INTRODUCTION

FLOW OVER WEIR

In open channel hydraulics, weirs are commonly used to either regulate or to measure the

volumetric flow rate, they are of particular use in large scale situations such as irrigation

schemes, canals and rivers. For small scale applications, weirs are often referred to as

notches and invariably are sharp edged and manufactured from thin plate material.

The flow pattern over a notch or weir is complex and there is no analytical solution to the

relationship between discharge and head so that once again a semi-empirical approach

has to be used. The rectangular notch and 900 triangular notch used in this experiment.
 INTRODUCTION
OPEN CHANNEL

FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR

A weir is basically an obstruction in an open channel flow path. Weirs are

commonly used for measurement of open channel flow rate. A weir functions by

causing water to rise above the obstruction in order to flow over it. The height of

water above the obstruction correlates with the flow rate, so that measurement of

the height of the flowing water above the top of the weir can be used to determine

the flow rate by the use of an equation, graph or table. The top of the weir, which

is used as the reference level for the height of water flowing over it, is called the

crest of the weir. Weirs are typically classified as being either sharp-crested or

broad-crested. This course is devoted to the more widely used sharp-crested weir.

The major emphasis is on the calculations used for flow rate over various types of

sharp-crested weirs. There is also information about guidelines for installation

and use of sharp-crested weirs.

 INTRODUCTION

OPEN CHANNEL

FLOW OVER A VENTURI FLUME

A venturi flume is a critical-flow open flume with a constricted flow which causes a drop in

the hydraulic grade line, creating a critical depth.

It is used in flow measurement of very large flow rates, usually given in millions of cubic

units. A venturi meter would normally measure in millimetres, whereas a venturi flume

measures in metres.[3]

Measurement of discharge with venturi flumes requires two measurements, one upstream and

one at the throat (narrowest cross-section), if the flow passes in a subcritical state through the

flume.[4] If the flumes are designed so as to pass the flow from sub critical to supercritical

state while passing through the flume, a single measurement at the throat (which in this case

becomes a critical section) is sufficient for computation of discharge. To ensure the

occurrence of critical depth at the throat, the flumes are usually designed in such way as to

form a hydraulic jump on the downstream side of the structure. These flumes are called

'standing wave flumes'

 PRINCIPLES
HDY-06: FLOW OVER WEIR

PRINCIPLES

A flow through a rectangular and V-shape weir/notch can be as given;

For rectangular notch,

Q = 2/3 Cdb (2g) H3/2 (1)

Where:

Q = flow rate (m3/s)

Cd = discharge coefficient

b = width of the neckline or the width of the weir

H = head above bottom of weir

g = gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2)

For the V-shape weir,

Q = 8/15 Cd (2g) tan /2H5/2 (2)

Where:

/2 = Half the enclosed angle of the Vee

The coefficient Cd is required to accommodate the effects of the simplified assumption in the

theory. These can be rearranged to give:

For Rectangular notch,

 Cd = 3Q/ 2b (2g) H3/2 (3)

For Vee notch,

Cd = 15Q/ 8 tan /2 (2g) H5/2 (4)

The actual discharge can be calculate by multiplying a discharge coefficient, Cd to theoretical

discharge by

Q actual = Cd Q theory (5)

 PRINCIPLES

HYD-07: OPEN CHANNEL

PRINCIPLES

1 FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR

The discharge coefficient, Cd for flow over a crested weir can be given by

Q = 2/3 Cdb 2g H3/2 (1)

Cd = 3Q / 2b 2g H3/2 (2)

Where:

Q = discharge

Cd = discharge coefficient

b = width of the neckline or the width of the weir

H = head above weir (upstream)

g = gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2)

 PRINCIPLES

PRINCIPLES

2 FLOW OVER A VENTURI FLUME

The discharge, Q in a venture flume can be given as

v1 = Q/(By1) (1)

Where:

v1 = velocity upstream (m/s)

Q = discharge (m3/s)

B = breadth of channel (m)

y1 = upstream depth (m)

It is frequently useful to relate total head to the bed of the channel, thus the term specific

energy, E is adopted. The specific energy, E is obtained from equation (2);

E = y1 + (v12/2g) (2)

Finally the discharge coefficient Cd is obtained from equation (3);

Cd = (Q) / Bc(g)(2/3E)3/2 (3)

Where:

Bc = critical breadth

E = specific energy
 OBJECTIVES
FLOW OVER WEIR

1) To establish relationship between head, H and discharge, Q for water flowing over a

rectangular and V-shape weir.

2) To determine values of the discharge coefficient, Cd for both notches.
3) To compare the experimental value of Cd with the value given by the manufacturer.
 OBJECTIVES
FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR

1) To establish relationship between head, H and discharge, Q for water flowing over a

sharp crested weir.

2) To determine values of the discharge coefficient, Cd for sharp crested weir.
3) To compare the experimental value of Cd with the value given by the manufacturer.
 OBJECTIVES
FLOW OVER A VENTURI FLUME

1) To determine value of the discharge coefficient, Cd of venture flume.

2) To establish relationship between upstream depth, y1 and discharge, Q for venture

flume.
3) To establish relationship between specific energy, E and discharge, Q
 APPARATUS
FLOW OVER WEIR

1) Flow over weir apparatus (TQ)

2) Hydraulic bench
3) A stop watch
 (A)

(B)

Figure 1: Apparatus of flow over weir

(c) Initial height, ho

APPARATUS
FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR

1) Sharp crested weir

2) Dial Vernier depth gauge
3) A steel rule
4) A stop watch
 APPARATUS
FLOW OVER A VENTURI FLUME

1) Venturi flume
2) Depth gauge
3) Internal callipers
4) A steel rule
5) A stop watch
 DISCUSSION

Based on our calculation, it can be relate with our graph.

The Discharge coefficient for both the rectangular notch and the Vee notch become more

accurate to the theoretical value when the flow rate increases. This is due to the fact that

when the flow rate is larger the stream projects from the notch and it doesn't cling to the

notch. When the water clings to the notch the accuracy of the flow rate decreases. Also

the lower flow rates produce lower heights above the notch creating larger changes from

the theoretical equations. The overall accuracy of the rectangular notch was pretty good

with the greatest percent error of 5.89% and an average of 3.01 % error. The Vee notch

started with a lot of error of 16% error and came down to 2.08% error with an average of

9.26% error.
 CONCLUSION

From the experiment that have being done, we can conclude that the experiment was

successfully carried out even though there is difference between the theoretical value and

experimental value. There are many differences flow rate between V-shape weir and

rectangular weir. The smooth flow to over the weir is essential to the determination of

accurate of flow since the distribution of velocities in approach flow. The relationship

between the head of the weir and the discharge of the discharge of water over the weir is

directly proportional. As the flow rate increases the discharge coefficient becomes more

accurate to the theoretical value. When, the flow rate is to low it clings to the notch and flows

down it. This changes the coefficient of discharge because now the water is not only being

affected by gravity. It is to resist the friction of the surface of the notch. The limitations

theory is it has to be a constant flow, and constant pressure. The theory behind this

experiment makes an assumption that there is a minimum height of water above the notch

and any heights below this start to deviate from theory at an increasing rate. The lower flow

rates produce lower heights above the notch creating larger changes from the theoretical

equations. To improve the experiment, the observers eye must be 90 o perpendicular to the

water level to get the accurate measurement. Measurement must be taken until the end of the

gauge touches the water surface, so when the water flows during the experiment must be

ensured that perfectly reach the limit and reach to the water surface and then we can take the

result of every height. Hence, to get an accurate result, the experiment must be done in

several times and try to read the height of the water reach more than one times. Besides,

adjust the valve and repeat the step.

 PROCEDURES
FLOW OVER WEIR

1) A rectangular weir was placed

into the hydraulic bench. Then, the
apparatus were connected to the
water supply system.

2) The water supply was opened and the

level of water was make sure to be at the
bottom of the vee shape.

3) The height, h0 (initial) was measured.

4) The water was allowed to fill up

the tank until it reaches 5 litres.

5) 5 sets of discharge rate, Q and head

measurement, H were collected.

6) Step (2) to (3) were repeated by using

V-shaped weir.