Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1
2 2 PARTS OF SPEECH
ekim "[a] pull or draw (or a take in cinema). verbal adverb (called a gerund by Lewis (1967)).
3 Word order Ali arabayla bugn eve gidiyor = Ali by-car today to-
house is-going = Today, Ali is going to the HOUSE
A general rule of Turkish word order is that the modier by car
precedes the modied:
the object named by the noun to which the sux is at- ba head, balar "[some] heads, be ba ve head(s)",
tached; it also indicates a subject for a participle. but Beevler Five Houses (district of Bursa).
A predicative ending can assign a person to a noun, thus The plural ending also allows a family (living in one
creating a complete sentence: insan human"; nsanm. house) to be designated by a single member:
I am a human. See also Copula#Turkish and Turkish
Aliler Ali and his family"; teyze maternal aunt, teyzem
copula. my maternal aunt"; teyzemler my maternal aunt and her
All of the personal suxes can be used in the formation family.
of verbs. Verb-stems have been mentioned. A verb-base In the last example, the rst-person singular sux of pos-
is obtained from a verb-stem by attachment of certain suf- session comes before the plural ending; this is an excep-
xes or characteristics given below. Then the personal tion to the order of suxes given above. In the usual
endings here called predicative and verbal attach only order, we have
to verb-bases; the optative and imperative endings attach
to verb-stems. teyzelerim my maternal aunts.
The present characteristic is not fully enclitic: the rst Nouns are pluralized in standard temporal greetings.
syllable shows vowel harmony, but the second is invari- gn day, yi gnler! Good day!"; yl year"; Mutlu yl-
able. The aorist negative and impotential characteristics lar! Happy new year!"
are given here because they are anomalous. Note, that
the "-z of the aorist negative (-mez) and impotential (-
(y)emez) is dropped in the rst-person singular and plu- 6.1.2 Possession
ral, in order to be able to sux it. (Aorist negative rst-
person singular: -mem; BUT: Aorist impotential third- As noted earlier, the suxes of possession give the person
person plural: -(y)emezler) (and number) of the possessor of what is named by the
See also #Negation and potential in verb-stems under noun:
#Verbs below. teyzen thy maternal aunt, teyzeniz your(singular, for-
Some third-person verbs are also participles. Participles mal) maternal aunt teyzeniz your(plural) maternal
can be classied as personal, if they take a sux of pos- aunt teyzelerin thy(singular) maternal aunts teyzeleriniz
session, and impersonal, if they do not. The following your(singular, formal) maternal aunts teyzeleriniz
suxes attach to verb-stems: your(plural) maternal aunts
The interrogative particle (soru eki) is not written as a When a word takes one of the endings of possession, the
sux, but it is enclitic: word becomes the name of something possessed, not pos-
sessing: the word for the possessor, if present, takes the
genitive case-ending, as discussed below.
6 Nouns The plural ending will not be attached twice to the same
word; therefore ambiguity is possible:
6.1 Inection kir idea, kirleri their idea or their ideas or her
[or his] ideas.
A Turkish noun has no gender. The dictionary-form of a Ambiguity can be resolved with #Pronouns.
noun can take up to four (kinds of) #Inectional suxes,
generally in the following order:
6.1.3 Case
1. plural sux;
The absolute case combines the uses of the nominative,
2. sux of possession (iyelik eki from iye owner);
vocative, and (in part) accusative cases. It is for subjects,
3. case-ending; and for names of people being addressed. It is also used
for indenite direct objects. Denite direct objects are in
4. personal sux (kii eki from kii person). the denite-accusative case:
Through its presence or absence, the plural ending shows iir poem, so: iir okur S/he reads a poem, S/he
distinctions of number. reads poetry"; iiri okur S/he reads the poem.
The dative case tells whither, that is, the place to which.
Thus it has roughly the meaning of the English preposi-
6.1.1 Number
tions to and into, and also in when it can be replaced
A noun is made plural by addition of -ler or -lar (depend- with into":
ing on the vowel harmony). When a numeral is used with Biray buzdolabna koy- the-beer in-icebox put, that is,
a noun, however, the plural sux is usually not used: put the beer in the fridge.
6.2 Verbal nouns 5
The dative also is for objects: usually indirect objects, but Dnyayz We are the world (dnya world). ocuk-
sometimes objects that in English would be considered larsnz You are the children (ocuk child).
direct: In the third person, no ending is required. However, the
Gnein batna bak- suns at-its-sinking look, that is, ending -dir can be used; it is said (Lewis, 1967: VIII,3)
look at the sunset"; hkmete gven- in-government to be the remnant of a verb turur S/he stands. Again in
trust, that is, trust the government. the third person, the plural sux may be used:
The locative case tells where, hence corresponds to the Trk or Trktr S/he is Turkish"; Trkler or Trktr-
English prepositions at and on, and in when it does ler They are Turkish"; Trklerdir They are the Turks
not mean into. (Lewis, 1967: VIII,5).
evde at home (ev house); Buzdolabnda drt bira var Several suxes can be combined:
in-icebox four beer exist, that is, There are four beers Evinizdeyim I am at your house. Ya benimsin, ya
in the fridge. topran Thou art either mine, or the earths (that is,
The ablative case tells whence, that is, the place from dead).
which (or through which), hence: (The last was spotted on a minibus in Turkey.)
ject (ret "[a] rejecting); ziyaret et- visit (ziyaret "[a] 6.3 Auxiliary verbs
visiting).
Certain verbs in Turkish are used to enhance the meaning
Considered as units, these are transitive verbs; but the
of other verbs, or to agglutinate verbs from nouns. These
nouns in them can, by themselves, take direct objects:
verbs are called auxiliary verbs. A concise list follows:
Antalya'y ziyaret visit to Antalya.
Verbs that are used with nouns to agglutinate new verbs
What looks like an ablative gerund is usually an adverb;
the ending -meden usually has the sense of without. See etmek
#Adverbs below.
olmak
An innitive in the absolute case can be the object of a
verb such as iste- want": klmak
Kimi eitime devam etmek, Some-of-them towards-
eylemek
education continuation make kimi de almak istiyor.
some-of-them also work want
Examples
that is, Some want to continue their educations, and
some want to work (source: Cumhuriyet Pazar Dergi, 14 * farz (assumption) -> farz etmek (to assume) * hak
August 2005, p. 1.) Note here that the compound verb (right) -> hak etmek (to deserve) * af (amnesty) -> af-
devam et- continue, last does not take a direct object, fetmek (to excuse) * kayp (loss) -> kaybetmek (to lose)
but is complemented by a dative noun. * terk (leaving) -> terk etmek (to leave) * arz (submission,
supply) -> arz etmek (to submit, to supply)
Another way to express obligation (besides with lzm as
in the earlier example) is by means of zor trouble, com- If there is a change in the noun root through the process
pulsion and an innitive: of agglutination, it is written adjacently. These are mostly
Arabic loan-words, which switch to their more original
Gitmek zoru Go compulsion, Gitmek zorundayz We form.
must go.
In Turkish words, two consonants of a syllable need a
(Source: same as the last example.) vowel to be pronounced. There are exceptions in loan
Both an innitive and a gerund are objects of the post- words only, but those that lost their original form are more
position iin for in the third sentence of the quotation common. This occurs in two ways:
within the following quotation: If a word ends in two identical consonants, one is
Tesis yetkilileri, Facility its-authorities Blge insanlar dropped, e.g. hall state, status becomes hal, a
genelde tutucu. District its-people in-general conserva- amnesty, forgiving becomes af.
tive. Sahil kesimleri Shore its-sections yola yakn olduu If a syllable ends in two dierent consonants, a vowel is
iin to-road near their-being for rahat bir ekilde gle added between them, e.g. hkm judgement becomes
giremiyorlar. comfortable a in-form to-lake they-cannot- hkm.
enter. Biz de We also hem yoldan geenlerin gr asn
kapatmak both from-road of-passers sight their-angle to- Exceptions: Words which end in nk, rt, rk, such as taht
close hem de erkeklerin rahatsz etmemesi iin and mens throne, renk colour, kart card, do not add a vowel.
uncomfortable their-not-making for paravan kullany- Most of these are loan-words from Persian or western lan-
oruz screen we-are-using dedi. they-said. Ancak para- guages (but zevk pleasure from Arabic ).
vann aralarndan But curtains from-its-gaps ocuklarn Examples:
kar taraf gzetlemeleri childrens other side their-spying
* kayp + et- -> kaybetmek (to lose; kayp lost was
engellenemedi. cannot-be-hindered.
originally kayb, an Arabic loan-word) * haciz + et- -
(Source: Cumhuriyet, 9 August 2005, Tuesday, p. 1.) A > haczetmek (to sequestrate; haciz sequestration was
free translation is: originally hacz, an Arabic loan-word) * haz + et- ->
hazzetmek (to relish or to enjoy; haz delight was origi-
nally hazz, an Arabic loan-word)
The facility authorities said, The people of Verbs that are used with other verbs to enhance the mean-
this district [namely Edremit, Van] are gener- ing:
ally conservative. They cannot enter the lake
comfortably, because the shore areas are near -(i)vermek (implies urgency)
the road. So we are using a screen, both to
close o the view of passersby on the road, and -(e)bilmek (implies ability)
so that men will not cause discomfort." How- -(e)durmak (implies continuity)
ever, children cannot be prevented from spying
on the other side through gaps in the screen. -(e)gelmek (implies repetition)
7.3 Indenite adjectives 7
-(a)kalmak (implies continuity) odun "(re) wood, tas bowl, balta axe"; the more
usual order would make the saying Balcnn bal tas var,
-(e)yazmak (implies a close escape) oduncunun baltas var).
Examples
7.3 Indenite adjectives
* d- (fall) -> deyazdm (I almost fell) * git- (go)
-> gidiverdim (I just went, je viens d'aller) * yavala- The cardinal bir one can be used as an indenite
(slow down) -> yavalayabilirim (I can slow down) * yaz- article. Word-order can make the dierence:
(write) -> yazaduruyorlar (they keep on writing) * syle-
(tell) -> sylenegelir (keeps being told) gzel bir gn a nice day"; bir gzel gn one ne day.
Unless it is being used by itself, elliptically, the adjective
hi no requires an additional word with negative force:
7 Adjectives Hi param yok' I have no money (para money); Hibir
adam ada deildir No man is an island (adam man,
7.1 Use ada island, deil not). Bir ey gryorum I see some-
thing, but Hibir ey gremiyorum I can't see anything.
Adjectives used attributively precede the noun; used pred-
icatively, they follow, unless something other than word-
order shows that they are being used predicatively:
7.4 Participles
yeil im "[the] green grass im yeil(dir) or Yeildir im It is noted under #Parts of speech that Turkish participles
Grass is green. (sfat-iller) can be classied as
In a positive comparison, the object takes the ablative
case; the adverb daha more is optional, unless the ob- personal, if they take a sux of possession;
ject is left out. impersonal, if they do not.
tyden (daha) haf lighter than a feather.
In a personal participle, the sux of possession signies
In a negative comparison, the adverb az less is needed; the subject of the underlying verb; if this possessor is third
the object still takes the ablative; daha can still be used as person, then the possessor may be further specied with
well. a noun in the genitive case.
kurundan (daha) az ar less heavy than lead The noun modied by a personal participle as an adjec-
The superlative degree is expressed by the adverb en tive may be the direct object of the underlying verb; the
most. connexion may also be more vague.
en byk yalanc the biggest liar (byk big, yalan The noun modied by an impersonal participle is gen-
lie); en az gvenilir least trustworthy (gven- trust). erally the subject of the underlying verb (but see Lewis
(1967: IX,2)).
The aorist tense (geni zaman broad time) is for habit-
7.2 Descriptive adjectives
ual actions; the present tense (imdiki zaman time that is
now) is for actions ongoing or contemplated.
Most adjectives in the dictionary are descriptive. The
most fundamental descriptive adjectives are two: Aorist:
These are used only predicatively: akarsu water that ows, hence stream (ak- ow, su
water); akaryakt fuel oil (yakt heating fuel); k-
with the sense of the English There is and There maz not going out, cul-de-sac"; inilir got down from
is not": (sign at rear door of bus; in- go down) srdrlebilir tur-
izm tourism that can be continued, that is, "sustainable
tourism" (sr drive"; srdr continue)
Gkte bir bulut yok There is not a cloud in the sky";
Present:
in the construction that supplies the lack of a verb geen hafta passing week, that is, last week"; Silahlar
have": ekip Guns pulling-out-and havaya ate aan to-air re
opening AKP'liler hakknda AKP-members about-them
Balcnn var bal tas Honey-sellers exists honey his-pot yasal ilem balatlmad legal process was-not-begun
Oduncunun var baltas Wood-cutters exists his-axe.
(This is a proverbial expression: The honey-seller has that is, No legal process has begun concerning the AKP
a honey-pot; the wood-cutter has an axe"; bal honey, members who pulled out guns and red them in the
8 8 ADVERBS
air [Birgn Halkn Gazetesi, 25 July 2005]; for -ip see A number of adverbs are derived from verbs:
#Adverbs below. The ending -e is seen in:
Future:
Gle gle "[Go] smilingly (said to somebody departing);
gelecek hafta week that will come, that is, next week"; Gle gle kullann Use [it] smilingly (said to somebody
okunacak bir kitap a book that will be read (okun- be with a new acquisition); Bee eyrek kala kalktm To-
read); okuyacam bir kitap a book that I shall read ve a-quarter remaining I-got-up, that is, I got up at
(oku- read). a quarter to ve"; Onu yirmi gee uyudun You slept at
Past/present: twenty past ten (uyu- sleep, although uy- heed).
okunmu bir kitap a book that was read"; okuduum bir The ending -erek denotes action at the same time as, or
kitap a book that I read/am reading"; 'Yaamn bittii preceding, that of another verb:
yer'de hayat Life in the place where life ends. Geceyi konuarak geirdik The-night talking we-caused-
to-pass, that is, We spent the night talking. Akl
(The last example is a newspaper headline [Birgn, 20
July 2005] about cemetery workers; bit- end"; yer yrterek bu sonuca ulayorum By using reason, I ar-
place"; hayat [Arabic] and yaam [neologism from rived at this conclusion
yaa-] life.) [the latter is Blent Ecevit as quoted in Cumhuriyet, 20
A personal participle can be construed as a noun and used July 2005].
in parallel with verbal nouns: Doaya en az zarar vererek yaamak To live while giving
ocuklarn yzde 68'i evinin ihtiyalarna katkda the least harm to nature
bulunmak, yzde 21'i ailesi istedii iin, yzde alts i [Buday magazine, 78/2005, no 32].
renmek ve meslek edinmek iin, yzde 4' ihtiyalarn From ol- be, become, olarak forms adverbial phrases
karlamak iin alyor Childrens in-100 their-68 corresponding to those in English with as":
houses for-its-needs in-aid be-found, in-100 their-21
their-family that-they-wanted for, in-100 their-six work Size bir dost olarak sylyorum To-you a friend as I'm-
learn and profession be-made for, in-100 their-4 their- telling, that is, I'm telling you this as a friend"; ciddi
needs meet for are-working. olarak seriously (ciddi serious).
(Source: Birgn Halkn Gazetesi 13 August 2005, Satur- The ending -meden on a verb-stem looks like the ablative
day, p. 1.) That is, gerund, but it is not (Lewis [XI,12]). It indicates an action
not occurring at all, or following that of the main verb:
Children are working, 68% to provide for Bakmadan atlama Don't leap without looking"; Bak-
their familys needs, 21% because their family madan nce atlama Don't leap before looking. Bir
wants it, 6% to learn a job or profession, 4% to soruyu cevaplamadan tartmak, tartmadan cevapla-
meet their [own] needs. maktan iyidir A particular-question without-answering
to-debate without-debating from-to-answer is-good, that
The following sentence from a newspaper headline con- is, It is better to debate without answering than to answer
tains twenty-two words, nine derived from verbs, four of without debating.
these as participles, three as gerunds. Note also the use (Source of the last sentence: Joseph Joubert as quoted
of kontrol from French as a verbal noun with et-: on p. 20 of Gndelik Bilmeceler by Partha Ghose and
Source: Cumhuriyet, 17 July 2005; more smoothly: Dipankar Home, translated by zlem zbal, Tbitak
Popler Bilim Kitaplar 25, Ankara, 1996.) Comple-
menting nce before is sonra after, which can follow
Saying that, by not joining the EU and
a verb-stem given the ending -dikten:
by drawing close to the Islamic world, Turkey
would be pushed into the lap of those who fa- Baktktan sonra atla After looking, leap"; Aye baktktan
vor sharia, French senator Duireux made clear sonra Nee atlad After Aye looked, Nee lept.
that it was necessary to control the Islamic Simultaneity is expressed by iken or its (not enclitic) suf-
tide. xed form -(y)ken; but if it follows a verb, then the verb
appears, not as a stem, but as a base; see #Bases of verbs:
Eve girmekteyken, bir ey hatrladm As I was entering
8 Adverbs the house, I remembered something"; Ben eve girmek-
teyken, telefon ald As I was entering the house, the
The adverb of negation is deil. It is used to negate sen- telephone rang.
tences that are without verb or var; then it takes the ap-
If two verbs of the same grammatical form have the same
propriate personal ending:
subject, the endings on the rst verb can be replaced by
Evde deilim I am not at home.
9
-ip; see the example under #Participles. Kendi kendinden korkma Do not be afraid of thyself.
Many of the indenite adjectives can function as pro-
nouns, taking case-endings.
9 Pronouns
The third-person personal pronoun o she/he/it is de- 10 Verbs
clined as if it were the noun on. The other persons, ben
I, sen you (singular/informal)", biz we, siz you (plu-
10.1 Copula
ral/formal)", are declined like nouns, except for a vowel
change in the dative, and an anomalous genitive; also the
Main article: Turkish copula
plural forms do not involve -ler:
The absolute case is generally needed only for emphasis:
Naslsnz? How are you?" yiyim; siz naslsnz? I am 10.2 Stems of verbs
ne; how are you?" Ben de iyiyim. I too am ne.
The third-person pronoun can clear up an ambiguity men- Many stems in the dictionary are indivisible; others con-
tioned above: sist of endings attached to a root.
onlarn kri their idea"; onlarn kirleri their ideas";
onun kirleri her [or his] ideas. 10.2.1 Verb-stems from nouns
The pronoun o is also one of the demonstrative pro-
nouns: The verb-stem temizle- make clean is the adjective temiz
clean with the sux -le; this sux was mentioned ear-
lier under #Parts of speech in connexion with the verb
o that"; kpekle-. Many verbs are formed from nouns or adjec-
bu this"; tives with -le:
u this or that (thing pointed to). bala- make a head, that is, begin (intran-
sitive; ba head);
The latter two are declined like o (that is, treated as if kilitle- make locked, that is, lock (kilit
they were bun and un). lock);
The interrogative pronouns (and adjectives) are: kirle- make dirty (kir dirt).
kayna- "(come to a) boil, The denite past or di-past is used to assert that some-
kaynat- "(bring to a) boil"; thing did happen in the past. The inferential past or
mi-past can be understood as asserting that a past par-
l- die, ticiple is applicable now; hence it is used when the fact of
a past event, as such, is not important; in particular, the
ldr- kill, inferential past is used when one did not actually witness
ldrt- have [someone] killed"; the past event.
A newspaper will generally use the di-past, because it is
ara- look for,
authoritative. The need to indicate uncertainly and infer-
aratr- investigate. ence by means of the mi-past may help to explain the
extensive use of ki in the newspaper excerpt at Turkish
10.2.3 Negation and potential in verb-stems vocabulary#The conjunction ki.
The conditional (art) verb could also be called hypo-
A dictionary-stem is positive; it can be made: thetical"; it is used for remote possibilities, or things one
might wish for. (See also #Compound bases.)
negative, by addition of -me;
The various bases thus give distinctions of tense, aspect
impotential, by addition of -e and then -me. and mood. These can be briey tabulated:
the stem i-, this verb can be called defective. In particu- By means of ise or -(y)se, a verb can be made conditional
lar, i- forms no negative or impotential stems; negation is in the sense of being the hypothesis or protasis of a com-
achieved with the #Adverb of negation, deil, given ear- plex statement:
lier.
Verbs i- are often made into suxes; the corresponding nemli bir ey yapyorsunuz You are doing
bases then are something important";
nemli bir ey yapyorsanz, rahatsz etmeyelim
-(y)mi, If you are doing something important, let us
not cause disturbance.
-(y)di,
-(y)se, The simple conditional can be used for remote conditions:
where the y is used only after vowels. Bakmakla renilse, kpekler kasap olurdu If
The verb i- serves as a copula. When a copula is needed, learning by looking were possible, dogs would
but the appropriate base in i- does not exist, then the cor- be butchers.
responding base in ol- is used; this stem otherwise means
become.
The verb i- is irregular in the way it is used in questions: 11 Notes
the particle mi always precedes it:
[1] http://www.thexfiles-tr.net/senaryo5x07.htm
Ku idi or Kutu It was a bird";
[2] E.E. Erguvanli 1984 The function of Word Order in Turk-
Ku muydu? Was it a bird?" ish Grammar. University of California Press. UCLA PhD
Dissertation 1979
Past tenses: [5] The term aorist is often used in Turkish grammars for
the habitual aspect. This is quite dierent from its use in
continuous past: Geliyordum I was com- Greek grammars, where it means perfective aspect: what
ing"; is called denite past in Turkish.
aorist past: Gelirdim I used to come"; [6] The imperfective aspect is often called present, though
future past: Gelecektim I was going to it is not actually present tense
come";
[7] The perfective aspect is often called denite past, though
pluperfect: Gelmitim I had come"; it is not actually past tense
necessitative past: Gelmeliydim I had to
come";
conditional past: Gelseydim If only I had 12 References
come.
Inferential tenses: 12.1 Grammars
continuous inferential: Geliyormuum It Robert Underhill (1976). Turkish Grammar. Cam-
seems (they say) I am coming"; bridge, MA: MIT Press. A classic, still used to
future inferential: Gelecekmiim It seems I teach Turkish grammar in many universities.
shall come";
Kaya Can (1991). Yabanclar in Trke-ngilizce
aorist inferential: Gelirmiim It seems I Aklama Trke Dersleri. Ankara: Orta Dou
come"; Teknik niversitesi, Fen ve Edebiyat Fakltesi.
necessitative inferential: Gelmeliymiim Turkish lessons with Turkish-English explana-
They say I must come. tion[s] for foreigners.
12 12 REFERENCES
Asl Gksel & Celia Kerslake (2005). Turkish: Aksan, Doan (1978), Trkiye Trkesinde
A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge. Gelimeli Sesbilim, (Hazrlayanlar: Atabay,
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glish.
Atabay, Nee-zel, Sevgi-am, Ayfer (1981),
G. L. Lewis (1967). Turkish Grammar. Oxford Trkiye Trkesinin Szdizimi, TDK, Ankara, 131
University Press. ISBN 0-19-815838-6. s. (2003), Papatya Yaynlar.
G. L. Lewis (2000). Turkish Grammar. Oxford Atalay, Besim (Haz.), (Bergamal Kadri) (1946),
University Press. Second edition. Structural dier- Myessiretl-Ulm, brahim Horoz Basmevi, s-
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Arithmetical terms, XI,16 "-diinde", and XII,25 Banguolu, Tahsin (1940), Ana Hatlar ile Trk
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Banguolu, Tahsin (1959), Trk Grameri I: Sesbil-
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Yantlar (SS ve YS iin Dil Yetenei Dizisi 2). Banguolu, Tahsin (1986), Trkenin Grameri,
Ankara. Semantic and syntactic properties of TDK, Ankara, 2. Bask, 628 s.
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Bilgegil, Kaya (1984), Trke Dilbilgisi, Dergh
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Yaynlar, stanbul
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Bozkurt, Fuat (1995), Trkiye Trkesi, Cem
Atilla zkrml (2001). Trk Dili, Dil ve Anlatm.
Yaynevi, stanbul, 552 s.
stanbul Bilgi niversitesi Yaynlar. The Turkish
language, language, and expression. Burdurlu, brahim Zeki (1982), Uygulamal Cmle
Bengisu Rona (1989). Turkish in Three Months. zmlemeleri, stanbul.
Hugos Language Books Limited. Delice, H. brahim, (2003), Tre Szdizimi,
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Demiray, Kemal (1964), Trke Dilbilgisi, Ankara.
Boazii University Press.
Demircan, mer (1996), Trkenin Sesdizimi, Der
Yaynlar, stanbul, X+196 s, (2002) Der Yaynlar.
12.2 Dictionaries
Demircan, mer (1979), Trkiye Trkesinin Ses
smet Zeki Eyubolu (1991). Trk Dilinin Etimoloji Dzeni Trkiye Trkesinde Sesler, Ankara
Szl. Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish
Language. Expanded and revised second edition. Demircan (1977), mer, Trkiye Trkiye
Trkesinde Kk-Ek Bilemeleri, TDK, Ankara
H.-J. Kornrumpf (1989). Langenscheidts Universal
Dictionary: English-Turkish, Turkish-English. Is- Deny, Jean (1992), Grammaire de la Langue
tanbul. New edition revised and updated by Resuhi Turque, Dialecte Osmanli, Paris, 1920, 1216 s.
Akdikmen.
Develi, Hayati (2001), Osmanl Trkesi Klavuzu
Redhouse Yeni Trke-ngilizce Szlk. New 1-2, Kitabevi.
Redhouse Turkish-English Dictionary. Redhouse
Yaynevi, stanbul, 1968 (12th ed., 1991). Deny, Jean (1941), Trk Dili Grameri, (Osmanl
Lehesi), ev.: Elve, A.U., stanbul
Redhouse Byk Elszl ngilizce-Trke, Trke-
ngilizce. The Larger Redhouse Portable Dictio- Deny, Jean (1995), Trk Dili Gramerinin Temel
nary English-Turkish, Turkish-English. Redhouse Kurallar, (eviren: Oytun AHiN), TDK, Ankara,
Yaynevi, stanbul 1997 (9th printing, 1998). XII+164 s.
Trk Dil Kurumu [Turkish Language Foundation], Dilmen, brahim Necmi (1930), Trke Gramer, s-
Trke Szlk, expanded 7th edition, 1983. tanbul, 2 cilt.
12.3 Other Grammars 13
Dizdaroglu, Hikmet (1976), Tmcebilgisi, TDK, Karahan, Leyla (1991), Trkede Sz Dizimi,
Ankara, 522+2 s.(doru-yanl cetveli). Aka Yaynlar, Ankara.
Dizdaroglu, Hikmet (1988), Trkede Szck Karaaa, Gnay (2003), aatayca El Kitab,
Yapma Yollar, Ankara, 1962. Aka Yaynlar.
Eckmann, Jnos, aatayca El Kitab, (eviren: Ko, Nurettin (1996), Yeni Dilbilgisi, stanbul.
Gnay Karaaa), stanbul niversitesi Edebiyat
Fakltesi Yay., stanbul, XVI+288 s. Kononov, A. N (1956)., Grammatika Sovre-
mennogo Turetskogo Literaturnogo Yazka,
Ediskun, Haydar (1992), Trk Dilbilgisi, Remzi Akademiya Nauk SSSR Institut Vostokovedeniya,
Kitabevi, stanbul, 4. Bask, 407 s. Moskva-Leningrad, 569 s.(Tpkbasm (2001),
Multilingual, stanbul)
Elve, Ali Ulvi (eviren), (Jean Deny) (1941), Trk
Dili Grameri (Osmanl Lehesi), TDK, stanbul, Korkmaz, Zeynep (1994), Trkede Eklerin Kul-
XXII+1142+lve Doru-Yanl Cetveli)+XLI+A- lanl ekilleri ve Ek Kalplamas Olaylar, TDK,
G (indekiler). Ankara, nc bask, X+92 s.
Emecan, Nee (1998), 1960'tan Gnmze Trke, Kornlt, J. (1997), Turkish, London:Routledge.
stanbul.
Kutluk, brahim (1976), Szck Trleri I, (D.
Emre, Ahmed Cevat (1945), Trk Dilbilgisi, TDK, Aksan-N.Atabay-S.zel ile), Ankara
stanbul, XIX+613 s.
Kkey, Mazhar (1975), Trkenin Szdizimi,
Ergin, Muharrem (1987), Osmanlca Ders- Ankara
leri, Boazii Yaynlar, stanbul, 9. Bask,
VIII+124+236+16 s. Lees, Robert B. (1961), The Phonology of Modern
Standard Turkish, Indiana University, Bloomington,
Ergin, Muharrem (1985), Trk Dil Bilgisi, Boazii Mouton and Co. The Hague, Netherlands, VII+76
Yaynlar, stanbul, 5. Bask, XXVIII+407 s. s.
Gabain, Annamarie (1988), Eski Trkenin Lewis, G.L. (1967), Turkish Language, Oxford Uni-
Grameri, (eviren: Mehmet Akaln), TDK, versity Press.
Ankara, XXIII+313 s.
Mungan, Gler (2002), Trkede Fiillerden
Gencan, Tahir Nejat (1966), Dilbilgisi, TDK, stan- Tretilmi simlerin Morfolojik ve Semantik
bul, XV+412 s, (2001), Ayra Yaynlar . Ynden ncelenmesi, Simurg Yaynlar.
G, Beir (1969), Faydal Dilbilgisi, I-II-II, s- Nash, Rose (1973), Turkish Intonation, Mouton.
tanbul
zden, Ragp Hulusi (1938), Tarihsel Bakmdan
Gknel, Yksel (1974), Modern Trke Dilbilgisi, ztrke ve Yabanc Szcklerin Fonetik Ayralar
zmir I, stanbul, 21 s.
Grnbech, K. (1995), Trkenin Yaps, (eviren: zel, Sevgi (1976), Szck Trleri II, (D. Aksan-
Mehmet Akaln), TDK, Ankara, 148 s. N.Atabay ile), Ankara.
Haceminolu, M. Necmettin (1984), Trk Dilinde zel, Sevgi (1977), Trkiye Trkesinde Szck
Edatlar, Milli Eitim Bak., stanbul, 3. Bask, Tretme ve Birletirme, Ankara.
VIII+335+1 s.
Selen, Nevin (1979), Syleyi Sesbilimi, Akustik
Haceminolu, Necmettin (1991), Trk Dilinde Sesbilimi ve Trkiye Trkesi, Trk Dil Kurumu
Yap Bakmndan Fiiller (En Eski Trkeden a- Yaynlar, Ankara.
da Trk ivelerine Kadar), Kltr Bak., Ankara,
279 s. Swift, Llyod B. (1963), A Reference Grammar of
Modern Turkish, Indiana University, Bloomington,
Hatibolu, Vecihe (1981), Trk Dilinde kileme, Mouton and Co. The Hague, Netherlands, 267 s.+4
TDK, Ankara, 2. Bask, 120 s. Analyses (Tables).
Hatibolu, Vecihe (1981), Trkenin Ekleri, TDK, imek, Rasim (1987), rneklerle Trke Szdiz-
Ankara imi, Trabzon.
Hatipolu, Vecihe (1972), Trkenin Szdizimi, Tansu, Muzaer (1941), Trk Dilinin Entonasyonu:
Ankara Tecrbi Etd, Ankara.
14 13 EXTERNAL LINKS
13 External links
Turkish dictionaries at DMOZ
Turkish language at DMOZ
14.2 Images
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically: Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).