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Group Names:
1-Aseel Saad
2-Hussain Abdurrahman
3-Shaimaa Salim
4-Muna Safaa
5-Karrar Taha
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to acknowledgment my gratitude to my supervisor
Abdulrazzaq Saeed and Abdullah Hussain for them guidance, advice
and support.
.
Abstract:
Dielectric behavior and ac conductivity measurements on epoxy resin
filled with (0.01 , 0.02) grams, micro sized particles of FeCl3 have been
studied.
Title Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABSTRACT
GIFTING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE-INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Introduction 2
1.2 Classification of polymers based on technological Aspects 3
1.3 Epoxy resin 6
1.4 fillers 8
1.5 FeCl3 filler 9
1.6 Electrical properties of polymer 11
CHAPTER TWO-EXIPERMENTAL WORK 15
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Tools and materials 16
2.3 Procedure 18
CHAPTER THREE-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Effect of temperature on the capacity 20
3.3 Effect of frequency on the capacity 21
3.4 Effect of temperature on the permittivity 22
3.5 Effect of frequency on the permittivity 23
3.6 Effect of temperature on the impedance 24
3.7 Effect of frequency on the impedance 25
3.8 Effect of temperature on the conductivity 26
3.9 Effect of frequency on the conductivity 27
3.10 Effect of temperature on the loss tangent 28
3.11 Effect of frequency on the loss tangent 29
3.12 Effect of temperature on the dielectric loss 30
3.13 Effect of frequency on the dielectric loss 31
CHAPTER FOUR REFRENCE 32
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1Introduction
Polymer means "many parts" and designates a large molecule made up
of smaller repeating units. Polymers generally have molecular weights
greater than about 5000 but no firm lower limit need be defined since the
meaning of the word is nearly always clear from its use. The word
macromolecule is a synonym for polymer [1].
A-Thermoplastics:
These plastics soften when heated and harden when cooled processes
that are totally reversible and may be repeated. These materials are
normally fabricated by the simultaneous application of heat and pressure.
They are linear polymers without any cross-linking in structure where
long molecular chains are bonded to each other by secondary bonds
and/or inter-wined. They have the property of increasing plasticity with
increasing temperature which breaks the secondary bonds between
individual chains. Common thermoplastics are: acrylics, PVC, nylons,
polypropylene, polystyrene, poly methyl methacrylate (plastic lenses or
Perspex), etc.
C. Elastomers:
Also known as rubbers, these are polymers which can undergo large
elongations under load, at room temperature, and return to their original
shape when the load is released. There are number of man-made
elastomers in addition to natural rubber. These consist of coil-like
polymer chains those can reversibly stretch by applying a force.
1.4 Fillers
Property Value
Ep 316 C
Sensitive Hygroscopic
3. Blood removal
4. Chelate destruct
5. Sludge dewatering
6. Metals precipitation
Materials such as glass, ceramics, polymers and bio composites are non
Conducting materials. They prevent flow of current through them. When
these types of non-conducting materials are placed in an electric field,
they modify the electric field and they themselves undergo appreciable
changes as a result of which they act as stores of electrical charges. When
charge storage is the main function, the materials are called dielectrics.
For a material to be a good dielectric, it must be an insulator. As good
insulators, polymers possess excellent dielectric properties. Many authors
have reported theoretical and experimental work related to these
properties .The common electrical properties of interest are discussed
below:
C = o A / D .. (3)
Where D is the angular frequency, equation (4) is often called '' The ac
This chapter contains material and tools which are used as well way to
work.
FeCl3
Sensitive Balance Watch glass
7. After sample dry we put it in the device measure (R.L.C) and put
the device in electrical oven.
10 0.01 wt of FeCl3
9 0.02 wt of FeCl3
7
Capacity F
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature ( oC)
2.5
0.01 wt of FeCl3
2 0.02 wt of FeCl3
1.5
Capacity F
0.5
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Frequency ( KHz)
7
0.01 wt of FeCl3
6
0.02 wt of FeCl3
5
Permittivity
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (oC)
2.5
0.01 wt of FeCl3
2 0.02 wt of FeCl3
Permittivity
1.5
0.5
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Frequency ( KHz)
14
0.01 wt of FeCl3
12
0.02 wt of FeCl3
10
Impedance(K)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (oC)
0.01 wt of FeCl3
2.5
0.02 wt of FeCl3
2
Impedance(K)
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Frequency (KHz)
0.02 wt o f FeCl3
3
2.5
S.a.c (S/M)*10-7
1.5
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature ( oC)
16 0.01 wt o f FeCl3
14 0.02 wt o f FeCl3
12
S.a.c (S/M)*10_7
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency ( KHz)
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (oC)
0.12
0.02 wt of FeCl3
0.08
Tan
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency (KHz)
Figure (3-11) Loss tangent as a function of frequency for content of FeCl3- epoxy
composite.
3.12 Effect of temperature on the dielectric loss:
Figure (3-12) shows variation of dielectric loss ('') as a function of
filler content and temperature, at a constant frequency (1 kHz) applied
field for (Fecl3 /Epoxy composites. The dielectric loss increases in is
general as the filler contents and temperature increase. The increase in
('') with the increase of filler contents are related to the interfacial
polarization. The increase of ('') with temperature can be explained by
dividing the relaxation phenomenon into three parts: (i) conduction
At low .] 4,5[losses, (ii) dipole losses, and (iii) vibration losses
temperature condition, losses are minimum as they depend on the product
of a resistivity and frequency. As the temperature increases, the ac
resistivity increases and so the conduction losses increase. [9]
0.06
0.01 wt of FeCl3
0.04
Dielectric loss
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (oC)
0.14
0.01 wt of FeCl3
0.1
Dielectric loss
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency ( KHz)
[1]-http://en.wikipedia.org
[2]-http://www.chemicalbook.com
[3]-http://www.beckart.com/
[5] -C.C. Cheng, C. M. Lin, S.F. Wang and S.T. Lin, "Matt. Lett.", 61, 757-760,
(2007).
[6]- J. P. Lei, Y. Li and K S. Zhao, "Chin. Chem. Lett.", 11, 8, 739-724, (2000).
[7]- S.Singha and M. J. Thomas, "IEEE Trans. Dielect. Elect. Ins.", 15, 1, (2008).
[9] -G. G. Raju, "Dielectric in Electric Field", Marcel Dekker, Inc,USA, (2003).
[10]- A. A. Hussain and W. A. Hussain " J.Basrah Res. (Sci.)",36, 13, (2010).