Chemical Process Calculation 2

Dept Chem Engr & Biochem Engr

Univ Ulsan

2010 - 2

Main Textbook:

Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes

by R.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau

References:
Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering
by D.M. Himmelblau, Prentice Hall International, Inc.

Introduction to Chemical Processes: Principles, Analysis, Synthesis

by R.M. Murphy, McGraw-Hill.
 Purposes of the Course
Determination of the Values of Stream Variables
Temperature, Pressure, Flow Rate of Each Component
Determination of the Energy Requirements of Process Equipments (Q)
Relations between Stream Variables
Material Balance Equation, Energy Balance Equations,
Thermodynamic Relations, Process Specifications

Cooler
Recycle Compressor
Receiver
Feed
Stream 1 Reactor Product
Stream
Distillation
Tower
Feed
Stream 2 Separator
Heater
Recycle Reboiler

Purge Stream

What are the ultimate purposes of process calculation?

(1) determination of the properties of process streams

(T, P, total mass flow rate, composition)
(2) calculation of the energy requirment of each process equipment.

What do we need to learn?

(1) methods to set up material and energy balance equations and

ways to solve them.
(2) how to perform degree of freedom analysis for the processes to
fully specify the systems.
Major Topics of Chemical Process Calculation -2

Definition of different types of energy

Formulation of energy balance equations

Calculation of enthalpy (not absolute but relative) of meterials

Calculation of enthalpy changes for various processes

Determination of overall energy requirement of processes

Degree of freedom analysis for process specification

<< Eenergy Balance Equation >>

in kg/s out kg/s

Mass Flow Rate, m
Mass Flow Rate, m

Inlet Flows Process Outlet Flows

Equipment
Specific Enthalpy, in J/kg
Specific Enthalpy, out J/kg

+W
Energy Transfer (J/s), Q s

+W
Energy Transfer (J/s), Q s=m
out out - m
in in
 Chapter 7 ENERGY

<Terminology Review >

System, Surrounding, and System Boundary

system boundary

System Materials,
Energy

Surroundings

System is a part of the whole universe which is under consideration.

Surroundings are the rest of the universe except the system.
System boundary separates a system from its surroundings.

Three Types of Systems

Isolated systems : Transfer of both materials and energy between a system and
its surroundings across the system boundary is totally blocked.

(Examples) insulated closed bottles, entire universe

Closed systems : Transfer of energy is allowed but not materials between a

system and its surroundings across the system boundary.
(Examples) batch reactors, non-flow processes

Open systems : Transfer of both materials and energy are allowed between a
system and its surroundings across the system boundary.

(Examples) most continuous processes

 Properties of Systems

Extensive property : Properties of systems whose values are proportional

to the system size.

(Examples) mass, volume, total energy

Intensive property : Properties of systems whose values are independent

of the system size.

(Examples) temperature, pressure, density, compositions,

other specific properties

Three States of Systems

Equilibrium state (Closed systems):

At an equilibrium state, property values of a system do not change with time.

Systems are stable against disturbances from outside.

Steady state (Open systems):

At a steady state, property values of a system do not change with time.

Systems are, however, unstable against disturbances from outside.

Transient state (Closed or open systems):

If a system is at a transient state, values of system properties are changing

with time.
.
 Transient state
Height

Steady state

Equilibrium state

Illustration of the three states of systems

System is represented as a ball and height is considered as a system property.

 Operational States of Closed and Open Systems

Closed Systems run at Transient States most of the time.

No materials are transferred between the system and surroundings

during the operation period.

System properties (T, P, composition, density, ...) can vary with time.

Transient State
Properties
Equilibrium State

Operation Time

Example:
 Open Systems (Flow Systems) mostly run at Steady State

Materials and energy are transferred between the system and

surroundings during the operation period and system properties (T, P,
composition, density, ...) are kept constant.

Transient State
during Start-up
Properties Period Transient State
Steady State
during Shut-down
P i d

Operation time

Example: