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Abstract-This project presents result of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate effects of replacing aggregates
(coarse & fine) with that of Steel Slag and Steel MillScale (Crystallized & Granular) which is an industrial waste by-product on concrete
strength properties by using Taguchis approach of optimization. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the durability of
concrete made with steel slag and steel millscale. This research has shown that replacing some percentage of natural aggregates by steel
slag aggregates causes negligible degradation in strength. It is shown that as the amount of steel slag is increased beyond 75%. The
results showed that replacing about 50 to 75% of steel slag aggregates by volume for natural aggregates will not do any harm to concrete
and also it will not have any adverse effects on the strength and durability. Whole study was done by both the aggregates were replaced by
crystallized & granular aggregates. The coarse aggregate were partially replaced by steel slag of about 10% and 20%. The fine aggregate
were partially replaced by steel millscale of about 40%and 50%. This partial replacement of coarse and fine aggregates with steel slag and
steel millscale will increases the strength of about 30% to 50%. It is evident from the investigation that Taguchi approach for optimization
helped in indentifying the factors affecting the final outcomes. Based on the overall observations, it could be recommended that Slag could
be effectively utilized as coarse & fine aggregates in all concrete applications. The Investigation was carried out for the following test like
compressive strength and spilt tensile strength.
AIM AND SCOPE OF OUR PROJECT replaced by the steel slag and millscale .Thus replacing the
natural aggregates in concrete applications with steelslag and
AIM millscale would lead to considerable environmental benefits
The main aim of our project is to study about the behavior of and would be economical.
the concrete structure by using partial replacement of steel
INTRODUCTION
slag and steel millscale subjected to compression test and
spilt tensile strength test. GENERAL
Steel slag has been used to construct pavements for
nearly one hundred years. Since it was discovered that the
SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION:
residue from the manufacture of steel could be crushed and
Theoriginalscopeofthisresearchwastoinvestigatetheproperties processed into a product that looked like crushed rock, other
ofconcrete with steel slag and millscale aggregates. Thefresh testing was performed to determine the usefulness of this
and harden edproperties of concrete weretested with steel waste product.
slag and mill scale aggregates. The freeze-thaw resistance of
concrete with steel slag and millscale aggregates was studied It was discovered that the highly angular ,rough
and the expansion of the concrete specimens was also
examined. Inaddition to this research several tests were also textured, vesicular, pitted surfaces provide the particle
included such as compressive strength, split tensile strength interlock, and if properly compacted, the high stability
with steel slag and mill scale aggregates. required for good serviceable pavements. The slag is
usually added as part of the coarse aggregate fraction of the
mixture at a percentage of 20% to 75%, depending on the
For this research the percentage of the volume of application of the mixture .
natural aggregates normally used in concrete was partial .
replaced by steelslag and millscale .This replacement was
done in 25% increments until all natural aggregates were
METHODOLOGY
MATERIAL INVESTIGATION
Physical properties
INTRODUCTION
In the existing scenario there has been Steel slag has a high degree of internal friction and
growing trend towards the use of supplementary materials for high shear strength. The rough texture and shape ensure little
fine aggregate because of their scarcity. This experimental breakdown in handling and construction (NSA accessed Nov
study aimed to investigate the compressive strength, flexural 2008).Steel slag has high bulk specific gravity and less than
strength, tensile strength of concrete with different percentage 3% water absorption. Steel slag aggregates have high
density, but apart from this feature most of the physical
of steel slag as partial replacement for fine aggregate.
properties of steel slag are better than hard traditional rock
aggregates. Below are listed some of the positive features of
MATERIALS
steel slag.(GeoPave,1993)
Cement
The cement used should confirm to IS 1. They are strong and durable.
specifications. There are several types of cements are 2. They have excellent angular shape which helps to
available commercially in the market of which Portland develop very strong interlocking properties.
cement is the most well-known& available everywhere. OPC 3. They have high resistance to abrasion and impact
53 grade was used for this study. The physical properties of Table1listssometypicalphysicalpropertiesofsteelslag.
the cement tested according to standard procedure conform to (TFHRC-Steel slag material description, accessed
the requirement of IS 12269: 1989. The physical properties of Nov2008)
cement are listed below in Table no 4.1.
Chemical and Mineralogical composition
AGGREGATES
Blast furnace slag usually contains four major
Fine Aggregate oxides, namely lime, magnesia, silica and alumina. Minor
elements include sulfur, iron, manganese, alkalis and trace
Locally available river sand passing through 4.75mm sieve amount of several others. The chemical composition of slag
conforming to the recommendation of IS383-1970 is used. is generally expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated
Specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.66. from elementary analysis determined from x-ray
fluorescence.
Coarse Aggregate
SLAG Steelmillscale
Physical propreties of millscale cargo shift as the bottom liquefies and the top of the high-
density stow becomes free to slide around over the wet
Mill Scale and Mill Scale Fines tested to date have base. The only remedy for that is to trim properly.
been found to possess a transportable moisture limit (TML)
and have thus been confirmed as Group A cargoes. Members Water
are advised not to load Mill Scale cargoes without first being
in possession of a certificate from the shipper stating the The quality of mixing water for concrete has a
moisture content and the TML. visual effect on the resulting hardened concrete. Impurities in
water may interfere with setting of cement & will adversely
Finally, due to the high density of this cargo, the affect the strength and durability of concrete with steel slag.
trimming requirements as detailed in the Code are that it Fresh and clean water which is free from organic matter, silt,
should be trimmed flat for the voyage to distribute the weight oil, and acid material as per standards is used for casting and
evenly across the tank top. Wet base cargoes are prone to curing the specimens. Water that is piped from the public
supplies is used.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN As per IS10262-1982 the concrete mix design
prepared for M20 grade concrete the water cement ratio is
taken as 0.48 from IS10262-1982 for maintain workability.
Spilt tensile strength of M20 grade concrete for 7 days , 14 days,28 days
40
COMPARESION
30
VALUE 20 7 DAYS
10 14 DAYS
0 28 DAYS
10% & 40% 20% & 50%
% OF STEEL SLAG & MILLSCALE
Bar chart for replacement of 10%,40% & 20%, 50% steel slag & millscale
AVERAGE SPILT
REPLACEMENT OF STRENGTH N/mm2
AGGREGATE MIX RATIO W/C RATIO 7th 14th 28th
day day day
Steel
millscale 40%
Steel slag 1 : 1.5 : 3 0.48 2.05 2.36 2.64
10%
Steel
millscale 50%
Steel slag 1 : 1.5 : 3 0.48 2.01 2.12 2.50
20%
3
COMPARESION
2.5
2
VALUE
1.5 7 DAYS
1
14 DAYS
0.5
0 28 DAYS
10% & 40% 20% & 50%
% OF STEEL SLAG & MILLSCALE
Bar chart for replacement of 10%,40% & 20%, 50% steel slag & mill scale
Kalpana,pradheepa . . . (IJ0SER) November - 2014
International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJ0SER),
Vol 2 Issue 11 November -2014
ISSN- 3221 5687, (P) 3221 568X
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The main aim of this research was to study the behavior of
concrete and changes in the properties of concrete with steel 1. Erhan Guneyisi et al A study on durability properties of high-
performance concretes incorporating high replacement levels of slag,
slag and steel millscale by replacing the use of natural Journal of Materials and Structures, 6 June 2007.
aggregates.
Steel slag is a byproduct and using it as aggregates 2. Hisham Qasrawi et al Use of low CaO unprocessed steel slag in
in concrete will might prove an economical and concrete as fine aggregate, Journal of Construction and building Materials,
26 July 2008, pp 1118-1125.
environmentally friendly solution.
The demand for aggregates is increasing rapidly and 3. Isayuksel et al Properties of Concrete Containing Nonground Ash and
so as the demand of concrete. Slag as Fine Aggregate, ACI Materials Journal, vol 104, No.4, July-August
2007, pp 397-403.
Thus, it is becoming more important to find suitable
alternatives for aggregates in the future. 4. Lun Yunxia, Zhou Mingkai, Cai Xiao, Xu Fang, 2008 [6] "Effect of
A through literature review was conducted to study Coarse Aggregates Quality on the Mechanical Properties of High Strength
Concrete" - Construction and Building Materials 2003.
and investigate the properties of steel slag
aggregates. 5. Mohammed Nadeem, Arun D.Pofale "Durability of Concrete made with
The results showed that it has properties similar to Steel Slag as Aggregates "Cement and Concrete Composite 2006
+
natural aggregates and it would not cause any harm
if incorporated into concrete.
She is percusing M.E construction management and
Compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting engineering in kongu engineering college,Perundurai.She
tensile strength for steel slag and steel millscale completed her B.E.(civil) in M.Kumarasamy College of
were similar to conventional concrete. engineering,