Fluids Past Papers PDF

UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS
DECEMBER 2007
PROGRAMME BEng (Hons) Mechanical Engineering Level 1
MODULE NAME Fluid Mechanics 1 (Special Paper)
Friday 21
DATE MODULE CODE CIVE 1204(1)
December 2007
TIME 13:30 15:30 Hours DURATION 2 Hours
NO. OF NO. OF QUESTIONS

4 4
QUESTIONS SET TO BE ATTEMPTED
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Answer ALL Questions.
All questions do not carry equal marks.

FLUID MECHANICS 1 CIVE 1204(1)
Answer ALL Questions.
All Questions do not carry equal marks.
Question 1
(a) What do you understand by the terms absolute pressure and gauge pressure?
[4 marks]
(b)
Density 1
A
B
a
b
h
Density 2
Fig. 1
A U-tube manometer, as shown in fig.1, measures the difference of pressure

between two points A and B in a liquid of density 1. The U-tube contains mercury
of density 2. Calculate the difference of pressure if a = 1.5 m, b = 0.75 m and
h= 0.5 m and if the liquid at A and B is water and 2 = 13.61.
[11 marks]
Page 1 of 4
Question 2
Fig. 2 shows a jet of water of diameter 25 mm which issues with a velocity of 5 ms-1 from
a hole in the vertical side of an open tank which is kept filled with water to a height of
1.5 m above the centre of the hole.
Calculate the reaction of the jet on the tank and its contents:
(a) When the tank is stationary; [10 marks]
(b) When the tank is moving with velocity u = 1 ms-1 in the opposite direction to the
jet while the velocity of the jet relative to the tank remains unchanged. In this case
what would be the work done per second?
[5 marks]
Open tank
Jet diameter 25
1.5 m mm
u
Fig. 2
Page 2 of 4
Question 3
(a) What do you understand by the term metacentre? Explain how the position of the
metacentre is important for a partially immersed body to be in stable equilibrium.
Illustrate your answer using diagrams.
[10 marks]
(b) A sluice gate consists of a quadrant of a circle of radius 1.5 m pivoted at its
centre O. Its centre of gravity is at G as shown. When the water is level with the
pivot O, calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the gate
due to the water and the turning moment required to open the gate. The width of
the gate is 3 m and its mass is 6000 kg.
1.5 m radius
Sluice gate
W
O
0.6 m
G
0.6 m H Water
1.5 m

A R
Y
Fig. 3
[25 marks]
Page 3 of 4
Question 4
(a) Explain the Bernoullis Theorem. [5 marks]
(b) A fire pump develops a head of 50 m. As shown in fig. 4, the pump draws water
from a sump at A, 2m below, through a 150 mm diameter pipe AB in which there
is a loss of energy per unit weight due to friction equal to 5u12/2g, where u1 is the
mean velocity in the pipe. The water discharges through a 75 mm nozzle at D, 30
m above the pump, at the end of a 100 mm diameter delivery pipe CD in which
there is loss of energy per unit weight equal to 12 u 22 /2g, where u2 is the mean
velocity in the pipe CD.
Calculate:
(i) The velocity of the jet issuing from the nozzle at D; [25 marks]
(ii) The pressure in the suction pipe at the inlet to the pump at B. [5 marks]
30 m
Pump
B C
2m
A
Fig. 4
END OF QUESTION PAPER

/nr
Page 4 of 4
PAPER NO EXAMINATION DATE
Yearly 2006/2007
BECE/06S/17 BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering Tuesday

22May 2007
Level 2
SERIES PAPER TIME
May 2007 Fluid Mechanics 1 9:30 12:30 Hours

[CIVE 2003Y(3)]
This paper contains SIX (6) Questions. Candidates are required to answer
ANY FIVE Questions.
Question 1
(a) Illustrate with the help of an example, how dimensional analysis is used in the
development and construction of a new type of equipment.
[5 marks]
(b) A 1/30 model of a ship with 900 m2 wetted area towed in water at 2m/s
experiences a resistance of 20N. Calculate:
(i) the corresponding speed of the ship,

(ii) the resistance likely to be experienced by the prototype,
(iii) the power required to propel the ship.
[15 marks]
Question 2
(a) A mercury filled upright U-tube differential manometer connected across a 10cm
x 5cm venturimeter records a level difference of 3cm for the flow of an oil of
specific gravity 0.90. Calculate the discharge.
[8 marks]
(b) If the same set up were used for the same volumetric discharge of water, what
would the manometer reading be?
[7 marks]
(c) Explain why the coefficient of discharge of the flow measuring devices such as
orifices, weirs and venturimeter differ, and how can engineers make use the Cd
as guidance for selecting a particular flow measuring device.
[5 marks]
Page 1 of 5
Question 3
(a) A skater weighing 800N skates at 54km/hr on ice at 0oC. The average skating
area supporting him is 10cm2 and the effective dynamic coefficient of friction
between the skates and the ice is 0.02. If there is actually a thin film of water
between the skates and the ice, determine its average thickness. State any
assumption made, and take coefficient of dynamic viscosity as 0.00001 Ns/m2.
[12 marks]
(b) Differentiate between a Newtonian and a Non-Newtonian fluid, and show

graphically how they relate to shear stress and velocity gradient.
[8 marks]
Question 4
(a) Find the equivalent length of a 300mm diameter pipe of cast iron with f=0.0003 to
replace the given set of cast iron pipes as shown in Figure 1.
[12 marks]
(b) What would be the discharge if the head difference H between the two reservoirs
is 10m? [8 marks]
300mm
L=300m
300mm 500mm H
L=300m L=300m
300mm
L=600m
300mm; L=800m
Figure 1: Pipe network layout (Question 4)
Page 2 of 5
Question 5
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force exerted on this double
nozzle by water flowing through it as shown in Figure 2. Both nozzles jots have a
velocity of 12m/s. The axes of the pipe of both nozzles lie in a horizontal plane.
Neglect friction.
10cm jet V2
V1 15cm 15o
30o
7.5cm jet
V3
Figure 2: Double nozzle set up (Question 5)
[20 marks]
Page 3 of 5
Question 6
In Figure 3, a circular flashboard MN shown in cross-section is pivoted at B.
(a) What counteracting force must be applied at position N to restrain the flashboard
from opening? Assuming the liquid contained is water. [10 marks]
(b) Two pipes A and B are in the same plane. Water is contained in A and rises to a
level of 1.8m above it. Carbon tetrachloride (s=1.59) is contained in B. If the
indicating manometer liquid is mercury and barometer reads 760mm of mercury.
Determine:
(i) The pressure difference in kN/m2 between A and B is z2=0.45m and

z3=0.25m.
(ii) The absolute pressure in B in mm of mercury.

[10 marks]
M
5.4m
3m
Figure 3: Flashboard (Question 6 (a) )
(Continued next page)
Page 4 of 5
Question 6(Continued)
z2
z1 z3
Figure 4: Inverted U tube manometer (Question 6 (b) )
sg/
Page 5 of 5
SECOND SEMESTER / YEARLY EXAMINATIONS
MAY 2008
PROGRAMME BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering Level 2
MODULE NAME Fluid Mechanics 1
Tuesday 20
DATE MODULE CODE CIVE 2003Y(3)
May 2008
TIME 9:30 12:30 Hours DURATION 3 Hours
NO. OF NO. OF QUESTIONS

7 5
Answer ANY FIVE (5) Questions.

FLUID MECHANICS 1 CIVE2003Y(3)
Question 1
(a) Differentiate between the terms:

(1) Coefficient of kinematic viscosity and coefficient of dynamic viscosity
(2) Saturated vapour pressure and cavitation
[8 Marks]
(b) Illustrate graphically how the coefficient of dynamic viscosity varies for Newtonian
fluids, Ideal fluids and Non-Newtonian fluids.
[7 Marks]
(c) A hydraulic ram 200mm in diameter and 1.2m long, moves wholly within a concentric
cylinder 200.2mm in diameter and the annular clearance is filled with oil of relative
density 0.85, and kinematic viscosity 400mm/s2. Calculate the viscous force resisting the
motion when the ram moves with a velocity of 120mm/s.
[10 Marks]
Question 2
(a) Explain with the help of a sketch, how a U tube manometer is used to measure the
gauge and the absolute pressure at a section along a pipeline running full.
[8 Marks]
(b) A simple manometer is used to measure the pressure of oil (specific gravity 0.8) flowing
in a pipeline. Its right limb is open to the atmosphere and the left limb is connected to
the pipe. The centre of the pipe is 90cm below the level of mercury (specific
gravity=13.6) in the right limb. If the difference of mercury level in the two limbs is
150cm, determine the absolute pressure of oil in the pipe in kN/m2.
[10 Marks]
(c) Explain how a manometer can be made more sensitive for the measurement of small
pressure difference.
[7 Marks]
Question 3
(a) A lock gate is 3m wide. Find the turning moment necessary to force the gate to open
when the water levels across the gate are 3m and 4m respectively above the sill.
[13 Marks]
(b) A circular gate 1m in diameter is pivoted about a horizontal axis through its centre. It is
installed in a vertical wall and the water is 3.5m deep above the bottom of the gate.
How much force should be applied at the bottom of the gate to prevent it from opening?
Second moment of area of a circular body about the centroid, Icg=R4/64

[12 Marks]
Page 1 of 3
Question 4
(a) Find the diameter of a circular orifice required to discharge 0.015m3/s under a head of
2.4m using a coefficient of discharge of 0.6. If the orifice is in a vertical plane and the jet
falls 0.25m in a horizontal distance of 1.3m from the vena contracta, find the value of the
coefficient of contraction.
[15 Marks]
(b) Explain with the help of sketches why a venturimeter is considered a more accurate flow
measuring device as compared to a weir or an orifice.
[10 Marks]
Question 5
(a) A large venturimeter is calibrated by means of a 1/10 scale model using the same fluid
as the prototype. Calculate the discharge ratio between model and prototype for
dynamic similarity.
[20 Marks]
(b) Illustrate with the help of a sketch, one example where it is impossible to achieve
geometric similarity while simulating a model.
[5 Marks]
Question 6
(a) Two reservoirs having water level difference of 20m are connected by a pipe 300mm in
diameter and 4000m long. At a distance of 1500m from the supply reservoir a leakage of
10 litres/s is noticed. Calculate the discharge to the lower reservoir, assume f=0.02 for
all the pipes.
[10 Marks]
(Continued on next page)
Page 2 of 3
(b) Water flows in the parallel pipe system as shown in Figure 1, for which the following
data are available:
PIPE DIAMETER LENGTH (m) f

(mm)
AaB 0.20 300 0.0010
AbB 0.30 250 0.0045
AcB 0.40 500 0.0012
The supply pipe to point A is of 0.3 m diameter and the mean velocity of water in it is 2.5m/s.
If the elevation of point A is 125m and the elevation of point B is 15m above datum, calculate
the pressure at point B if that at A is 350kN/m2. What is the discharge in each pipe? State any
assumption made.
A b B
Figure 1: Pipe network

[15 Marks]
Question 7
(a) A pipe bend tapers from a diameter of 500 mm at inlet to a diameter of 250 mm at outlet
and turns the flow through an angle of 45o. The pressure at inlet is measured as 60
kN/m2 above atmospheric pressure. If the pipe is conveying oil of density 850 kg/m3,
and if the bend is in a horizontal plane, calculate the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force on the bend when the oil is flowing at a rate of 0.45 m3/s. State any
assumption made.
[10 Marks]
(b) The outlet pipe is disconnected from the bend and the bend is turned so that it now lies
in a vertical plane and issues a jet of oil into the atmosphere. The volume of the bend is
0.25 m3, and the outlet is 1.75 m higher than the inlet. If the same pressure is maintained
at the inlet of the bend, determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on
the bend. Determine also the new discharge and the maximum height above the bend
outlet to which the jet will rise.
[15 Marks]

/np
Page 3 of 3
SECOND SEMESTER/YEARLY EXAMINATIONS
MAY 2009
PROGRAMME BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering
DATE Thursday MODULE CODE CIVE 2003Y(3)

21 May 2009
TIME 9.30 12.30 hrs DURATION 3 Hours
NO. OF 7 NO. OF QUESTIONS 5

Answer any FIVE (5) questions.
All questions carry equal marks.

FLUID MECHANICS - CIVE 2003Y(3)
Answer any FIVE (5) questions.
Question 1
(a) The velocity variation in a pipe-flow is expressed as
u/V = 1 - (r/R)2
where V is the velocity at the centreline, and r and R are the radial distances at
any point from the wall and at the wall respectively.
Determine the shear stress for r/R ratios of 0, 0.2, 0.8 and 1.0, given that
V=10m/s and =2 x 10-3 N s/m2. The pipe is 1m in diameter. Also calculate the
corresponding shear force per meter length of the pipe at the wall and at the
centreline.
(12 marks)
(b) Describe with the help of a sketch, the process of cavitation in a pipeline and
explain how the harmful impacts of cavitation can be minimised.
(8 marks)
Question 2
(a) A hydraulic jack consists of a handle cum lever of 30cm length and an assembly
of given dimensions (Figure 1). In order that a load of 200kN be supported by
the jack, what should be the force exerted on the handle? The distance between
the fulcrum of the lever and the point where the plunger is connected is 25mm.
(8 marks)
(b) Elaborate on 3 different types of manometer, emphasising on their relative

advantages and disadvantages they offer.
(12 marks)
Question 3
(a) The gate OA shown is hinged at O (Figure 2) and is in the form of a quadrant of
a circle of radius 1m. It supports water on one side as shown. If the width of the
gate is 3m, calculate the force required to hold the gate in position.
(12 marks)
(b) Derive the equation governing the hydrostatic force and the centre of pressure
for a plane surface completely submerged in water and inclined at an angle of
to the horizontal.
(8 marks)
Page 1 of 4
Question 4
(a) Calculate the increase in discharge recorded by a V-notch if the initial and final h
are 0.3m and 0.8m respectively, as indicated in Figure 3, assume Cd=0.62.
(8 marks)
(b) Water flows upward through a vertical venturimeter whose throat diameter is
150mm (Figure 3), and discharge coefficient is 0.98. A U tube manometer
connected to the venturimeter reads 118mm of liquid of specific gravity 1.25.
Calculate the rate of flow in m3/s.
Question 5
Oil of dynamic viscosity 0.15 kg/ms and density 0.85 x 103 kg/m3 flows through a
30 cm diameter pipe. If the head loss in 3000 m length of pipe is 20 m, determine:
(a) the shear stress at the pipe wall; (8 marks)
(b) the shear stress and velocity at a radial distance of 10 cm from the pipe axis;
(8 marks)
(c) the friction factor, f and (2 marks)
(d) draw the shear stress and velocity distribution diagrams indicating the principal
values. (2 marks)
Work from first principles or prove any formula used.
Page 2 of 4
Question 6
For the branching system shown in the figure below, calculate the discharge in each
pipe. Take f = 0.005 for all pipes.
Pipe Diameter (cm) Length (m)
1 15 350
2 10 200
3 10 250
(20 marks)
EL: 126.00 m
A
EL: 109.00 m
1 B
2
J
EL:100.00 m
3
C
Page 3 of 4
Question 7
An underwater device is 1.5m long and is to move at 3.5 m/s. A geometrically similar
model 30 cm long is tested in a variable pressure wind tunnel at a speed of 35 m/s.
Calculate the pressure of air in the model in terms of atmospheric pressure. If the
model exhibits a drag force of 40 N, calculate the drag force on the prototype.
water = 1000 kg/m3 air = 1.90 x 10-5 kg/ms
air = 1.17 kg/m3 water = 1. 0 x 10-3 kg/ms
at standard atmospheric pressure
p
(At constant temperature = constant )

(20 marks)
/kp
Page 4 of 4
SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS
MAY 2010
MODULE NAME Fluid Mechanics I
DATE Saturday MODULE CODE CIVE 2003Y(3)

08 May 2010
TIME 9.30 12.30 Hrs DURATION 3 Hours
NO. OF 7 NO. OF 5
QUESTIONS SET QUESTIONS TO BE
ATTEMPTED
Answer FIVE (5) out of SEVEN (7) Questions.
Answer at least one question from each section.
Use separate answer books for each section.

FLUID MECHANICS I CIVE 2003Y(3)
ANSWER FIVE (5) OUT OF SEVEN (7) QUESTIONS
SECTION A Answer at least one question from each section
Question 1
(a) Differentiate between the terms:
(1) Specific weight and Specific gravity [4 marks]

(2) Saturated vapour pressure and Saturation vapour pressure curve
[4 marks]
(b) Illustrate the process of cavitation and comment on 2 measures that can be
taken to minimise the impacts of cavitation process.
[2 + 2 + 2 marks]
(c) A flat plate 250mm x 800mm slides on oil ( = 0.65 N s m-2), over a large plane
surface. What force is required to drag the plate at 1.5m/s, if the separating
oil film is 0.5mm thick. State any assumption made. [6 marks]
Question 2
(a) Explain with the help of a sketch how an enlarged ends (right and left hand
sides having different diameters) U tube manometer containing mercury and
oil is used to measure pressure difference. [8 marks]
(b) A U tube manometer containing mercury is used to measure the pressure

difference along two different sections in a horizontal pipeline running full
under pressure. If the manometer records a pressure difference of 95kN/m2,
calculate the difference of level of mercury recorded by the manometer.
[7 marks]
(c) Explain why an inclined U tube manometer is considered as being more

sensitive as compared to a simple U tube manometer. [5 marks]
Question 3
(a) A Utah-shaped plate as shown in Figure 1, is submerged in oil (s=0.94) and

lies in a vertical plane. Find the magnitude and location of the hydrostatic
force per unit width acting on one side of the plate (shaded surface).
[10 marks]
/Contd next page
Page 1 of 4
Question 3 (Contd)
(b) Water under a gauge pressure of 400 kN/m2 flows with a velocity of 4m/s
through a right-angled bend that has a uniform diameter of 26cm. The bend
lies in a horizontal plane and water enters from the west and leaves towards
the north. Assuming no change in pressure, what is the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force acting on the bend? [10 marks]
1.5m
Oil
1.5m
4.6m
2.6m
3.8m
Figure 1 Utah plate
Question 4
(a) With the help of sketches, explain the process of energy losses through a small
orifice. Give 3 examples (illustrated), how the energy losses through a small
orifice can be minimised. [8 marks]
(b) A jet discharges 5.19L/s from a 35mm diameter orifice in a vertical plane
under a head of 4m. The jet centre line passes through the point 4.28m
horizontally from the vena contracta and 1.2m below the centre of the orifice.
Find the coefficients of discharge, velocity and contraction. [6 marks]
(c) A 60o V-notch weir and a rectangular weir with end contractions are both
used to measure a flow rate of approximately 7L/s. The crest length of both
weirs is 0.6m. Assuming Cd is known to be minimum for each weir, compute
the percentage of error in Q that would result from an error of 5mm in the
respective head measurements. [6 marks]
Page 2 of 4
SECTION B Answer at least one question from each section
Question 5
Two reservoirs whose difference of level is 14.00 m are connected by a pipe ABC
whose highest point B is1.5m below the level in the upper reservoir A. The portion
AB has a diameter of 20 cm and the portion BC a diameter of 15cm. The friction
coefficient for each is 0.005. The total length of the pipe is 3050m. Find the
maximum allowable length of portion AB if the pressure head at B is not to be more
than 3.0m below atmospheric pressure. Neglect all minor losses. [20 marks]
Question 6
A quadrilateral network of pipes ABCD is joined across AC by another pipe. There

is an inflow of 0.1 m3/s at A and outflows of 0.03 and 0.07 m3/s respectively at B and
C.
Pipe Length (m) Diameter (cm)

AB 1000 30
BC 1000 30
CD 1000 30
DA 1000 30
AC 2000 45
Assuming f = 0.005 for all the pipes, calculate the flow in each pipe. [20 marks]
Page 3 of 4
Question 7
Prove that the flow of liquid over a 900 Vee notch can be expressed as
2
3
5
2 lg h
Q=g h
where h is the head and some unknown function.

It is required to find the flow of fluid of specific gravity 0.8 and viscosity eight times
that of water over a Vee notch with a depth of 0.3m. It is found that when water is
5
run over a similar notch the flow is given by Q = 0.828h 2 m 3 / s , where h is the depth
in meters.
Determine the depth at which water should be run over this test notch and hence
calculate the probable rate of flow over the working notch. [20 marks]
/ph
Page 4 of 4
MAY 2011
PROGRAMME BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering Full Time
DATE Wednesday
4 May 2011 MODULE CODE CIVE2003Y(3)
TIME 9:30 12:30 hrs DURATION 3 Hours

There are 2 Sections in this paper: Section A and Section B
Answer 5 questions with at least 2 from each Section.
Use separate answer books for each Section.

FLUID MECHANICS 1 CIVE 2003Y(3)
SECTION A
Answer at least 2 out of 3 questions.
Question 1
(a) Differentiate between the terms: Kinematic Viscosity and Dynamic Viscosity
[8 marks]
(b) The space between two large flat and parallel walls 25mm apart is filled with
a liquid of absolute viscosity 0.7 N s m-2. Within this space a thin float plate,
250mm x 250mm is towed at a velocity of 150mm/s at a distance of 6mm from
one wall, the plate and its movement being parallel to the walls. Determine
the force exerted by the liquid on the plate, stating any assumption made.
[10 marks]
(c) Differentiate between a real and an ideal fluid, illustrating your answer on a
Stress/Rate of Strain diagram. [7 marks]
Question 2
(a) The profile of the inner face of a dam takes the form of a parabola with the
equation 18Y=X2, where Y (m) is the height above the base and X (m) is the
horizontal distance of the face from the vertical reference line. The water level
is 27m above the base. Determine the thrust on the dam (per metre width)
due to the water pressure, its inclination to the vertical and the point where
the line of action of this force intersects the free water surface.
[15 marks]
(b) Derive the position of the centre of pressure for a triangular opening
submerged in a homogeneous liquid, with base width b and height h.
[10 marks]
Question 3
(a) What is the importance of the coefficient of discharge of flow measuring

devices, and explain how and why it varies for an orifice, a weir and a
venturimeter?
(5+ 9 marks)
(b) Water flows over a sharp-crested weir 600mm wide. The measured head
(relative to the crest) is 155mm at a point where the cross-sectional area of the
stream is 0.26m2. Calculate the discharge, assuming the Cd value is 0.61, and
taking velocity of approach into consideration.
(11 marks)
Page 1 of 2
FLUID MECHANICS 1 CIVE 2003Y(3)
SECTION B
Question 4
A reducer bend having an outlet diameter of 15 cm discharges freely to the

atmosphere. The bend, connected to a pipe of 20 cm diameter has a deflection of 600
and lies in a horizontal plane. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force
on an anchor block supporting the pipe when a discharge of 0.3m3/s passes through
the pipe.
(20 marks)
Question 5
A straight 25cm pipeline 5 km long is laid between two reservoirs having a

difference in level of 40m. To increase the capacity of the system an additional 2.5
km long 25 cm pipe is laid parallel from the first reservoir to the midpoint of the
original pipe. Assuming f = 0.025 for both the pipes find the increase in discharge
due to the installation of the new pipe.
(20 marks)
Question 6
A 1 : 25 scale model of a ship has a submerged surface area of 6 m2, a length of 5m

and experiences a total drag of 25 km (i.e skin friction + wave resistance) when
towed through water with a velocity of 1.2 m/s. Estimate the total drag on the
prototype when cruising at the corresponding speed. The skin friction force can be
estimated by Fs = Cf A v2/2, where A = submerged area, = density of water,
V = velocity of ship and the coefficient Cf = 0.0735/(Re)1/5.
Density of water, w = 1000 kg/m3; w = 1 x 10 -3 kg/m.s.

(20 marks)
sg/
Page 2 of 2
MAY 2012
DATE Tuesday MODULE CODE CIVE2003Y(3)

8 May 2012
TIME 9 :30 12:30 Hrs DURATION 3 hours

Answer any Five (5) questions.

FLUID MECHANICS 1- CIVE2003Y(3)
Answer any Five (5) questions.
Question 1
(a) Derive the equation governing the measurement of pressure difference by an

enlarged U tube manometer enlarged at both ends with different diameters
and connected at two different sections along a pipeline. [8 marks]
(b) A fully developed flow of a liquid of dynamic viscosity 2.9x10-3 N s m-2 and
relative density 0.9 in a horizontal pipe of diameter 12 mm, determine the
wall shear stress, head loss and pressure gradient, over a 200 m length of the
pipe, if the velocity of flow through the pipe is 4.6 m/s.
For laminar flow f = 16 / Re

For turbulent flow f = 0.079 Re-0.25
[12 marks]
Question 2
(a) Derive the equation governing the position of action of the hydrostatic force
acting on a the curved surface of a dam, given that the profile of the curved
surface takes the form of a parabola with equation Y=3X2, where Y (m) is the
height above the base and X (m) is the horizontal distance of the face from a
vertical reference line passing through the bottom of the curved surface.
(b) The profile of a dam is given by the equation Y=3X2. The water level is 27m
above the base. Determine the thrust on the dam (per metre width) due to the
water pressure, its inclination to the vertical and the point where the line of
action of this force intersects the free water surface.
Question 3
(a) State Bernoullis equation and explain the meaning of each term in this
equation. Why is Bernoullis equation commonly referred to as Total Energy
Head equation?
[2+3 marks]
(b) The equation governing flow through an orifice is given by Q=Cd Ao (2gH),
where Cd is the coefficient of discharge of the orifice, Ao is the area of the
orifice and H is the depth of liquid above the orifice. Explain how the term Cd
is associated with coefficient of contraction and coefficient of velocity.
[7 marks]
(c) An orifice, in one side of a large tank is rectangular in shape 2 meters broad
and 1 meter deep. The water level is 4 meters above the top edge of the orifice.
Calculate the discharge through the orifice per second, if Cd = 0.625.
[8 marks]
Page 1 of 2
FLUID MECHANICS 1- CIVE2003Y(3)
Question 4
Figure 1 shows a smooth curved vane attached to a rigid foundation. The jet of
water, rectangular in section, 75mm wide and 25mm thick, strike the vane with a
velocity of 25m/s. Calculate the vertical and horizontal components of the force
exerted on the vane and indicate in which direction these components act.
Figure 1
[20 marks]
Question 5
(a) A stationary sphere in water moving at a velocity of 1.6m/s experiences a

drag of 4N. Another sphere of twice the diameter is placed in a wind tunnel.
Working from first principles, find the velocity of the air and the drag which
will give dynamically similar conditions. The ratio of kinematic viscosities of
air and water is 13, and the density of air 1.28 kg/m3.
[12marks]
(b) The velocity at a point on a spillway model of a dam is 1.3m/sec for a

prototype of model ratio 1:10. What is the velocity at the corresponding point
in the prototype?
[8 marks]
Question 6
(a) A reservoir RA, surface elevation 45m, is connected to two reservoirs RB and
RC, with surface elevation 35m and 20m respectively. Pipe AB, diameter
50mm, and length 500m, branches out at B to BC and BD, with pipe BC
having a diameter of 30mm and length 250m and pipe BD having diameter
20mm and length 250m. Calculate the flow rate from reservoir RA, and the
flows reaching RB and RC. Taking the friction factor as being 0.002 for all the
three pipes.
[10 marks]
(b) A tank of water empties by gravity through a siphon. The difference in levels
is 3m and the highest point of the siphon is 2m above the top surface level
and the length of the pipe from inlet to the highest point is 2.5m. The pipe has
a bore of 25mm and length of 6m. The friction coefficient for the pipe is 0.007.
The inlet loss coefficient k is 0.7. Calculate the volume flow rate and the
pressure at the highest point in the pipe.
[10 marks]
sg/
Page 2 of 2
MAY/JUNE 2013
DATE Monday MODULE CODE CIVE2003Y(3)

20 May 2013
TIME 09.30 12.30 Hrs DURATION 3 hours

There are 2 Sections in this paper: Section A and Section B.
Section A consists of FOUR (4) questions and Section B consists of THREE (3)
questions.
Answer FIVE (5) questions in all with at least TWO (2) questions from each Section.
Use SEPARATE answer books for each Section.

SECTION A
Question 1 [20 marks]
(a) List 3 types of pressure measuring devices and comment on the advantage of
using an inverted U tube manometer when measuring the pressure difference
along two different sections of a pipeline.
[8 marks]
(b) The velocity distribution of a viscous liquid (dynamic viscosity = 0.9 Ns/m2)
flowing over a fixed plate is given by u = 0.68y - y2 (u is velocity in m/s and y is
the distance from the plate in m). What are the shear stresses at the plate surface
and at y=0.34m?
[12 marks]
(a) A tank with vertical sides is square in plan with 3m long sides. The tank contains
oil of relative density 0.9 to a depth of 2.0m which is floating on water 1.5m deep.
Calculate the force on the walls and the height of the centre of pressure from the
bottom of the tank.
[10 marks]
(b) The profile of a masonry dam is an arc of a circle, the arc having a radius of 30m
and subtending an angle of 60 o at the centre of curvature which lies in the water
surface. Determine (a) the load on the dam in N/m length, (b) the position of the
line of action to this pressure.
[10 marks]
Page 1 of 3
(a) Compare the following flow measuring devices: Orifice, Triangular Weirs and
Venturimeter.
[6 marks]
(b) Derive the equation governing flow measuring through a rectangular weir, taking
into consideration the velocity of approach.
[6 marks]
(c) With the help of outline sketches, illustrate the flow paths at the vena contracta of
an orifice made up of (i) a sharp edge and (ii) a rounded edge. Comment on the
resulting coefficient of discharge in both cases.
[8 marks]
(a) Derive the equation governing the flow measurement using a venturimeter and a
U tube manometer.
[8 marks]
(b) A vertical venturimeter carries a liquid of relative density 0.8 and has inlet and
throat diameters of 150 mm and 75 mm respectively. The pressure connection at
the throat is 150 mm above that at the inlet. If the actual rate of flow is 40 litres /s
and the coefficient of discharge is 0.96, calculate a) the pressure difference
between inlet and throat, and b) the difference of levels in a vertical Utube
manometer connected between these points, the tubes above the mercury being
full of liquid. (Relative density of mercury is 13.56).
[12 marks]
Page 2 of 3
SECTION B
A reducer bend having an outlet diameter of 15 cm discharges freely to the atmosphere.

The bend connected to a pipe of diameter 20 cm has a deflection of 60 and lies in a
horizontal plane. Determine the magnitude of the force on an anchor block supporting
the pipe when a discharge of 0.3 m3/s passes through the pipe.
A farmer wishes to connect two pipes, A and B respectively, of different lengths and
diameters to a common header supplied with 8 10-3 m3/s of water from a pump. Pipe
A is 100 m long and is of 5 cm diameter. Pipe B is 800 m long.
Determine the diameter of pipe B such that the flows in pipes A and B are the same.
Assume the pipes to be laid on the same level ground and that they discharge to the
atmosphere. Friction factor for both pipes is 0.02.
(a) Establish an equation by dimensional analysis for the dynamic pressure exerted
by an incompressible fluid on an immersed object assuming the pressure is a
function of the density and the velocity.
[6 marks]
(b) A geometrically similar model of an air duct is built to 1:25 scale and tested with
water which is 50 times more viscous and 800 times denser than air. When tested
under dynamically similar conditions, the pressure drop is two (2) bar in the
model. Find the corresponding pressure drop in the full scale prototype.
[14 marks]
/fp
Page 3 of 3
MAY 2014
DATE Tuesday MODULE CODE CIVE 2003Y(3)

27 May 2014
TIME 9:30 12:30 Hrs DURATION 3 hours

This paper consists of Section A and Section B.
Section A consists of Four (4) questions. Answer at least one question from this
Section.
Section B consists of Two (2) questions. Answer at least 1 question from this Section.
Answer Five questions in all.

FLUID MECHANICS 1 - CIVE 2003Y(3)
SECTION A
Answer at least one question from this Section.
Question 1
(a) State Pascals Law and with the help of outline sketches explain how you will
prove Pascals Law. [3 marks]
(b) With the help of outline diagrams, describe the process of cavitation in a pipeline
running full, and give 2 measures you would take to minimise the impacts of
cavitation. [5 + 4 marks]
(c) A uniform film of oil 0.13mm thick separates two discs, each of 200mm diameter,
mounted co-axially. Calculate the torque necessary to rotate, one disc relative to
the other at a speed of 7 rev/s if the oil has a viscosity of 0.14 Pa s. [8 marks]
Question 2
(a) Explain the process of Pressure Measurement using a Piezometer tube and
discuss how the diameter of the tube can influence the accuracy of the
measurement. [4 marks]
(b) A U tube manometer with both ends enlarged (same diameter on each side) is
used to measure the pressure difference between two sections along a pipeline
running full. The manometric fluid is mercury. Derive the equation governing
the pressure difference between these two sections. [8 marks]
(c) Two small vessels are connected to a U tube manometer containing mercury
(relative density 13.56) and the connecting tubes are filled with alcohol (relative
density 0.82). The vessel at the higher pressure is 2m lower in elevation than the
other. What is the pressure difference between the vessels when the steady
difference in level of the mercury menisci is 225mm? [8 marks]
Question 3
(a) Water flows in a river. At 9.00am the flow past bridge 1 is 58.4m3/s. At the same
instant the flow past bridge 2 is 42.7m3/s. At what rate is water being stored in the
river between the two bridges at this instant? Assume zero seepage and negligible
evaporation. [4 marks]
(b) A Venturimeter of throat diameter 0.076m is fitted in a 0.152m diameter vertical

pipe in which liquid of relative density 0.8 flows downwards. Pressure gauges are
fitted to the inlet and to the throat sections. The throat being 0.914m below the
inlet. Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.97 find the discharge;
a) when the pressure gauges read the same,

b) when the inlet gauge reads 15170 N/m2 higher than the throat gauge.
[8 marks]
(c) The velocities in a circular conduit 200mm in diameter were measured at radii
0,36, 65 and 87mm and were found to be 7.0, 6.8, 6.1, and 5.0m/s respectively.
Estimate (graphically) the flow rate and the mean velocity through the pipe.
[8 marks]
Page 1 of 3
Question 4
(a) Show by dimensional analysis that the power P required to operate a test tunnel is
given by
P=L2V3(/LV)
Where is the density, and is the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the fluid, V
the linear velocity of the fluid relative to the tunnel and L is a characteristic linear
dimension of the tunnel.
[8 marks]
(b) A water tunnel was constructed for visual observation of the flow past models. It
operates with the water flowing at a velocity of 3m/s in the working section and
absorbs 3.75kW. If it is to operate as wind tunnel under dynamically similar
conditions, determine:
(i) The corresponding speed of air in the working section and

(ii) The Power required.
Assuming that for water = 1000kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity = 1.14 x 10-6
m2/s and for air = 1.28 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity = 14.8 x 10-6 m2/s
[12 marks]
Page 2 of 3
SECTION B
Answer at least 1 question from this Section.
Question 5
(a) A sudden enlargement of diameter along a pipeline results in head loss. Derive an
equation for head loss in such a situation. [8 marks]
(b) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the T-junction
shown if the discharges are Q1 = 0.3m3/s, Q2 = 0.15m3/s, Q3 = 0.15m3/s, the
diameters are D1 = 450mm, D2 = 300mm, D3 = 200mm and the upstream pressure
p1 = 500 kN/m2. [12 marks]
Question 6
A pipe joins two reservoirs whose head difference is 10m. The pipe is 0.2m diameter,
1000m in length and has a friction factor = 0.032 (minor losses may be ignored).
(a) What is the flow in the pipeline? [5 marks]
(b) It is required to increase the flow to the downstream reservoir by 30%. This is to
be done by adding a second pipe of the same diameter that connects at some point
along the old pipe and runs down to the lower reservoir. Assuming that the
diameter and the friction factor are the same as the old pipe, how long should the
new pipe be? [12 marks]
(c) Would you expect the roughness of a pipe to remain constant over time? Justify
your answer. [3 marks]
/sg
Page 3 of 3
MAY 2015
MODULE NAME Fluid Mechanics

DATE Wednesday MODULE CODE CIVE2011Y(1)
20 May 2015
TIME 13:30 16:30 Hrs DURATION 3 hours
This question paper consists of 2 Sections: Section A and Section B.
Section A consists of THREE (3) questions. Answer TWO(2) Questions from this
section. Question 1 is COMPULSORY and answer either Question 2 or Question 3.
Section B consists of FOUR (4) questions. Answer THREE (3) questions from this
Section. Questions 4 and 5 are COMPULSORY. Answer either Question 6 or
Question 7.
Answer FIVE (5) questions in all.

FLUID MECHANICS CIVE2011Y(1)
SECTION A
Attempt Question 1 and Either Question 2 or Question 3
Question 1 - (COMPULSORY)
(a) Derive an expression for the total pressure on one side of a surface of area A
immersed in a liquid of density in terms of A, and the vertical depth of the
centroid of the immersed surface below the free surface of the liquid.
[10 marks]
(b) A sluice gate, as shown in Figure Q1 consists of a quadrant of a circle of radius

1.5 m pivoted at its centre O. The width of the gate is 3 m and it has a mass of
6500 kg. Its centre of gravity is at G as shown.
When the water is level with the pivot O, calculate
(i) the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the gate due to the
water, and
[7 marks]
(ii) the turning moment required to open the gate.

[3 marks]
Figure Q1
1
Question 2
(a) (i) Define the term viscosity and describe how it affects flow of fluids.
[3 marks]
(ii) State Newtons Law of viscosity and from first principles show that
Where, is the shear stress, is coefficient of dynamic viscosity and du/dy

is the velocity gradient.
[3 marks]
(b) Two large plane surfaces are 28 mm apart. The space between the surfaces is
filled with a fluid of dynamic viscosity 8.10 x 10-1 N s/m2.
What force is required to drag a very thin plate of surface area 0.5 m2 between
the two large plane surfaces at a speed of 0.6 m/s, if:
(i) the thin plate is in the middle of the two plane surfaces, and
(ii) the thin plate is at a distance of 9 mm from one of the plane surfaces ?
[7 + 7 marks]
Question 3
(a) Derive from Bernouillis theorem expressions for the theoretical velocity and
discharge through a small orifice.
[5 marks]
(b) Define the THREE coefficients used in connection with fluid flow through
orifices. Explain the importance of these coefficients.
[8 marks]
(c) A 24 mm diameter nozzle discharges water at the rate of 0.65 m3/min when the
head is 55 m. The diameter of the jet is 21.5 mm. Determine
(i) The value of the coefficients, and

(ii) The loss of head due to fluid resistance.
2
[7 marks]
3
SECTION B
Answer 3 questions from this Section. Questions 4 and 5 are compulsory .
Part of a distribution system is shown in the Figure below. The required water is
supplied to the system at A with demands being made at B,C,D and E. The flow
characteristics of the pipes are governed by the equation h=kQ2; where h=head loss in
the pipe(m), k=friction characteristic of the pipe and Q=flow rate(m3/s). The k values
for the various pipes are as follows: AB=205, BC=1020, CD=1430, AD=180, AC=780 and
AE=170.
(i) Determine the flow rates in the network ABCD with an error of <3L/s.
[15 marks]
(ii) What effect would changing the demand at E have on the system if the
demands at B,C and D were to remain unchanged?
[5 marks]
Aide Memoire:
Q = - h/n ( h/Q )
4
(a) Distinguish between normal depth, conjugate depths and sequent depths.
[5 marks]
(b) A channel with a bed slope of 1:2000 is to be constructed through a stiff clay
formation. Compare the relative costs of the alternative design of rectangular
concrete-lined and trapezoidal unlined channels to convey 60m3/s if the cost of
the 100 mm thick lining/m2 is twice the cost of excavation/m3. Mannings n for
concrete lining= 0.014 and for unlined channel 0.025. Side slopes =
(1.5 horizontal: 1 vertical).
[15 marks]
Question 6
(a) An existing iron pipeline 15 km long, 400 mm in diameter and effective

roughness size 0.10 mm delivers water from an impounding reservoir to a
service reservoir under a gross head of 90 m. Losses in bends and valves are
estimated to total 12 V2/2g in addition to the entry loss and velocity head.
Determine the discharge to the service reservoir.
[15 marks]
(b) Distinguish between subcritical flow and supercritical flow

[5 marks]
Aide memoire
Colebrooke White Equation
1 = -2 log ( ks + 2.51 )
f 3.7D Ref
5
Question 7
(a) Three reservoirs A, B and C are connected to a common junction J. the head loss
in the connecting pipes is expressed as hf=rQ2. The following are the relevant
reservoir and pipe data:
Pipe Value of r Reservoir Water surface

elevation(m)
AJ 10 A 40.0
BJ 40 B 15.0
CJ 15 C 10.0
Estimate the elevation of the hydraulic grade line at the junction and the
discharges in the pipes
[12 marks]
Aide mmoire
dh = 2 Q / (Q/h)
(b) A rectangular channel 5.0 m wide carries water with a velocity of 2.0 m/s and a
depth of 1.5 m. At a section a smooth hump of height 0.10 m is provided. What
are the depths of flow over the hump and upstream of it?
[8 marks]
/sg
6
Chapter 3: Hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surfaces
May 2007
What counteracting force must be applied at position N to restrain the flashboard from
opening? Assuming the liquid contained is water. [10 marks]
May 2008
A lock gate is 3m wide. Find the turning moment necessary to force the gate to open when
the water levels across the gate are 3m and 4m respectively above the sill. [13 Marks]
A circular gate 1m in diameter is pivoted about a horizontal axis through its centre. It is
installed in a vertical wall and the water is 3.5m deep above the bottom of the gate. How
much force should be applied at the bottom of the gate to prevent it from opening?
Second moment of area of a circular body about the centroid, Icg= d4/64 [12 Marks]
May 2009
The gate OA shown is hinged at O (Figure 2) and is in the form of a quadrant of a circle of
radius 1m. It supports water on one side as shown. If the width of the gate is 3m, calculate the
force required to hold the gate in position. [12 marks]
Derive the equation governing the hydrostatic force and the centre of pressure for a plane
surface completely submerged in water and inclined at an angle of to the horizontal. [8
marks]
May 2010
A Utah-shaped plate as shown in Figure 1, is submerged in oil (s=0.94) and lies in a vertical
plane. Find the magnitude and location of the hydrostatic force per unit width acting on one
side of the plate (shaded surface). [10 marks]
Water under a gauge pressure of 400 kN/m2 flows with a velocity of 4m/s through a right
angled bend that has a uniform diameter of 26cm. The bend lies in a horizontal plane and
water enters from the west and leaves towards the north. Assuming no change in pressure,
what is the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the bend?
[10 marks]
May 2011
The profile of the inner face of a dam takes the form of a parabola with the equation 18Y=X 2,
where Y (m) is the height above the base and X (m) is the horizontal distance of the face
from the vertical reference line. The water level is 27m above the base. Determine the thrust
on the dam (per metre width) due to the water pressure, its inclination to the vertical and the
point where the line of action of this force intersects the free water surface. [15 marks]
Derive the position of the centre of pressure for a triangular opening submerged in a
homogeneous liquid, with base width b and height h. [10 marks]
May 2012
Derive the equation governing the position of action of the hydrostatic force acting on the
curved surface of the dam, given that the profile of the curved surface takes the form of a
parabola with equation Y=3X2, where Y (m) is the height above the base and X (m) is the
horizontal distance of the face from a vertical reference line passing through the bottom of
the curved surface. [10 marks]
The profile of a dam is given by the equation Y=3X2. The water level is 27m above the base.
Determine the thrust on the dam (per metre width) due to the water pressure, its inclination to
the vertical and the point where the line of action of this force intersects the free water
surface. [10 marks]
Tutorials
Question 1
A square aperture in a vertical side of a tank has one diagonal vertical and is completely
covered by a plane plate hinged along one of the upper sides of the aperture. The diagonals
of the aperture are 2m long and the tank contains water to a height of 1.5 m above the centre
of the aperture. Calculate the force exerted on the plate by the water, the moment of this
force about the hinge, and the position of the centre of pressure. How will the above values
change if, instead of water, the tank contained a liquid of relative density 1.25?
Question 2
The figure below shows a rectangular gate AB hinged at the top A and kept closed by a
weight fixed to the door. The door is 120 cm wide and 90 cm long and the combined centre
of gravity of the complete door and the weight is at G, the combined weight being 1000N.
Find the height of water h on the inside of the door that will just cause the door to open.
Question 3
A closed channel full of water has a cross-section in the form of an equilateral triangle of
sides 2.5 m and lies horizontally on one of its sides. Its end is closed by a triangular vertical
gate having similar side lengths, i.e, 2.5m. The gate is supported by a bolt at each corner.
Calculate the magnitude and position of the force acting on the gate. Find also the force
acting on each bolt. Icg = bh3/36
Question 4
A vertical dock gate is 5.5 m wide and has water to a depth of 7.3 m on one side and to a
depth of 3 m on the other side. Find the resultant horizontal force acting on the dock gate and
the position of its line of action.
To what position does this line tend as the depth of water on the shallow side rises to 7.3 m ?
Question 5
Derive from first principles, an expression for the force acting on one side of a plane surface,
cross sectional area A submerged in a liquid of density .
A square shaped gate, of side length 0.3 m, closes an opening. The gate is hinged at the top,
(Figure 1), below the surface of the water which acts on its face. If the centre of the opening
lies at a depth of 1.25 m below top water level, calculate the magnitude and position of the
force acting on the gate. Find also the force that must be applied by a clamp which lies 0.5 m
below the hinge in order to keep the gate closed.
Square opening 0.3m side

length
Question 6
The curved surface of a dam retaining water is shaped according to the relationship y=x2/4,
where x and y are measured in metres from the origin. The origin is being defined as the
point of intersection of the base of the dam to the horizontal. Calculate the resultant force
acting on the dam, in terms of magnitude and direction and the point of action of the resultant
force, measured from the origin.
Question 7
The profile of the water face of a dam is given by the equation 44.75 y = x 2.5, where the
coordinates of x and y in metres are measured from an origin set at the point of intersection of
the flat floor and the curved face of the dam. The depth of the water is 4 m. Calculate the
magnitude and direction of the resultant hydrostatic force per meter width of the dam.
Calculate also the horizontal distance at which the resultant force cuts a horizontal line at
floor level.
Question 8
A sluice gate consists of a quadrant of a circle of radius 1.5m pivoted at its centre at O. Its
centre of gravity is at G as shown. When the water is level with the pivot O, calculate the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the gate due to the water and the turning
moment required to open the gate. The width of the gate is 3 m and it has a mass of 6000 kg.
Question 9
The face of a dam is curved according to the relation y=x2/2.4, where y and x are in metres.
The height of the free surface above the horizontal plane through A is 15.25 m. Calculate the
resultant force F due to the fresh water acting on unit breadth of the dam, and determine the
position of the point B at which the line of action of this force cuts the horizontal plane
through A.
Additional exercises
2.1 Obtain an expression for the depth of the centre of pressure of a plane surface wholly
submerged in a fluid and inclined at an angle to the free surface of the liquid.
A horizontal circular pipe, 1.25m diameter, is closed by a butterfly disk which rotates about a
horizontal axis through its centre. Determine the torque which would have to be applied to
the disk spindle to keep the disk closed in a vertical position when there is a 3m head of fresh
water above the axis. [1176 Nm]
2.2 A dock gate is to be reinforced with three horizontal beams. If the water acts on one side
only, to a depth of 6m, find the positions of the beams measured from the water surface so
that each will carry an equal load. Give the load per meter. [58 860 N/m, 2.31m, 4.22m,
5.47m]
2.3 The profile of a masonry dam is an arc of a circle, the arc having a radius of 30m and
subtending an angle of 60 at the centre of curvature which lies in the water surface.
Determine (a) the load on the dam in N/m length, (b) the position of the line of action to this
pressure. [4.28 106 N/m length at depth 19.0m]
2.4 The arch of a bridge over a stream is in the form of a semi-circle of radius 2m. the bridge
width is 4m. Due to a flood the water level is now 1.25m above the crest of the arch.
Calculate (a) the upward force on the underside of the arch, (b) the horizontal thrust on one
half of the arch. [263.6 kN, 176.6 kN]
2.5 The face of a dam is vertical to a depth of 7.5m below the water surface then slopes at 30
to the vertical. If the depth of water is 17m what is the resultant force per metre acting on the
whole face? [1563.29 kN]
2.6 A tank with vertical sides is square in plan with 3m long sides. The tank contains oil of
relative density 0.9 to a depth of 2.0m which is floating on water a depth of 1.5m. Calculate
the force on the walls and the height of the centre of pressure from the bottom of the tank.
[165.54 kN, 1.15m]
Chapter 2: Measurement of Fluid Pressure
May 2007
Two pipes A and B are in the same plane. Water is contained in A and rises to a level of 1.8m
above it. Carbon tetrachloride (s=1.59) is contained in B. If the indicating manometer liquid
is mercury and barometer reads 760mm of mercury. Determine:
(i) The pressure difference in kN/m2 between A and B is z2=0.45m and z3=0.25m.
(ii) The absolute pressure in B in mm of mercury. [10 marks]
May 2008
Explain with the help of a sketch, how a U tube manometer is used to measure the gauge and
the absolute pressure at a section along a pipeline running full. [8 Marks]
A simple manometer is used to measure the pressure of oil (specific gravity 0.8) flowing in a
pipeline. Its right limb is open to the atmosphere and the left limb is connected to the pipe.
The centre of the pipe is 90cm below the level of mercury (specific gravity=13.6) in the right
limb. If the difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 150cm, determine the absolute
pressure of oil in the pipe in kN/m2. [10 Marks]
Explain how a manometer can be made more sensitive for the measurement of small pressure
difference. [7 Marks]
May 2009
A hydraulic jack consists of a handle cum lever of 30cm length and an assembly of given
dimensions. In order that a load of 200kN be supported by the jack, what should be the force
exerted on the handle? The distance between the fulcrum of the lever and the point where the
plunger is connected is 25mm. [8 marks]
Elaborate on 3 different types of manometer, emphasising on their relative advantages and
disadvantages they offer. [12 marks]
May 2010
Explain with the help of a sketch how an enlarged ends (right and left hand sides having
different diameters) U tube manometer containing mercury and oil is used to measure
pressure difference. [8 marks]
A U tube manometer containing mercury is used to measure the pressure difference along
two different sections in a horizontal pipeline running full under pressure. If the manometer
records a pressure difference of 95kN/m2, calculate the difference of level of mercury
recorded by the manometer. [7 marks]
Explain why an inclined U tube manometer is considered as being more sensitive as

compared to a simple U tube manometer. [5 marks]
May 2012
Derive the equation governing the measurement of pressure difference by an enlarged U tube
manometer enlarged at both ends with different diameters and connected at two different
sections along a pipeline. [8 marks]
Tutorials
Question 1
For a U tube manometer with enlarged ends containing two manometer liquids, derive the
formula for the difference in pressures applied to the two enlarged ends.
An oil and water manometer consists of a U tube 7 mm diameter with both limbs vertical.
The right-hand limb is enlarged at its upper end to 25 mm diameter. The enlarged end
contain oil, of density 900 kg/m3, the free surface of the oil is in the enlarged portion of the
limb and oil/water interface is in the smaller diameter tube. The left hand limb contains
water only, and its upper end is opened to the atmosphere. A pressure of 350 N/m2 is applied
to the right hand side of the manometer. If the surface of the oil remains in the enlarged end
and the oil/water interface remains in the smaller diameter tube, calculate the depth by which
the surface separation between the oil and the water will move.
Question 2
A manometer consists of two tubes A and B open to the atmosphere, with vertical axes and
uniform cross-sectional areas 500 mm2 and 800 mm2 respectively, connected to a U tube C of
cross-sectional area 70 mm2 throughout. Tube A contains a liquid of relative density 0.8;
tube B contains one of relative density 0.9. The surface of separation between the two liquids
is in the vertical side of C connected to tube A. Tube B is now close and the space above the
liquid is pressurised such that the surface of separation in tube C rises by 60 mm. Determine
the pressure applied.
Question 3
A manometer consists of a U tube of diameter d, the upper part of each limb being enlarged
to diameter D, where the ration of D/d is equal to 5. The small tube contains water and on
top the water surface there is a liquid of relative density 0.95 in both limbs. The free surfaces
are in the enlarged parts of the U tube, while the surfaces of separation between the two
liquids are in the small tube. Initially the surfaces are level.
When a pressure difference is applied to the top of the U tube in the enlarged ends, this
causes the interface to move by a depth of 1 cm. Calculate the difference in pressure.
Question 4
The sensitivity of a U-tube gauge is increased by enlarging the ends, and one side is filled
with water and the other side with oil, (specific gravity, 0.95). If the area A of each enlarged
end is 50 times the area of the tube, calculate the pressure difference corresponding to a
movement of 25 mm of the surface separation between the oil and water.
Question 5
The inclined U tube manometer as indicated in the diagram below, gives zero reading when
A and B are set at the same pressure. The cross sectional are of the reservoir is 50 times that
of the tube. For an angle of inclination of 30o and with a manometric fluid of specific
gravity 0.8, find the difference in pressure between A and B in N/m2, when the gauge reads
110mm.
B
A
L
h
Additional works
1.1 What will be the: (a) the gauge pressure and (b) the absolute pressure of water at depth
12m below the surface? rwater = 1000 kg/m3, and p atmosphere = 101kN/m2. [117.72 kN/m2,
218.72 kN/m2]
1.2 At what depth below the surface of oil, relative density 0.8, will produce a pressure of
120 kN/m2? What depth of water is this equivalent to? [15.3m, 12.2m]
1.3 What would the pressure in kN/m2 be if the equivalent head is measured as 400mm of (a)
mercury g=13.6 (b) water ( c) oil specific weight 7.9 kN/m3 (d) a liquid of density 520
kg/m3? [53.4 kN/m2, 3.92 kN/m2, 3.16 kN/m2, 2.04 kN/m2]
1.4 A manometer connected to a pipe indicates a negative gauge pressure of 50mm of

mercury. What is the absolute pressure in the pipe in Newton per square metre if the
atmospheric pressure is 1 bar? [93.3 kN/m2]
1.5 What height would a water barometer need to be to measure atmospheric pressure of 1
bar? [>10.19m]
1.6 An inclined manometer is required to measure an air pressure of 3mm of water to an

accuracy of +/- 3%. The inclined arm is 8mm in diameter and the larger arm has a diameter
of 24mm. The manometric fluid has density 740 kg/m3 and the scale may be read to +/-
0.5mm. What is the angle required to ensure the desired accuracy may be achieved? [7.6]
1.7 Determine the resultant force due to the water acting on the 1m by 2m rectangular area
AB shown in the diagram below. [43 560 N, 2.37m from O]
1.8 Determine the resultant force due to the water acting on the 1.25m by 2.0m triangular
area CD shown in the figure above. The apex of the triangle is at C. [23.8103N, 2.821m from
P]
Chapter 4: Orifices, weirs and venturimeter
May 2008
Find the diameter of a circular orifice required to discharge 0.015m3/s under a head of 2.4m
using a coefficient of discharge of 0.6. If the orifice is in a vertical plane and the jet falls
0.25m in a horizontal distance of 1.3m from the vena contracta, find the value of the
coefficient of contraction. [15 Marks]
Explain with the help of sketches why a venturimeter is considered a more accurate flow
measuring device as compared to a weir or an orifice. [10 Marks]
May 2009
Calculate the increase in discharge recorded by a V-notch if the initial and final h are 0.3m
and 0.8m respectively, assume Cd=0.62. [8 marks]
Water flows upward through a vertical venturimeter whose throat diameter is 150mm, and
discharge coefficient is 0.98. A U tube manometer connected to the venturimeter reads
118mm of liquid of specific gravity 1.25. Calculate the rate of flow in m3/s. [12 marks]
May 2010
With the help of sketches, explain the process of energy losses through a small orifice. Give 3
examples how the energy losses through a small orifice can be minimised. [8 marks]
A jet discharges 5.19L/s from a 35mm diameter orifice in a vertical plane under a head of
4m. The jet centre line passes through the point 4.28m horizontally from the vena contracta
and 1.2m below the centre of the orifice. Find the coefficients of discharge, velocity and
contraction. [6 marks]
A 600 V-notch weir and a rectangular weir with end contractions are both used to measure a
flow rate of approximately 7L/s. The crest length of both weirs is 0.6m. Assuming C d is
known to be minimum for each weir, compute the percentage of error in Q that would result
from an error of 5mm in the respective head measurements. [6 marks]
May 2011
What is the importance of the coefficient of discharge of flow measuring devices, and explain
how and why it varies for an orifice, a weir and a venturimeter? [5+ 9 marks]
Water flows over a sharp-crested weir 600mm wide. The measured head (relative to the crest)
is 155mm at a point where the cross-sectional area of the stream is 0.26m2. Calculate the
discharge, assuming the Cd value is 0.61, and taking velocity of approach into consideration.
[11 marks]
May 2012
State Bernoullis equation and explain the meaning of each term in this equation. Why the
Bernoullis equation commonly is referred to as Total Energy Head Equation? [2+3 marks]
The equation governing flow through an orifice is given by Q=CdAo 2 , where Cd is the
coefficient of discharge of the orifice, Ao is the area of the orifice and H is the depth of liquid
above the orifice. Explain how the term Cd is associated with coefficient of contraction and
coefficient of velocity. [7 marks]
An orifice, in one side of a large tank is rectangular in shape 2m broad and 1m deep. The
water level is 4m above the top edge of the orifice. Calculate the discharge through the orifice
per second, if Cd = 0.625. [8 marks]
Tutorials
Question 1
Derive an expression governing the discharge of a liquid through an orifice, explaining

clearly the meaning of the following: coefficient of contraction, coefficient of velocity and
coefficient of discharge.
Oil of relative density 0.85 flows through a 50mm diameter orifice under a pressure of
100kN/m2 (Gauge pressure). The diameter of the vena contracta is 39.5 mm and the
discharge through the orifice is 18 litres per second, what is the coefficient of discharge,
coefficient of contraction and the coefficient of velocity.
Question 2
A large tank has a circular orifice 20 mm diameter in the vertical side near the bottom. The
tank contains water to a depth of 1 m above the orifice with oil of relative density 0.8 for a
depth of 1 m above the water. Acting on the upper surface of the oil is an air pressure of 20
kNm-2 gauge. The jet of water issuing from the orifice travels a horizontal distance of 1.5 m
from the orifice while falling a vertical distance of 0.156 m. If the coefficient of contraction
of the orifice is 0.65, estimate the value of the coefficient of velocity and the actual discharge
through the orifice. State any assumptions made.
Question 4
A tank of square cross section, each side measuring 0.3 m, is open at the top and is fixed in
an upright position. A 6 mm diameter circular orifice is situated in one of the vertical sides
near the bottom. Water flows into the tank at a constant rate of 280 x 10 -3 m3/hr. At a
particular instant, the jet strikes the floor at a point 0.63 m from the vena contracta, measured
horizontally 0.53 m below the centre line of the orifice measured vertically. Determine
whether the water surface in the tank is rising or falling at the instant under consideration.
Also find the height of the surface above the centreline of the orifice and the rate of change of
height, taking Cv as 0.97 and Cd as 0.64.
Question 5
Water flows along a channel over a rectangular weir 1.25 m wide. The head of water above
the weir is 40 cm and after passing over the weir, the water falls from a vertical height up of
3.7m onto a turbine. The energy of the water is used to drive the turbine which develops a
power of 30kW. Calculate the efficiency of the turbine.
Question 6
A venturimeter is tested with its axis horizontal and the flow measured by means of a
weighing tank. The pipe diameter is 76 mm, and the throat diameter is 38 mm and the
pressure difference is measured by a U tube containing mercury, the connections being full of
water. If the difference in levels in the U tube reads 266 mm mercury while 2200 kg of water
are collected in 4 minutes, what is the coefficient of discharge?
Question 7
A servo-mechanism is to make use of a venturimeter contraction in a horizontal 350 mm

diameter pipe which carries a liquid of relative density 0.95. The upper end of a vertical
cylinder 100 mm diameter is connected by a pipe to the throat of the venturimeter and the
lower end of the cylinder is connected to the inlet. A piston is to be lifted when the flow rate
through the venturimeter is 0.15m3/s. The piston rod is 20 mm diameter and passes through
both ends of the cylinder. Calculate the diameter of the throat if the effective load on the
piston rod is 180N.
Question 8
A venturimeter with a throat diameter of 100mm is fitted in a vertical pipeline of 200mm

diameter with oil of specific gravity 0.88 flowing upwards at a rate of 0.06m3/s. The
coefficient of the venturimeter is 0.96. Two pressure gauges calibrated in kilo newton per
square meter are fitted at tapping points one at the throat and the other in the inlet pipe
320mm below the throat. The difference between the two gauge pressure readings is
28kN/m2. Working from first principles determine the difference in level in the two limbs of
a mercury manometer if it is connected to the tapping points and the connecting pipes are
filled with the same oil.
Question 9
Discharge of water through an open channel is to be measured by means of an unsymmetrical

trapezoidal weir as shown below. The width of the weir (B) is 1.5m.
If the height of water above the base of the weir is 0.65m, working from first principles,
calculate the volume flow rate through the channel, taking Cd as 0.62.
Additional Exercises
Application of the Bernoulli Equation
3.1 In a vertical pipe carrying water, pressure gauges are inserted at points A and B where the pipe
diameters are 0.15m and 0.075m respectively. The point B is 2.5m below A and when the flow rate
down the pipe is 0.02 cumecs, the pressure at B is 14715 N/m 2 greater than that at A.
Assuming the losses in the pipe between A and B can be expressed as where v is the velocity
at A, find the value of k.
If the gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with water and connected to a U-tube containing
mercury of relative density 13.6, give a sketch showing how the levels in the two limbs of the U-tube
differ and calculate the value of this difference in metres. [k = 0.319, 0.0794m]
3.2 A Venturimeter with an entrance diameter of 0.3m and a throat diameter of 0.2m is used to
measure the volume of gas flowing through a pipe. The discharge coefficient of the meter is 0.96.
Assuming the specific weight of the gas to be constant at 19.62 N/m 3, calculate the volume flowing
when the pressure difference between the entrance and the throat is measured as 0.06m on a water
U-tube manometer. [0.816 m3/s]
3.3 A Venturimeter is used for measuring flow of water along a pipe. The diameter of the Venturi
throat is two fifths the diameter of the pipe. The inlet and throat are connected by water filled tubes to
a mercury U-tube manometer. The velocity of flow along the pipe is found to be m/s, where H
is the manometer reading in metres of mercury. Determine the loss of head between inlet and throat
of the Venturi when H is 0.49m. (Relative density of mercury is 13.6). [0.23m of water]
3.4 Water is discharging from a tank through a convergent-divergent mouthpiece. The exit from the
tank is rounded so that losses there may be neglected and the minimum diameter is 0.05m.
If the head in the tank above the centre-line of the mouthpiece is 1.83m. a) What is the discharge?
b) What must be the diameter at the exit if the absolute pressure at the minimum area is to be 2.44m
of water? c) What would the discharge be if the divergent part of the mouth piece were removed.
(Assume atmospheric pressure is 10m of water). [0.0752m, 0.0266m 3/s, 0.0118m3/s]
3.5 A closed tank has an orifice 0.025m diameter in one of its vertical sides. The tank contains oil to a
depth of 0.61m above the centre of the orifice and the pressure in the air space above the oil is
maintained at 13780 N/m 2 above atmospheric. Determine the discharge from the orifice.
(Coefficient of discharge of the orifice is 0.61, relative density of oil is 0.9). [0.00195 m3/s]
3.6 The discharge coefficient of a Venturimeter was found to be constant for rates of flow exceeding a
certain value. Show that for this condition the loss of head due to friction in the convergent parts of the
meter can be expressed as KQ2 m where K is a constant and Q is the rate of flow in cumecs.
Obtain the value of K if the inlet and throat diameter of the Venturimeter are 0.102m and 0.05m
respectively and the discharge coefficient is 0.96. [K=1060]
3.7 A Venturimeter is to fitted in a horizontal pipe of 0.15m diameter to measure a flow of water which
may be anything up to 240m 3/hour. The pressure head at the inlet for this flow is 18m above
atmospheric and the pressure head at the throat must not be lower than 7m below atmospheric.
Between the inlet and the throat there is an estimated frictional loss of 10% of the difference in
pressure head between these points. Calculate the minimum allowable diameter for the throat.
[0.063m]
3.8 A Venturimeter of throat diameter 0.076m is fitted in a 0.152m diameter vertical pipe in which
liquid of relative density 0.8 flows downwards. Pressure gauges are fitted to the inlet and to the throat
sections. The throat being 0.914m below the inlet. Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.97 find the
discharge a) when the pressure gauges read the same b)when the inlet gauge reads 15170 N/m 2
higher than the throat gauge. [0.0192m3/s, 0.034m3/s]
Tanks emptying
4.1 A reservoir is circular in plan and the sides slope at an angle of tan-1(1/5) to the horizontal. When
the reservoir is full the diameter of the water surface is 50m. Discharge from the reservoir takes place
through a pipe of diameter 0.65m, the outlet being 4m below top water level. Determine the time for
the water level to fall 2m assuming the discharge to be cumecs where a is the cross
sectional area of the pipe in m 2 and H is the head of water above the outlet in m. [1325 seconds]
4.2 A rectangular swimming pool is 1m deep at one end and increases uniformly in depth to 2.6m at
the other end. The pool is 8m wide and 32m long and is emptied through an orifice of area 0.224m 2,
at the lowest point in the side of the deep end. Taking Cd for the orifice as 0.6, find, from first
principles, a) the time for the depth to fall by 1m b) the time to empty the pool completely. [299
second, 662 seconds]
4.3 A vertical cylindrical tank 2m diameter has, at the bottom, a 0.05m diameter sharp edged orifice
for which the discharge coefficient is 0.6.
a) If water enters the tank at a constant rate of 0.0095 cumecs find the depth of water above the
orifice when the level in the tank becomes stable.
b) Find the time for the level to fall from 3m to 1m above the orifice when the inflow is turned off.
c) If water now runs into the tank at 0.02 cumecs, the orifice remaining open, find the rate of rise in
water level when the level has reached a depth of 1.7m above the orifice. [a) 3.314m, b) 881 seconds,
c) 0.252m/min]
4.4 A horizontal boiler shell (i.e. a horizontal cylinder) 2m diameter and 10m long is half full of water.
Find the time of emptying the shell through a short vertical pipe, diameter 0.08m, attached to the
bottom of the shell. Take the coefficient of discharge to be 0.8. [1370 seconds]
4.5 Two cylinders standing upright contain liquid and are connected by a submerged orifice. The
diameters of the cylinders are 1.75m and 1.0m and of the orifice, 0.08m. The difference in levels of
the liquid is initially 1.35m. Find how long it will take for this difference to be reduced to 0.66m if the
coefficient of discharge for the orifice is 0.605. (Work from first principles.) [30.7 seconds]
4.6 A rectangular reservoir with vertical walls has a plan area of 60000m 3. Discharge from the
reservoir take place over a rectangular weir. The flow characteristics of the weir is Q = 0.678 H3/2
cumecs where H is the depth of water above the weir crest. The sill of the weir is 3.4m above the
bottom of the reservoir. Starting with a depth of water of 4m in the reservoir and no inflow, what will be
the depth of water after one hour? [3.98m]
Notches and weirs
5.1 Deduce an expression for the discharge of water over a right-angled sharp edged V-notch, given
that the coefficient of discharge is 0.61.
A rectangular tank 16m by 6m has the same notch in one of its short vertical sides. Determine the
time taken for the head, measured from the bottom of the notch, to fall from 15cm to 7.5cm. [1399
seconds]
5.2 Derive an expression for the discharge over a sharp crested rectangular weir. A sharp edged weir
is to be constructed across a stream in which the normal flow is 200 litres/sec. If the maximum flow
likely to occur in the stream is 5 times the normal flow then determine the length of weir necessary to
limit the rise in water level to 38.4cm above that for normal flow. Cd=0.61. [1.24m]
5.3 Show that the rate of flow across a triangular notch is given by Q=CdKH5/2 cumecs, where Cd is an
experimental coefficient, K depends on the angle of the notch, and H is the height of the undisturbed
water level above the bottom of the notch in metres. State the reasons for the introduction of the
coefficient.
Water from a tank having a surface area of 10m 2 flows over a 90 notch. It is found that the time taken
to lower the level from 8cm to 7cm above the bottom of the notch is 43.5seconds. Determine the
coefficient Cd assuming that it remains constant during his period. [0.635]
5.4 A reservoir with vertical sides has a plan area of 56000m 2. Discharge from the reservoir takes
place over a rectangular weir, the flow characteristic of which is Q=1.77BH3/2 m3/s. At times of
maximum rainfall, water flows into the reservoir at the rate of 9m 3/s. Find a) the length of weir required
to discharge this quantity if head must not exceed 0.6m; b) the time necessary for the head to drop
from 60cm to 30cm if the inflow suddenly stops. [10.94m, 3093seconds]
5.5 Develop a formula for the discharge over a 90 V-notch weir in terms of head above the bottom of
the V.
A channel conveys 300 litres/sec of water. At the outlet end there is a 90 V-notch weir for which the
coefficient of discharge is 0.58. At what distance above the bottom of the channel should the weir be
placed in order to make the depth in the channel 1.30m? With the weir in this position what is the
depth of water in the channel when the flow is 200 litres/sec? [0.755m, 1.218m]
5.6 Show that the quantity of water flowing across a triangular V-notch of angle 2q is
. Find the flow if the measured head above the bottom of the V is 38cm,
when q=45 and Cd=0.6. If the flow is wanted within an accuracy of 2%, what are the limiting values of
the head? [0.126m3/s, 0.377m, 0.383m]
Chapter 1: Properties of Fluids
TUTORIALS
Question 1
The space between two large flat and parallel walls 25 mm apart is filled with a liquid
of absolute viscosity 0.7 N m-2 s. Within this space a thin flat plate, 250 by 250 mm is
towed at a velocity of 150 mm s-1 at a distance of 6 mm from one wall, the plate and
its movement being parallel to the walls, determine the force exerted by the liquid on
the plate.
Question 2
The velocity distribution for viscous flow between stationary plates is given as
follows:
v = dP/dx (By - y2) 2
If glycerine ( = 0.62 N s m-2) is flowing and the pressure gradient dP/dx is 1.6
kN/m3, what is the velocity and shear stress at a distance of 12 mm from the bottom
wall if the spacing B is 5 cm? What are the shear stress and velocity at the wall?
Question 3
The velocity profile in laminar flow through a round pipe is expressed as
U = 2V (1- r2/ro2)
Where V is the average velocity, r is the radial distance from the centre line of the
pipe, and ro is the pipe radius. Draw the dimensionless shear stress profile /o against
r/ro. What is the value of wall stress when fuel oil having absolute viscosity = 4 x
10-2 N s/m2 flows with an average velocity of 4m/s in a pipe of diameter 150mm?
Question 4
A bush of 165mm length and 103mm internal diameter slides on a vertical column of
100mm diameter, the clearance space being filled with oil. If a 3.5kg bush mass
slides with a velocity of 1m/s, determine the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the
oil.
PAST PAPERS
May 2007
A skater weighing 800N skates at 54km/h on ice at 0oC. The average skating area supporting
him is 10cm2 and the effective dynamic coefficient of friction between the skates and the ice
is 0.02. If there is actually a thin film of water between the skates and the ice, determine its
average thickness. State any assumptions made, and take coefficient of dynamic viscosity as
0.00001 Ns/m2. [12 marks]
Differentiate between a Newtonian and a Non-Newtonian fluid, and show graphically how
they relate to shear stress and velocity gradient. [8 marks]
May 2008
Differentiate between the terms:
(1) Coefficient of kinematic viscosity and coefficient of dynamic viscosity

(2) Saturated vapour pressure and cavitation [8 Marks]
Illustrate graphically how the coefficient of dynamic viscosity varies for Newtonian fluids,
Ideal fluids and Non-Newtonian fluids. [7 Marks]
A hydraulic ram 200mm in diameter and 1.2m long moves wholly within a concentric
cylinder 200.2mm in diameter and the annular clearance is filled with oil of relative density
0.85, and kinematic viscosity 400mm/s2. Calculate the viscous force resisting the motion
when the ram moves with a velocity of 120mm/s. [10 Marks]
May 2009
The velocity variation in a pipe-flow is expressed as
u/V = 1 - (r/R)2
where V is the velocity at the centreline, and r and R are the radial distances at any point from
the wall and at the wall respectively.
Determine the shear stress for r/R ratios of 0, 0.2, 0.8 and 1.0, given that V=10m/s and =2 x
10-3 N s/m2. The pipe is 1m in diameter. Also calculate the corresponding shear force per
meter length of the pipe at the wall and at the centreline. [12 marks]
Describe with the help of a sketch, the process of cavitation in a pipeline and explain how the
harmful impacts of cavitation can be minimised. [8 marks]
May 2010
Differentiate between the terms:
(1) Specific weight and Specific gravity [4 marks]

(2) Saturated vapour pressure and Saturation vapour pressure curve [4 marks]
Illustrate the process of cavitation and comment on 2 measures that can be taken to minimise
the impacts of cavitation process. [2 + 2 + 2 marks]
A flat plate 250mm x 800mm slides on oil ( = 0.65 N s m-2), over a large plane surface.
What force is required to drag the plate at 1.5m/s, if the separating oil film is 0.5mm thick.
State any assumption made. [6 marks]
May 2011
Differentiate between the terms: Kinematic Viscosity and Dynamic Viscosity. [8 marks]
The space between two large flat and parallel walls 25mm apart is filled with a liquid of
absolute viscosity 0.7 N s m-2. Within this space a thin float plate, 250mm x 250mm is towed
at a velocity of 150mm/s at a distance of 6mm from one wall, the plate and its movement
being parallel to the walls. Determine the force exerted by the liquid on the plate, stating any
assumption made. [10 marks]
Differentiate between a real and an ideal fluid, illustrating your answer on a Stress/Rate of
Strain diagram.

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UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS

PROGRAMME BEng (Hons) Mechanical Engineering Level 1

MODULE NAME Fluid Mechanics 1 (Special Paper)

TIME 13:30 15:30 Hours DURATION 2 Hours

NO. OF NO. OF QUESTIONS

Answer ALL Questions.

All questions do not carry equal marks.

Answer ALL Questions.

All Questions do not carry equal marks.

A U-tube manometer, as shown in fig.1, measures the difference of pressure

(a) When the tank is stationary; [10 marks]

(a) Explain the Bernoullis Theorem. [5 marks]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

PAPER NO EXAMINATION DATE

BECE/06S/17 BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering Tuesday

SERIES PAPER TIME

May 2007 Fluid Mechanics 1 9:30 12:30 Hours

(i) the corresponding speed of the ship,

(b) Differentiate between a Newtonian and a Non-Newtonian fluid, and show

Figure 1: Pipe network layout (Question 4)

Figure 2: Double nozzle set up (Question 5)

In Figure 3, a circular flashboard MN shown in cross-section is pivoted at B.

(i) The pressure difference in kN/m2 between A and B is z2=0.45m and

(ii) The absolute pressure in B in mm of mercury.

Figure 3: Flashboard (Question 6 (a) )

(Continued next page)

Figure 4: Inverted U tube manometer (Question 6 (b) )

END OF QUESTION PAPER

SECOND SEMESTER / YEARLY EXAMINATIONS

PROGRAMME BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering Level 2

MODULE NAME Fluid Mechanics 1

TIME 9:30 12:30 Hours DURATION 3 Hours

NO. OF NO. OF QUESTIONS

Answer ANY FIVE (5) Questions.

(a) Differentiate between the terms:

Second moment of area of a circular body about the centroid, Icg=R4/64

(Continued on next page)

PIPE DIAMETER LENGTH (m) f

Figure 1: Pipe network

END OF QUESTION PAPER

SECOND SEMESTER/YEARLY EXAMINATIONS

PROGRAMME BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering

MODULE NAME Fluid Mechanics 1

DATE Thursday MODULE CODE CIVE 2003Y(3)

TIME 9.30 12.30 hrs DURATION 3 Hours

NO. OF 7 NO. OF QUESTIONS 5

Answer any FIVE (5) questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

Answer any FIVE (5) questions.

(a) The velocity variation in a pipe-flow is expressed as

(b) Elaborate on 3 different types of manometer, emphasising on their relative

(a) the shear stress at the pipe wall; (8 marks)

(c) the friction factor, f and (2 marks)

Work from first principles or prove any formula used.

Pipe Diameter (cm) Length (m)

water = 1000 kg/m3 air = 1.90 x 10-5 kg/ms

air = 1.17 kg/m3 water = 1. 0 x 10-3 kg/ms

at standard atmospheric pressure

END OF QUESTION PAPER

SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS

PROGRAMME BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering

MODULE NAME Fluid Mechanics I

DATE Saturday MODULE CODE CIVE 2003Y(3)