Reinforced Concrete Design I

ACI 318-2014

Dr. Nader Okasha

Chapter 1
Introduction to reinforced concrete
Reinforced Concrete Design

The art of design

Design is an analysis of trial sections. The strength

of each trial section is compared with the expected
load effect.

The load effect on a section is determined using

structural analysis and mechanics of materials.

The strength of a reinforced concrete section is

determined using the concepts taught in this class.

2
Reinforced Concrete Design

3
Advantages of reinforced concrete
as a structural material
1. It has considerable compressive strength.

2. It has great resistance to the actions of fire and water.

3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.

4. It is a low maintenance material.

5. It has very long service life.

11
Advantages of reinforced concrete
as a structural material
6. It is usually the only economical material for footings,
basement walls, etc.

7. It can be cast into many shapes.

8. It can be made from inexpensive local materials.

9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erecting.

12
Disadvantages of reinforced
concrete as a structural material
1. It has a very low tensile strength.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it
hardens.
3. Concrete members are very large and heavy because of the
low strength per unit weight of concrete.
4. Properties of concrete vary due to variations in
proportioning and mixing.

13
 Mechanical Concrete Properties
'
f
Compressive Strength, c

Normally, 28-day strength is used as the design

strength.

14
 Mechanical Concrete Properties
'
f
Compressive Strength, c

It is determined through testing standard cylinders 15

cm in diameter and 30 cm in height in uniaxial
compression at 28 days (ASTM C470).

Test cubes 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm are also tested in

uniaxial compression at 28 days (BS 1881).

15
 Mechanical Concrete Properties
'
f
Compressive Strength, c

The ACI Code is based on the concrete compressive

strength as measured by a standard test cylinder.

f c Cylinder 0.8f c Cube

For ordinary applications, concrete compressive

strengths from 20 MPa to 30 MPa are usually used.

16
Mechanical Concrete Properties
Compressive-Strength Test

17
 Mechanical Concrete Properties
Modulus of Elasticity, Ec
Corresponds to the secant modulus at 0.45 c
'
f
For normal-weight concrete:
Ec 4700 f c ACI 19.2.2.1

18 0.002 0.003
 Mechanical Concrete Properties
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of f c'

Tensile strength of concrete is quite difficult to measure

with direct axial tension loads because of problems of
gripping the specimen and due to the secondary stresses
developing at the ends of the specimens.

19
Steel Reinforcement
Tensile tests

20
Steel Reinforcement
Tensile tests

21
Steel Reinforcement
Stress-strain diagrams
fs = Es fy

Yield point

elastic plastic

All steel grades have same modulus of elasticity Es= 2x105 MPa
= 200 GPa 22
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes, F
Bars are available in nominal diameters ranging from 5mm
to 50mm, and may be plain or deformed. When bars have
smooth surfaces, they are called plain, and when they have
projections on their surfaces, they are called deformed.

Steel grades, fy
ksi MPa
40 276
60 414
80 552
23
Steel Reinforcement
Bars are deformed to increase bonding with concrete

24
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes according to European Standard (EN 10080)
Number of bars
mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226 254 283
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131
14 154 308 462 616 770 924 1078 1232 1385 1539
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011 Areas
18 254 509 763 1018 1272 1527 1781 2036 2290 2545
20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
are in
22 380 760 1140 1521 1901 2281 2661 3041 3421 3801 mm2
24 452 905 1357 1810 2262 2714 3167 3619 4072 4524
25 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
26 531 1062 1593 2124 2655 3186 3717 4247 4778 5309
28 616 1232 1847 2463 3079 3695 4310 4926 5542 6158
30 707 1414 2121 2827 3534 4241 4948 5655 6362 7069
32 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042 26
Creep
Creep is defined as the long-term deformation caused
by the application of loads for long periods of time,
usually years.

Creep strain occurs due to sustaining the same load

over time.

27
Creep
The total deformation is divided into two parts; the first
is called elastic deformation occurring right after the
application of loads, and the second which is time
dependent, is called creep

28
Shrinkage
Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the reduction in
volume of concrete due to loss of moisture. As a
result, shrinkage cracks develop.
Shrinkage continues for many years, but under ordinary
conditions about 90% of it occurs during the first
year.

29
 Load classes

Classification by source and activity

1- Dead loads

2- Live loads

3- Environmental loads
30
 Loads on Structures
All structural elements must be designed for all loads anticipated to
act during the life span of such elements. These loads should not
cause the structural elements to fail or deflect excessively under
working conditions.

Dead load (D.L)

Weight of all permanent construction
Constant magnitude and fixed location
Examples: * Weight of the Structure
(Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways, Partitions)
* Fixed Service Equipment

31
 Minimum live Load values on slabs

Live Loads (L.L) Type of Use Uniform Live Load

kN/m2
Residential 2
Residential balconies 3
Computer use 5
The live load is a moving or Offices 2
movable type of load such Warehouses
as occupants, furniture, etc. Light storage 6
Heavy Storage 12
Live loads used in designing Schools
buildings are usually Classrooms 2
specified by local building Libraries
codes. Live loads depend on Rooms 3

the intended use of the Stack rooms 6

Hospitals 2
structure and the number of Assembly Halls
occupants at a particular Fixed seating 2.5
time. Movable seating 5
Garages (cars) 2.5
Stores
See IBC 2009 TABLE
Retail 4
1607.1 for more live loads.
Wholesale 5
Exit facilities 5
Manufacturing
Light 4
32
Heavy 6
 Environmental loads
Wind load (W.L)
The wind load is a lateral load produced by wind pressure and
gusts. It is a type of dynamic load that is considered static to
simplify analysis. The magnitude of this force depends on the
shape of the building, its height, the velocity of the wind and the
type of terrain in which the building exists.
Earthquake load (E.L) or seismic load
The earthquake load is a lateral load caused by ground motions
resulting from earthquakes. The magnitude of such a load depends
on the mass of the structure and the acceleration caused by the
earthquake.

33
 Load types

Classification by direction

1- Gravity loads

2- Lateral loads

34
 Deflection
Vertical deflection (sag) Lateral deflection (sway)

Dead, Live, etc. Wind or

earthquakes

35
 RC Structural Systems
A. Floor Systems
B. Lateral Load Systems

36
Floor System

Plan Elevation

37
 (Frame)

38 Planar (2D) Space (3D)

 (Shear Wall)

Shear wall

Elevation

39
Dual Lateral Load Systems
Wall-Frame Dual System:

Lateral frames
25% of lateral
load, minimum

Hole
Shear walls

40
Load paths
Structural systems transfer gravity loads from the floors
and roof to the ground through load paths that need to
be clearly identified in the design process.

Identifying the correct path is important for determining

the load carried by each structural member.

The tributary area concept is used to determine the load

that each structural component is subjected to.

41
 Slab System Supports Floor
Loads Above

Girders Support Joists

Joists Support Floor Deck

Columns Support Girders

The area tributary
to a joist equals
the length of the
joist times the
sum of half the
distance to each
adjacent joist.
The area tributary to
a girder equals the
length of the girder
times the sum of half
the distance to each
adjacent girder.
 Load paths loads on structural members

Load is distributed over the area of the floor. This distributed load
has units of (force/area), e.g. kN/m2.
w
q {kN/m2} {kN/m Loads P {kN}
Beam Beam
} Column

Slab Beam

Column Beam Beam

Footing
Slab

Beam Beam
Soil

45
Load paths loads on (one-way) beams

In order to design a beam, the tributary load from the floor carried
by the beam and distributed over its span is determined. This load
has units of (force/distance), e.g. kN/m.

Notes:
-In some cases, there may be concentrated loads carried by the beams as well.
-All spans of the beam must be considered together (as a continuous beam) for design.

w {kN/m}

46
Load paths loads on (one-way) beams
This tributary load is determined by multiplying q by the tributary
width for the beam.

w {kN/m} = q {kN/m2} (S1+S2)/2 {m}

S1 S2
47
Load paths loads on columns
The tributary load for the column is concentrated. It has units of
(force) e.g., kN. It is determined by multiplying q by the tributary
area for the column.

P {kN} = q {kN/m2} (x y){m2}

48
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
Determine the loads acting on beams B1 and B2 and columns C1
and C2. Distributed load over the slab is q = 10 kN/m2. This is a 5
story structure.
B1

4m

B2

5m

4.5 m C2
C1

6m 5.5 m

49
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
B1:
w = 10 (4)/2 = 20 kN/m

B1
4m
B2
5m

4.5 m C2
C1

6m 5.5 m
50
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
B2:
w = 10 (4+5)/2 = 45 kN/m

B1

4m

B2

5m

4.5 m C2
C1

6m 5.5 m

51
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
B1:
w = 20 kN/m

B2:
w = 45 kN/m

52
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
C1:
P = 10 (4.5/2 6/2) 5 = 337.5 kN
B1

4m

B2

5m

4.5 m C2
C1

6m 5.5 m

53
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
C2:
P = 10 [(4.5+5)/2 (6+5.5)/2] 5 = 1366 kN
B1

4m

B2

5m

4.5 m C2
C1

6m 5.5 m

54
Building Codes, Standards, and Specifications:

Building Code: covers all aspects related to structural safety -

loads, structural design using various kinds of materials (e.g., structural
steel, reinforced concrete, timber), architectural details, fire protection,
plumbing, HVAC. Is a legal document. Purpose of building codes: to
establish minimum acceptable requirements considered necessary for
preserving public health, safety, and welfare in the built environment.

International Building Code (IBC): published by International

Code Council (2000 ,1st edition). To replace the 3 model codes for
national and international use.

55
Building Codes, Standards, and Specifications:

The standards that will be used extensively throughout

this course is Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete and commentary, known as the ACI 318M-14 code.

56
Design Versus Analysis
Design involves the determination of the type of structural system to
be used, the cross sectional dimensions, and the required
reinforcement. The designed structure should be able to resist all
forces expected to act during the life span of the structure safely and
without excessive deformation or cracking.

Analysis involves the determination of the capacity of a section of

known dimensions, material properties and steel reinforcement, if
any to resist external forces and moments.

57
Structural Design Requirements:
The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements:
1)Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in the
various structural members.
2)Serviceability to ensure satisfactory performance under service
load conditions, which implies providing adequate stiffness to
contain deflections, crack widths and vibrations within acceptable
limits.
3)Stability to prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the
structure, or part of it under the action of loads.
There are two other considerations that a sensible designer should
keep in mind: Economy and aesthetics.
58
Design Methods (Philosophies)
Two methods of design have long prevalent.
Working Stress Method focuses on conditions at service
loads.
Strength Design Method focusing on conditions at loads
greater than the service loads when failure may be imminent.
The Strength Design Method is deemed conceptually more realistic
to establish structural safety.
The Working-Stress Design Method
This method is based on the condition that the stresses caused by
service loads without load factors are not to exceed the allowable
stresses which are taken as a fraction of the ultimate stresses of the
materials, fc for concrete and fy for steel. 59
The Ultimate Strength Design Method
At the present time, the ultimate-strength design method is the
method adopted by most prestigious design codes.
In this method, elements are designed so that the internal forces
produced by factored loads do not exceed the corresponding
reduced strength capacities.

reduced strength provided factored loads

The factored loads are obtained by multiplying the working loads

(service loads) by factors usually greater than unity.
60
Safety Provisions (the strength requirement)
Safety is required to insure that the structure can sustain all expected
loads during its construction stage and its life span with an
appropriate factor of safety.
There are three main reasons why some sort of safety factor are
necessary in structural design
Variability in resistance. *Variability of fc and fy, *assumptions are made
during design and *differences between the as-built dimensions and those found in
structural drawings.
Variability in loading. Real loads may differ from assumed design loads,
or distributed differently.
Consequences of failure. *Potential loss of life, *cost of clearing the
debris and replacement of the structure and its contents and *cost to society.

61
Safety Provisions (the strength requirement)
The strength design method, involves a two-way safety measure. The
first of which involves using load factors, usually greater than unity
to increase the service loads. The second safety measure specified by
the ACI Code involves a strength reduction factor multiplied by the
nominal strength to obtain design strength. The magnitude of such a
reduction factor is usually smaller than unity

Design strength Factored loads

R i Li
i
ACI 4.6 ACI 5.3
62
Load factors
ACI 5.3

63
Load factors
ACI 5.3

Symbols

64
65
Strength Reduction Factors ACI 21.2

66