R. A.

9514 Fire Code of the

Philippines of 2008

FIRE FIGHTING and FIRE

SUPRESSION SYSTEMS
DRY STANDPIPE
WET STANDPIPE
COMBINATION STANDPIPES
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
Understanding FIRE

What
is FIRE?

Fire is a complex set of chemical

reactions in which fuel combines with
oxygen and an ignition source to produce
heat.

Heat
The Fire Triangle: (Ignition)
Three elements - fuel,
oxygen and heat - are
required to start a fire.
The oxidation process
will not be possible
without any one of these
elements. Oxygen Fuel (Fire
(Ventilation) Load)
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Dynamics of Fire: 4 STAGES OF FIRE DEVELOPMENT
1. Incipient This first stage begins when
heat, oxygen and a fuel source combine and
have a chemical reaction resulting in
fire. This is also known as ignition and is
usually represented by a very small fire
which often (and hopefully) goes out on its
own, before the following stages are
reached. Recognizing a fire in this stage
provides your best chance at suppression or
escape.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
2. Growth The growth stage is
where the structures fire load and
oxygen are used as fuel for the fire.
There are numerous factors affecting
the growth stage including where the
fire started, what combustibles are
near it, ceiling height and the potential
for thermal layering. It is during this
shortest of the 4 stages when a deadly
flashover can occur; potentially
trapping, injuring or killing firefighters.
3. Fully Developed When the
growth stage has reached its
maximum and all combustible
materials have been ignited, a fire is
considered fully developed. This is the
hottest phase of a fire and the most
dangerous for anybody trapped within.
Flashover is not a stage of development,
but simply a rapid transition between the
growth and fully developed stages.

The interface of the hot and
cool gas layers at an opening is
commonly referred to as the
neutral plane.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
Dynamics of Fire: 4 STAGES OF FIRE
DEVELOPMENT
4. Decay Usually the longest stage of a fire,
the decay stage is characterized a significant
decrease in oxygen or fuel, putting an end to the
fire. Two common dangers during this stage are
first the existence of non-flaming combustibles,
which can potentially start a new fire if not fully
extinguished. Second, there is the danger of a
backdraft when oxygen is reintroduced to a
volatile, confined space.
Fire Protection and the 4 Stages of Fire Development

Active Fire Protection Passive Fire Protection

Detection, activation and suppression Resistance to heat and flames of fire rated constructions

Temperature Time

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Slow rate of Development of heat Load bearing capacity of materials is maintained.

burning and flames Prevention of fire spread to other compartments.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Aims in
Fire Safety Design
A To prevent fire

B To safeguard the lives of

occupants and firefighters

C To reduce damage on the

building, its contents, and on
surrounding buildings

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Standpipes

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Standpipes

Section 10.2.6.6 STANDPIPES

The design, installation and maintenance of Standpipe Systems shall be in accordance
with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe, Private Hydrant and Hose
Systems

Classes of Standpipe Systems

a. Class I System
b. Class II System
c. Class III System

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

STANDPIPE: Class System
A standpipe system shall be any of the
following:
a. Class I System. This system is provided
with 64 mm (2 in.) hose connections
for full-scale firefighting at the
following designated building
locations:
i. At each intermediate landing between floor
levels in every required exit stairway;
ii. On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit
openings of horizontal exits;
iii. In each exit passageway at the entrance from
the building areas into the passageway;
iv. In covered mall buildings, at the entrance to
each exit passageway or exit corridor, and at
exterior public entrances to the mall;
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
v. At the highest landing of stairways with
stairway access to a roof and on the roof
where stairways do not access the roof. An
additional 64 mm (2 in) hose connection
shall be provided at the hydraulically most
remote riser to facilitate testing of the
system;
vi. Where the most remote portion of a
nonsprinklered floor or storey is located in
excess of 40 meters of travel distance from a
required exit containing or adjacent to a
hose connection, or the most remote
portion of a sprinklered floor or storey is
located in excess of 61 meters of travel
distance from a required exit containing or
adjacent to a hose connection, additional
hose connections shall be provided, in
approved locations, where required by the
BFP.
STANDPIPE: Class System

Dry Standpipe. A type of standpipe system in

Class II System. This a hose
which the pipes are normally not filled with
connection provided with 38 mm (1
water. Water is introduced into the system thru
in.) hose or within thirty seven
fire service connections when needed.
meters (37 m) of a hose connection
system shall be provided with 38 mm
Wet Standpipe. is an auxiliary fire line
(1 in.) hose connections for first
system with a constant water supply
aid fire fighting, so that all portions
installed primarily for emergency use
of each floor level of the building are
by the occupants of the building.
within forty meters (40 m) of
provided with less 38 mm (1 in.) Combination Standpipe. A pipeline system
hose. filled with water and connected to a
Distances shall be measured along a constant water supply for the use of the BFP
path of travel originating at the hose and the occupants of the buildings
connection. solely for fire suppression purposes

Class III System. This system shall be Fire Department House Connection is a hose
provided with hose connections as connection at grade or street level for
required for both Class I and Class II use by the Fire Service only. It is also
systems. known as Fire Service Connection.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
 Dry Standpipe

Fire Service Outlet

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

 Wet Standpipe

Wet standpipe system extending from the

cellar or basement into the topmost
storey shall be required in the following:
a. Assembly occupancies with an
occupant load exceeding one
thousand (1,000);
b. Educational, healthcare and detention
and correctional, business and mercantile,
industrial, and hotels and apartments
occupancies, four or more storeys in
Dry height,
Standpipe: and
Class I System c. Hazardous storage and business and
mercantile occupancies having a floor
area exceeding one thousand eight
Dry standpipes shall be used hundred sixty square meters (1,860 m2)
for Class I system. per floor.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

 Wet standpipes shall be
WSP located so that all
portions of the buildings
Dry standpipes shall not be
are within six meters (6
concealed in building walls or
m) of a nozzle attached
built into pilasters. Portions of
to twenty two meters
dry standpipes systems not
(22m) of hose.
located within an enclosed
stairway or smokeproof
enclosure shall be protected
by a degree of fire resistance
equal to that required for
vertical enclosures in the
building in which they are
located. DSP

Fire Hose Cabinet (FHC)

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

An approved durable sign with raised letters of
at least twenty five millimeters (25 mm) in The size of the
height shall be permanently attached to all fire standpipes shall
service street connections, cast on a plate or
fitting that reads DRY STANDPIPE. A sign WSP not be less than
indicating the pressure required at the inlets to 64 mm (2 in.)
deliver the system demand shall also be in diameter.
provided.

Fire service connections shall be in

the street side of the buildings, fully
visible and recognizable from the
street or nearest point of fire DSP
apparatus accessibility. And shall be
located and arranged so that hose
lines can be attached to the inlets
without interference from nearby
objects, including buildings, fences,
posts, or other fire service
connections.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
 Each wet standpipe
outlet shall be supplied
with a hose not less
than thirty eight
WSP millimeters (38 mm) in
All buildings with required diameter. Such hose
shall be equipped with
enclosed stairway or an approved variable
smokeproof enclosure shall for nozzle. An
have at least one dry approved hose reel
standpipe outlet connection rack or cabinet shall be
located at every floor provided and shall be
level landing above the first located so as to make
floor of every required the hose accessible.
enclosure. No point The hose reel rack or
DSP cabinet shall be
within a building, requiring recessed in the wall or
dry standpipes, shall be protected by suitable
more than forty meters cabinet
(40 m) travel distance from a
dry standpoint outlet
connection.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Smokeproof Stair Enclosure

PRESSURIZATION technique whereby air is

blown into spaces which are designed to be kept Blower
clear of smoke.

High
Uses barriers including Pressure
walls, floors and doors,
to contain pressurized Low
Pressure
air generated by
mechanical means to
keep smoke away from
protected areas such
as escape staircases
and corridors.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

 Wet standpipe system
may be supplied from
a sprinkler system only
WSP when in compliance
Fittings and connections with NFPA 13,
shall be of sufficient Standard for the
strength to withstand Installation of Sprinkler
300 psi (21 kg/cm2) of System.
water pressure when
ready for service. All dry
standpipes shall be
tested hydrostatically to
withstand not less than DSP
50 psi (3.5 kg/cm)
above the maximum
working pressure.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU


All horizontal runs of
dry standpipe systems
shall have a twenty
percent (20%) slope
for the purpose of
draining. Where pipe
traps occur in such
standpipes systems
including fire service
connections, they
shall be provided with
drains. Pipings shall
not pass through
hazardous areas and
shall be located so
that it is protected
from mechanical and
fire damage.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
Fire pumps shall be
approved and shall deliver
not less than the required
fire flow and pressure. Such
pumps shall be supplied
with adequate power source
and shall be automatic in
WSP
operation.
Where the wet standpipe
system is supplied with
water from the domestic
supply of building, approved
fire pumps shall not be
required provided the
domestic pump used
delivers the required fire
flow.
DSP
All dry standpipes shall be equipped with a two-way sixty-four millimeters
(64 mm) outlet above the roof line of the building when the roof has a slope
of less than thirty centimeters (30cm) long wrench may be used in
connecting the hose with clearance for the wrench on all sides of the outlet.

Each standpipe shall be equipped with

an approved sixty four millimeters (64
mm) outlet not less than sixty one
centimeters (61 cm) nor more than one
hundred twenty two centimeters (122
cm) above the floor of each storey.

All one hundred two millimeters (102 mm)

dry standpipes shall be equipped with a
four-way fire service connection. All fire
service connections shall be located on a
street front, not less than forty six
centimeters (46 cm) or more than one
hundred twenty two centimeters (122 cm)
above grade and shall be equipped with an
approved straight way check valve and
substantial plugs or caps.
All fire service connections shall be
protected against mechanical injury and
shall be visible and accessible. More than
one fire service connection may be required.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
All interior wet standpipes shall
be equipped with thirty eight
millimeters (38 mm) valve in each
storey, including the basement or
7,950 liters
cell roof of the building and
located not less than ninety one
centimeters (91cm) nor more
than one hundred eighty two
centimeters (182 cm) above the
floor. Pressure or gravity tanks shall have a
capacity sufficient to furnish at least two
hundred sixty five (265) liters of water per
The wet standpipe shall deliver not
minute for thirty (30) minutes. Other such
less than one hundred thirty two
tanks shall be located so as to provide not
liters (132 ) of water per minute
less than one and eight-tenths (1.8)
at not less than one and eight-
kilograms per square centimeter residual
tenths (1.8) kilograms per square
pressure from each of two (2) outlets
centimeter residual pressures from
flowing simultaneously for thirty (30)
each of any two outlets flowing
minutes.
simultaneously for thirty
(30) minutes.

1.8 kg/cm = 26 psi or

176 kPa
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
Combination Standpipe

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Combination Standpipe

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Combination Standpipe

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Fire Extinguisher

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

 Types of Fires
Types of Fires

Class A Class B Class C Class D

Ordinary Flammable Fires Combustible Metals
Combustibles: Liquids & Gases: involving live or Combustible
wood, paper, cloth, gasoline, oils, electrical Metal Alloys
trash and paint lacquer and equipment
other ordinary tar.
materials.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Classification, Ratings, and Performance of Fire Extinguishers
Portable fire extinguishers
Rating of Fire Extinguishers :
are classified for use on
certain classes of fires
and rated for relative
extinguishing effectiveness
as determined by the
Bureau of Product Standard,
Department of Trade and
Industry.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
4
Class A Extinguishers will put out fires in
ordinary combustibles, such as wood and paper.
The numerical rating for this class of fire
extinguisher refers to the amount of water the fire
extinguisher holds and the amount of fire it will
extinguish
Class B Extinguishers should be used on fires
involving flammable liquids, such as grease,
gasoline, oil, etc. The numerical rating for this
class of fire extinguisher states the approximate
number of square feet of a flammable liquid fire
that a non-expert person can expect to
extinguish
Class C Extinguishers are suitable for use on
electrically energized fires. This class of fire
extinguishers does not have a numerical rating.
The presence of the letter C indicates that the
extinguishing agent is non-conductive
Class D Extinguishers are designed for use on
flammable metals and are often specific for the
type of metal in question. There is no picture
designator for Class D extinguishers. These
extinguishers generally have no rating nor are
they given a multi-purpose rating for use on other
types of fires
 Fire Extinguisher General Requirements
The classification of fire extinguishers
shall consist of a letter that indicates
the class of fire on which a fire
extinguisher has been found to be
effective, preceded by a rating
number (Class A and Class B only)
that indicates the relative
extinguishing effectiveness, except for
fire extinguishers classified for use on
Class C, Class D hazards shall not be
required to have a number preceding
the classification letter.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
The following types of fire extinguishers are
considered obsolete and shall
be removed from service:
a. soda acid
b. chemical foam (excluding film-forming
agents)
c. vaporizing liquid (e.g., carbon tetrachloride)
d. cartridge-operated water
e. cartridge-operated loaded stream
f. copper or brass shell (excluding pump tanks)
joined by soft solder orrivets
Types of Fire Extinguishers

Types of Fire Extinguishers:

Dry Chemical extinguishers are usually rated for multiple purpose use. They
contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-flammable gas as
a propellant

Halon extinguishers contain a gas that interrupts the chemical reaction that
takes place when fuels burn. These types of extinguishers are often used to
protect valuable electrical equipment since them leave no residue to clean up.
Halon extinguishers have a limited range, usually 1.2 to 1.8 meters. The initial
application of Halon should be made at the base of the fire, even after the flames
have been extinguished

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are most effective on Class B and C

(liquids and electrical) fires. Since the gas disperses quickly, these extinguishers
are only effective from 1.0 to 2.4 feet. The carbon dioxide is stored as a
compressed liquid in the extinguisher; as it expands, it cools the surrounding air.
The cooling will often cause ice to form around the horn where the gas is
expelled from the extinguisher. Since the fire could re-ignite, continue to apply
the agent even after the fire appears to be out

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Types of Fire Extinguishers: Recommended Color Code

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Selection of Fire Extinguishers by Hazard

a. Fire extinguishers shall be selected for the Rooms or areas shall be classified
Classes of hazards to be generally as:
protected.
i. Fire extinguishers for protecting Class A light (low) hazard,
hazards shall be selected from the following:
i.a. Water type ordinary (moderate) hazard, or
i.b. Multipurpose dry chemical type
i.c. Wet chemical type extra (high) hazard.

ii. Fire extinguishers for protection of Class B Limited areas of greater or lesser
hazard shall be selected from the following: hazard shall be protected as required.
ii.a. Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)
ii.b. Film-forming fluoroprotein foam (FFFP)
ii.c. Carbon dioxide
ii.d. Dry chemical type

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Size and Placement of Fire Extinguishers

Fire Extinguishers for Different Types of Class A Hazard

Type of Minimum Extinguisher Maximum Travel Maximum Area (open

Hazard Rating Distance to area) per Extinguisher
Extinguisher
Low 2-A 15 meters 200 square meters
Moderate 3A 12 meters 100 square meters
High 4-A 10 meters 75 square meters

Fire Extinguishers for Different Types of Class B Hazard

Type of Hazard Minimum Extinguisher Maximum Travel Maximum Area (open

Rating Distance to Extinguisher area) per Extinguisher
Low 5B 10 meters 200 square meters
Moderate 10 B 10 meters 100 square meters
High 40 B 10 meters 75 square meters

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

How much fire will your extinguisher handle?

To achieve a Class A rating, the extinguisher

must be capable of putting out the wood crib,
wood panel and excelsior (shredded paper)
tests. Ratings are based on the size of the
material that can be repeatedly extinguished.

To achieve a Class B rating, the extinguisher

must repeatedly put out a flaming liquid fire.
Ratings are based on the size of the fire.

Heptane - A volatile, colorless, highly

flammable liquid hydrocarbon, C7H16, obtained
in the fractional distillation of petroleum and
used as a standard in determining octane
ratings, as an anesthetic, and as a solvent.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
Sprinkler System

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Automatic Fire Suppression System and Sprinkler System

Automatic Fire Suppression System. An

integrated system of underground or
overhead piping or both connected to a source
of extinguishing agent or medium and
designed in accordance with fire protection
engineering standards which, when actuated
by its automatic detecting device, suppresses
fires within the area protected.

Sprinkler System. An integrated network of

hydraulically designed piping system
installed in a building, structure or area with
outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which
automatically discharges water when activated
by heat or combustion products from a fire.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Automatic Fire Suppression System
Fire Suppression System is designed to extinguish the fire in its early
stages.
It assumes that the amount of water discharged into the fire is greater
than the amount required to extinguish the fire.
Response time is critical and requires that designs reflect the assessed fire
hazard.
Automatic Sprinkler Protection: Residential Occupancies

Hotels and Dormitories, Apartment Buildings

All buildings shall be protected throughout by
an approved, supervised sprinkler system
except in buildings where all guest sleeping
rooms or guest suites have a door opening
directly outside at the street or grade level or
exterior exit access arranged in accordance
with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR in buildings up
to and including three (3) storeys in height.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Automatic Sprinkler protection: Mercantile Occupancies
Mercantile occupancies shall be classified as
follows:
i. Class A. AII stores having aggregate gross
area of two thousand seven hundred eighty
seven square meters (2,787 m2) or more, or
utilizing more than three (3) floor levels for
sales purposes.
ii. Class B. All stores of less than two thousand
seven hundred eighty seven square meters
(2,787 m2) aggregate area, but over two hundred
eighty seven square meters (287 m2), or utilizing
any balcony, mezzanine or floor above or below
the street floor level for sales purposes except
that if more than three (3) floors are utilized, the
store shall be considered Class A, regardless of
area.
iii. Class C. All stores of two hundred seventy
eight square meters (278 m2) or less gross area
used for sales purposes on the street floor
only.
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
Automatic Sprinkler Protection
Approved, supervised automatic sprinkler
system protection shall be installed
in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of
this IRR in all mercantile occupancies
as follows:
1. Throughout all mercantile occupancies
three or more storeys in height.
2. Throughout all mercantile occupancies
exceeding one thousand one hundred
fifteen square meters (1,115 m2) in gross
area.
3. Throughout floor below the street floor
having an area exceeding two hundred
thirty two square meters (232 m2) when
used for the sale, storage
or handling of combustible goods and
merchandise.
Components of an automatic fire sprinkler system

Typically, a Fire Sprinkler Systems are

made up from a series of components
including; Stop Valve, Alarm Valve, Fire
Sprinkler (head), Alarm Test Valve and
Motorized Alarm Bell (Gong). In
addition to this there are additional
components that support this
arrangement including a Valve Monitor,
Pressure Switch and Flow Switch.
The illustration to the right shows each
of these components, and the
approximate location within the
arrangement.
This illustration shows only one type of
fire sprinkler system however there are
other types including dry pipe, pre-
action, tail-end, residential and
domestic fire sprinkler systems..

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Purpose of each main component
(1) Stop Valve - The Stop Valve is used to isolate
the water supply, it may also be called the
isolating valve. It is often painted RED in color
with a large black circular handle, and is locked
in the OPEN position, allowing the free flow of
water. The stop valve is used to isolate (stop) the
water supply coming in to the fire sprinkler
system. Often the Stop Valve is also fitted with a
(2) Valve Monitor that is used to monitor the
state (open or closed) of the Stop Valve.
The water within an automatic fire sprinkler
system can be divided into two parts;
1. Water Supply or Mains
This is the water being fed into an automatic fire
sprinkler system from a water supply such as the
town mains or a static water supply such as a
tank, up to the Stop Valve
2. Installation
The water after the stop valve forms part of the
installation.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

 (3) Alarm Valve - The Alarm Valve is used to
control the flow of water into the fire sprinkler
system. This is accomplished by providing a one
way valve that is normally closed when the
water pressure on the fire sprinkler side of the
valve exceeds the water supply pressure. When
the pressure equalises or falls below the water
supply pressure, the valve opens to enable
water flow.
(4) Automatic Fire Sprinkler - The Fire Sprinkler
is also used to control the flow of water. It is
essentially a valve that when exposed for a
sufficient time to a temperature at or above
the temperature rating of the heat sensitive
element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases,
allowing water to flow from only the affected
sprinkler. The operation and subsequent water
flow of an automatic fire sprinkler will lead to a
drop in pressure within the fire sprinkler
system after the alarm valve.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Purpose of each main component

(5) Alarm Test Valve - The alarm test

valve is a small valve, normally secured
in the closed position. The alarm test
valve is fitted between the sprinkler
system side of the alarm valve and the
drain. The purpose of the alarm valve is
when opened to simulate the flow of
water from a single automatic fire
sprinkler.
(6) Motorized Alarm Bell or Gong - The
motorized alarm bell or gong is a
mechanical device, operated by the
flow of water oscillating a hammer that
strikes a gong, causing an audible alarm
signal.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Ancillary Components
In addition to the main components of the fire
sprinkler system, there are a series of ancillary
(support) components that regularly form part of an
automatic fire sprinkler system.
(7) Pressure Switch - The pressure switch is an electro-
mechanical device that monitors a fire sprinkler system
for a fall in water pressure after the alarm valve. The
purpose of monitoring a fall in pressure is to activate a
switch that is monitored by a fire alarm panel or alarm
signalling equipment, as the primary method for
signalling an alarm to the fire brigade.
(8) Flow Switch - The flow switch is an electro-
mechanical device that monitors the flow of water
through a section of pipe within an automatic fire
sprinkler system. Flow switches are often fitted with a
mechanical delay (up to six minutes) preventing small
or minor water flow fluctuations from signalling an
alarm. When sustained water flow is detected by a
flow switch, a signal is transmitted to a fire indicator
panel. This signal is then used to determine which
section (floor) of a fire sprinkler system has water
flow. Note: Most flow switches fitted to automatic fire
sprinkler systems are NOT set to automatically call the
fire brigade DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
Ancillary Components
(9) Jacking Pump - Jacking are manual (hand) or
electric (semi-automatic or fully automatic)
pumps are not always fitted to an automatic fire
sprinkler system. They however provide a
method of pumping (boosting) water from the
water supply to the fire sprinkler system after
the alarm valve. This leads to an increase in
water pressure in the fire sprinkler system, thus
forcing the alarm valve into the closed position.
Jacking Pumps have a secondary function of
maintaining the water pressure within a fire
sprinkler system reducing the likelihood of false
alarms caused by low pressure, caused by small
water leaks.
Pressure Gauge - A pressure gauge us a
mechanical device that is usually fitted to an
automatic fire sprinkler system. There are
usually two gauges fitted to a system, one
showing the water supply pressure and the
second showing the installation pressure.
Normally the pressure differential should be not
less than 200 KPa.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Principle of operation

Normally an wet pipe automatic fire sprinkler system, is fully charged with water coming
from a known reliable water supply. The installation is pressurized with the alarm valve
secured in the open position. When a fire sprinkler is exposed for a sufficient time to a
temperature at or above the temperature rating of the heat sensitive element (glass bulb
or fusible link) it releases, allowing water to flow from only the affected sprinkler.
Additional fire sprinklers may also operate if they too are exposed to sufficient heat.
When this occurs water from the water supply will pass through the alarm valve to the
affected fire sprinkler and also past the alarm bell. The resultant pressure drop will also
activate the alarm pressure switch, which in turn will activate an alarm calling the fire
brigade.
A flow switch will also operate in the affected section of the fire sprinkler system,
indicating the location of the water flow. (In the case of a multi-storey building there is
typically one flow switch per floor). The flow switch will indicate its location a fire
indicator panel (but may not call the fire brigade).
The water supply may be isolated (stopping the flow of water to the affected fire
sprinklers) by closing the stop valve.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

An automatic fire sprinkler system
consists of a water supply, a series
of interconnected pipes, valves and
heat activated fire sprinklers.

Wet pipe systems are the most

common in which water is
constantly maintained within the
sprinkler piping. When a sprinkler
activates this water is immediately
discharged onto the fire.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Water Supply...
The water supply for a fire sprinkler system can
come from an array of sources including;

Street Mains
Water Storage Tank
Permanent Reservoir

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

System pipe network...

A sprinkler system is a series of

pipes progressively decreasing
size* from the water supply to
each of the most remote fire
sprinklers.

The elements are;

Riser
Range
Branch
Dropper

* Pipe size and distribution are

determined by hydraulic
calculation & standards.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Stop, Gate or Isolating valve...

A Stop Valve, also known as a Gate

Valve or Isolating Valve, is used to
isolate the flow of water into a fire
sprinkler system.

Stop valves are multi-turn valves,

opened by a hand wheel or other
operating device, generally 'open'
in a clockwise direction and 'closed'
counterclockwise.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Alarm (Check) Valve...

The Alarm Valve is used to

control the flow of water into
the fire sprinkler system. This is
accomplished by providing a one
way valve that is normally closed
when the water pressure on the
fire sprinkler side of the valve
exceeds the water supply
pressure. When the pressure
equalizes or falls below the
water supply pressure, the valve
opens to enable water flow.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Fire Sprinkler...

A fire sprinkler controls the

flow of water to a fire.

Fire sprinklers are a type of

valve that when exposed for a
sufficient time to a
temperature at or above the
temperature rating of the heat
sensitive element (glass bulb or
fusible link) releases, allowing
water to flow from only the
affected sprinkler.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Fire Pumps

#1 UL listed/FM approved diesel

engine
#2 Pressure sensing lines installed
per code requirements
#3 Single point electrical
connection (all electrical
components pre-wired at the
factory)
#4 UL listed/FM approved fire
pump controller
#5 Stuffing box and engine raw
water drain connections
#6 Fire-piped fuel system
#7 UL listed/FM approved
horizontal split case fire pump

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

 Jockey Pump
A jockey pump, or a pressure-maintenance pump, is
a small apparatus that works in conjunction with
a fire pump as part of a fire-protection sprinkler
system. A jockey pump is designed to keep the
pressure elevated in a fire-suppression system so
that the main fire pump is prevented from running
unless absolutely necessary. It consists of a motor, a
pump and a controller.

When a fire sprinkler is exposed to heat, the

pressure in the system drops significantly and a
valve opens, releasing water. The main fire pump
provides the pressure to the system that creates
water flow when this occurs. The jockey pump
maintains the normal pressure in the system at an
artificially high level. When just one sprinkler is
activated, the pressure drops so drastically that
the fire pump starts working, and the fire
department is alerted. The jockey pump works as
part of the fire pump's control system, "riding" on
top of the larger pump like a jockey does on a horse.

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

Fire Pump: Direct
driven pump with Fire Pump: Direct driven Fire Pump: Close Coupled
jockey pump
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU
Sprinkler system from
negative water reservoir
Sprinkler system from
negative water reservoir

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU

SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
POSITIVE SUCTION
SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
POSITIVE SUCTION
Wet Piping Sprinkler System: Automatic sprinklers are attached to a piping
system containing water that discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by a fire.
This is the type commonly used in the Philippines due to its relatively simple design
and rapid response, 98% reliable.
Dry Pipe Sprinkler System: Dry valves allow pressurized air in
the water lines to hold water back until a sprinkler head opens.
Appropriate for use in unheated, low hazard occupancies.
 Sprinkler Heads
Operating Temperatures.
1. For light & ordinary hazard: 57 to 76 degrees centigrade.
2. For high hazard: 79 to 343 degrees centigrade

Coverage per sprinkler heads.

1. For light hazard: 9 to 18 square meters (3.38 4.78 m diameter.)
2. For high hazard: 8 square meters (3.20 m diameter)

Spacing of sprinkler heads.

1. Generally follows a layout which provides uniform distances
between sprinklers and/or branch lines up to a limit of 4.50 meters.
FIRE SUPPRESSION DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS BY PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD
STEP 1: Get the following Design Data
a. Type of Installation
b. Hazard Class
c. Type of Sprinkler Head
d. Orientation of Sprinkler Head
e. Type of Sprinkler System
f. Type of Piping: Use Steel
g. Type of Water Supply System
h. Maximum Sprinkler Protection Area: Use 18.50 m
i. Minimum/Maximum Spacing of Heads: Use 2.40m -4.50m

Hazard Class:

Class 1, Light Hazard: Schools, offices, most public buildings, museums, theaters, restaurant seating,
libraries except large stack areas, nursing homes, residences, and the like.
Class 2, Ordinary Hazard: Retail areas, auto parking garages, bakeries, laundries, machine shops, paper
mills, restaurant kitchens, wood assembly, piers and wharves, warehouses, and the like.
Class 3, Extra Hazard: Airplane hangars, factories of combustibles (lumber, textile, etc.), areas of great
heat (metal extruding, die casting, etc.) or flammable fluids (paints, oils, etc.), and the like.
Class HS, High-Piled Storage: Warehouses containing combustible items that are stored more than 4.50
meters high.
Types of Sprinkler Head

Small Orifice: Orifice diameter are 6mm 10mm; used only in certain hydraulically designed wet
systems in light hazard occupancies of small areas.

Spray: The standard head, widely available at low cost; orifice diameter is usually 12mm 13mm and
head pressure is 103 kPa 414 kPa (15 psi 60 psi)

Large Drop: A large-orifice head used where storage is 4.50 9.00 meters high. They produce higher
flow rates and use more water; thus piping maybe larger but the heads cost less. Orifice diameter is
15mm 19mm; head pressure is 172 655 kPa ( 25 95 psi), and the maximum number of heads is 20
per rack.

Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR): An extra large orifice head that is used in warehouses whose
storage is up to 10 meters high. These high flow heads can protect all hazards, but they require a
nearly flat roof ( 1/12 pitch) and no obstructions. Their extreme water demands also require larger
piping and use of a fire pump, and their heads are expensive. Orifice diameter is 19mm, head pressure
is 345 1200 kPa (50 175 psi), and the maximum number of heads is 12 per rack.

Water Mist: A recently developed sprinkler head whose atomizing nozzles produce a fine mist of water
that is used to extinguish flammable liquids. The mist cools the flame and absorbs radiant heat around
it, which turns the water droplets into steam, which expands greatly and displaces the air that feeds
the fire. The system works rapidly, is highly effective, and uses less water than standard sprinklers.

Orientation of Sprinkler Heads
Upright: Heads rise above the
pipes and cast spray over
horizontal area. Good above
suspended ceilings and where hot
gases may be more dangerous than
flames.
Pendant: Heads hang down from
pipes and cast spray over
horizontal area. Good for
quenching flames from ordinary
combustible in large open areas,
especially ones without suspended
ceilings.
Sidewall: Heads aim sideways and
spray vertical areas.
Multiple Spray: Sprinklers spray up
and down at the same time. Good
where fire hazards exist above and
below ceilings, but expensive.
Types of Sprinkler System
Wet-pipe: Water is present in all piping; thus an opened
sprinkler head discharges water immediately. The simplest,
most economical, most dependable, and fastest operating
system, it requires little maintenance.
Dry-pipe: Pipes contain a gas which escapes when heads
open, then the water follows.
Preaction: A wet-pipe system that is activated by heat or
smoke sensors instead of sprinkler heads.
Deluge: A dry pipe system with open heads; thus when any
one sprinkler is activated the whole system area is covered.
Type of Water Supply System
Gravity Feed: Water flows down from a roof reservoir. To
maintain 172 kPa (25 psi) discharge pressure at the sprinkler
heads, the reservoir must be mounted on a tower whose
lowest level is at least 18 meters (58 m) above the sprinkler
heads. On some sites this is a good idea.
Upfeed: Sprinkler head water is pushed upward by a pump.
USEFUL TABLES
GUIDE TO WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPE SCHEDULE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
OCCUPANCY RESIDUAL PRESSURE ACCEPTABLE FLOW AT DURATION IN MINUTES SIZE OF RISER
CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENT AT THE BASE OF RISER
ELEVATION OF THE SIZE OF NUMBER OF
HIGHEST SPRINKLER RISER SPRINKLERS

LIGHT HAZARD 1.03 BAR (103 kPa) 1800 2800 LPM 30 60 MINUTES 25 Mm 2
or 15 PSI (500 750 GPM)
30 mm 3
ORDINARY HAZARD 1.03 BAR OR HIGHER 2600 3700 LPM 60 90 MINUTES
GROUP 1 (700 1000 GPM) 38 mm 5

ORDINARY HAZARD 1.03 BAR OR HIGHER 3200 5600 LPM 60 90 MINUTES 50 mm 10

(850 1500 GPM)
65 mm 30

75 mm 60

90 mm 100
AREA LIMITATIONS
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA TO BE PROTECTED BY SPRINKLERS SUPPLIED 100 mm AREA LIMITATION
ON EACH SYSTEM RISER ON ANY ONE FLOOR GOVERNS
LIGHT HAZARD 4,800 SQUARE METERS
NOTE: Branch lines shall not
ORDINARY HAZARD 4,800 SQUARE METERS
exceed 8 sprinklers on either side
EXTRA HAZARD 2,300 SQUARE METERS of a cross main
Step 2. Determine the feasible spacing between sprinkler heads relative to structural bay
dimensions and check if the protection area per head is within the accepted requirement.

Step 3. Solve for the water demand of the sprinkler system and the hose stream system. Use the
formula below:

Swd = AOP x DD x OVF where: Swd = Sprinkler water demand

DD = Density Demand; use 4.10 liters per
minute per square meter for light
hazard occupancies
OVF = Overage Factor; use 1.1

Step 4. Solve for Total Water Demand (Twd):

Twd = Swd + Hsd where: Twd = Total water demand

Swd = Sprinkler water demand
Hsd = Hose stream demand; use 375 LPM at 30 minutes

Step 5. Solve for Water Storage (WS): Fire Tank

WS = Twd x T where: T = Time: use 30 60 minutes for Light

Hazard; use 60 90 minutes for
Ordinary Hazard
End of Presentation

DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP CEBU