.62510
20
Octal Number System (Example)
Octal Point
Position 3 2 1 0 . -1 -2 -3
Position Value 83 82 81 80 8-1 8-2 8-3
Quantity 512 64 8 1 1/ 1/ 1/
8 64 512
Represented

Octal Number System (Example)
Example
127.548 = 1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 7 x 80 + 5 x 8-1 + 4 x 8-2

= 64 + 16 + 7 + 5/8 + 4/64
= 87 + 0.625 + 0.0625
= 87.687510
21
Key Words/Phrases
Base Least Significant Digit (LSD)

Binary number system Memory dump
Binary point Most Significant Digit (MSD)
Bit Non-positional number
Decimal number system system
Division-Remainder technique Number system
Fractional numbers Octal number system
Hexadecimal number system Positional number system
22

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K.

Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Non-positional number system

(Continued on next slide)

Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 2/43

Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 3/43

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Two types of number systems are:

Non-positional number systems

Ref. Page 23 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 4/43

Basics and Few Popular

Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 5/43

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Non-positional Number Systems

Ref. Page 23 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 6/43

Positional Number Systems

Use only a few symbols called digits

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 24 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 7/43

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Positional Number Systems

(base = total number of digits in the number

The maximum value of a single digit is always equal to

Ref. Page 24 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 8/43

Decimal Number System

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 24 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 9/43

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Decimal Number System

258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)

Ref. Page 24 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 10/43

Binary Number System

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 24 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 11/43

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Binary Number System

101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20)

Ref. Page 25 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 12/43

In order to be specific about which number system we

Ref. Page 25 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 13/43

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Bit stands for binary digit

Ref. Page 25 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 14/43

Octal Number System

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 25 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 15/43

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Octal Number System

20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)

Ref. Page 25 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 16/43

Hexadecimal Number System

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 25 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 17/43

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Hexadecimal Number System

Ref. Page 25 Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 18/43

Converting from One

Chapter 03: Number Systems Slide 19/43

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of

Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the

Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products