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(MSE638)
2D Point Groups
Somnath Bhowmick
2 Associativity: a ? (b ? c) = (a ? b) ? c
for every a in G
4 Inverse: There must be an inverse element a1 for every a, such that
a1 ? a = a ? a1 = 1
5 Commutativity: This is not compulsory, however if a ? b = b ? a, then
In four steps:
1 One step symmetry operation in 2D: T , m, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
2 Point group: combination of symmetry operations without translation
3 Plane group: combination of symmetry operations with translation
4 Wyckoff positions: where to put atoms/molecules to get a crystal from
space group
There are 7 one step symmetry operations, 10 point groups and 17
plane groups in 2D
5 / 20
Crystallographic point group
7 / 20
Point group 2
Remember that 2 = 21
Cyclic group 22 = 1
8 / 20
Point group m
Remember that m = m1
9 / 20
Point group 3
Cyclic group 32 = 31 , 33 = 1
3 generates the other symmetry elements of the group
10 / 20
Point group 4
Cyclic group 42 = 2, 43 = 41 , 44 = 1
4 generates the other symmetry elements of the group
11 / 20
Point group 6
Point group 6 = {1, 2, 3, 31 , 6, 61 }
Multiplication table
1 2 3 31 6 61
1 1 2 3 31 6 61
2 2 1 61 6 31 3
3 3 61 31 1 2 6
3 1 31 6 1 3 61 2
6 6 31 2 61 3 1
6 1 61 3 6 2 1 31
Rotation matrices: 6( = 60 ) and 61 ( = 60 )
1/2 3/2
1 1/2
3/2
6= ,6 =
3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2
Cyclic group 62 = 3, 63 = 2, 64 = 31 , 65 = 61 , 66 = 1
6 generates the other symmetry elements of the group
There are two subgroups: {1, 2} and {1, 3, 31 }
12 / 20
Combine reflection with a rotation
How to combine two reflections at a common point?
Hermann-Mauguin Sch
onflies
1 1 C1
2 2 C2
3 m Cs
4 2mm C2v
5 4 C4
6 4mm C4v
7 3 C3
8 3m C3v
9 6 C6
10 6mm C6v
18 / 20
Point group of ammonia molecule
19 / 20
Point group of benzene molecule
20 / 20